10-78 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

To maintain brightness ratios within the recommended range with

incandescent lamps, it is usually necessary to use indirect or semi-indirect
luminaires. The brightness of the luminous indirect type often may be
made to match that of the ceiling, but the coefficient of utilization of the
semi-indirect type usually is greater. Fluorescent lamps permit the use
of a semidirect fixture type as well as of a semi-indirect type; troff'ers
and other direct-lighting luminaires can meet the 20-to-l brightness ratio
standard only when wall, ceiling, floor, and furniture surfaces are of high
reflectance and are well maintained. The brightness limits shown in
Table 10-13 should be used as a guide in the choice of luminaires.
Table 10-12. Maintained Average Illumination Level Provided by a
Variety of Installations in a Typical 23 by 32-Foot Classroom
Laid Out as Shown in Fig.
10-54*
TYPE OF
LAMP DATAf
LUMI-
NAIRE
EFFI-
CIEN-
CY
WATTS
PER
SQ FT||
FOOT-
CANDLE
RANGE
If
33-41
ROOM
PLAN
LIGHTING
No.
6
Watts and Bulb
Lamp
Lumens
Type
J
(Fig.
10-54)
Opaque or lumi- 1,000, PS-52 21 , 500 I 70-80 8.2 la
nous Indirect 6 750, PS-52 15,500 I 70-80 6.1 24-30 lb
90%-100% up 8 750, PS-52 15,500 I 70-80 8.2 32-40 2a
10%-0% down 12 500, PS-40 9,950 I 70-80 8.2 31-39 3 a
56 40, T-12 2,100 F 70-S0 3.6 30-38 4a
30 100, T-17 4,000 F 70-80 4.7 31-39 5a
84 40, T-12 2,100 F 70-80 5.5 45-56 5b
40 100, T-17 4,000 F 70-80 6.3 41-51 6a
Semi-indirect 12 500, PS-40 9,950
I 70-80 8.2 34-49 3a
60%-90% up 56 40, T-12 2,100 F 70-80 3.6 33-48 4a
40%-10% down 30 100, T-17 4,000 F 70-80 4.7 34-49 5a
General 48 40, T-12 2,100 F 65-75 3.1 33-43 4b
Diffusing 42 40, T-12 2,100 F 65-75 2.7 29-38 5c
40%-60% up 72 40, T-12 2,100 F 65-75 4.7 50-66 5d
60%-40% down 48 40, T-17 2,100 F 65-75 3.5 33-43 6b
Semidirect 42 40, T-12 2,100 F 60-70 2.7 31-43 5c
10%-40% up 48 40, T-17 2,100 F 60-70 3.5 35-48 6b
90%-60% down 60 40, T-12 2,100 F 60-70 3.9 44-61 7a
Direct 60 40, T-12 2,100 F 60-70 3.9 52-64 7a
0%-10% up 40 40, T-12 2,100 F 60-70 2.6 35-43 8a
100%-90% down 64 40, T-17 2,100 F 60-70 4.7 55-68 8b
*
Recommended Practice of School Lighting, Illuminating Engineering Society, New York.
t
Other types or sizes of lamps in similar equipment may be used, the footcandle result being proportional
to the total lumens of the lamps.
t
I = Incandescent. F = Fluorescent.
Assumed over-all efficiency of the luminaire in per cent.
||
Including watts consumed by control equipment with fluorescent lamps.
'
The footcandle value within this range will vary, depending on the efficiency of the luminaire within the
amounts indicated for that characteristic and on the light distribution within the range described for the type
of lighting. Illumination values also will be different for other maintenance factors, room sizes, ceiling
heights, ceiling reflectances, and wall reflectances. Values used are: maintenance factor =
70 per cent; ceiling
height = 12 feet; ceiling reflectance =
75 per cent; wall reflectance
=
40 per cent.