Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012

Midterm Examination Page 1

Recall:
(1) The conjunction of the statement P and Q is the statement P and Q. This is
denoted by P Q. It is true only when both P and Q are true.
(2) The disjunction of the statement P and Q is the statement P or Q. This is denoted
as P Q.
(3) The negation of the statement P is the statement: not P. This is denoted as P.
(4) #S means the number of elements of nite set S. Thus #{1, 2, 3} = 3.
(5) C = A

B means that C is a disjoint union of sets A and B. Hence C = A B
and A B = . ( means empty set.)
(6) S
n
is the symmetric group of permutations of the set A(n) = {1, . . . , n}. As a set
it is just a set of all permutations of A(n). f.g - the group multiplication of elements
f and g is the composition f g of functions f and g. (First g then f.)
(7) Let S
n
, : A(n) A(n), A(n)= {1,2,. . . ,n}. (This means that is a bijection
of the set A(n).) Recall that the number of inversions of is the number: I() =
#{((i), (j)) | 1 i < j n, (j) < (i)}. In words: The numbers of pairs of
the wrong order.
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 2
Exercise 1. For the statements P and Q, construct a truth table for
(P Q) ( P).
10 marks
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 3
Exercise 2. For each n N determine the sum in a simple formula

n
2

n
3

+ +

n
n

,
and prove that your formula is correct.
(Hint: use the Binomial Theorem. The number of summands
(subtraction may be involved too) is small and does not depend upon n.)
12 marks
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 4
Exercise 3. Let a, b N and 5/ab. Show that then 5/a or 5/b.
10 marks
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 5
Exercise 4. Let A =

1 2 3 4 5
1 3 4 2 5

S
5
.
Determine A
900
, A
901
, A
902
.
10 marks
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 6
Exercise 5. Let G be a group and H be a subgroup of G. Let g = #G and h = #H.
Assume that g = 2h. Show that there exists an element G such that
G = H

H (disjoint union).
(Here H: = {.h | h H}. Thus H is a set of all products .h where
h H.)
8 marks
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 7
Exercise 6. Let n be an odd natural number. Set
S(n) = 1 + 2 + +

n 1
2

.
Find and prove a simple formula for S(n).
12 marks
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 8
Exercise 7. Let n be an odd natural number. Dene
A(n) = {1, . . . , n},
n
: {1, 2, . . . , n} {1, 2, . . . , n}, as

n
(k) = 2k if k A(n) and 2k n, and

n
(k) = 2k n if k A(n) and 2k > n.
Show that is a bijection.
10 marks
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 9
Exercise 8. Let n again be an odd natural number and let A(n) and : A(n) A(n)
be the bijection dened in the previous Exercise 7. Think about
n
as an
element of S
n
.
Write down explicitly:
a)
3
b)
5
c)
7
d)
7

7
(this means the composition of
7
with itself)
e)
7

7

7
(this means the element
3
7
S
7
)
10 marks
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 10
Exercise 9. In the notation from the previous exercise, calculate the number of inversions
of
a)
3
S
3
b)
5
S
5
c)
7
S
7
12 marks
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Mathematics 1120b Fundamental Concepts in Mathematics Thursday, March 22, 2012
Midterm Examination Page 11
Exercise 10. Let n be an odd natural number. Develop a formula for the number of
inversions of
n
: A(n) A(n) and (as in Exercise 7) prove it!
6 marks