ABSTRACT: Modulation is considered as and its frequency ("pitch"), all of which can

the most important technique in be modified in accordance with a low

telecommunication. It is used for several frequency information signal to obtain the
purposes like convey a message and modulated signal. A device that performs
receiving as well. Modulation is categorized modulation is known as a modulator and a
into different form like Amplitude device that performs the inverse operation of
modulation, frequency modulation and phase modulation is known as a demodulator
modulation. This term paper enlighten the
2. TECHNEQUE’S OF
analysis and simulation of Phase modulation
along with different forms of modulation MODULATION

The different techniques of modulation are

1. MODULATION
defined as follows-
Modulation is the process of varying one
2.1 DIGITAL MODULATION-
waveform in relation to another waveform. In
telecommunications, modulation is used to In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is
convey a message. Often a high-frequency modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital

sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal to modulation methods can be considered as digital-
to-analog conversion, and the corresponding
convey a lower frequency signal. The three
demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital
key parameters of a sine wave are its
conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are
amplitude ("volume"), its phase ("timing")
chosen from a finite number of M alternative cause the AMPLITUDE of the carrier to vary at the
symbols (the modulation alphabet). frequency of the information signal.

For eg. A telephone line is designed for 2.2.2 FREQUENCY MODULATION-

transferring audible sounds, for example
(FM) is a system where the amplitude of a carrier
tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones).
wave is held constant while the frequency is
Computers may however communicate over varied in sympathy with the voltage of the
a telephone line by means of modems, which modulating signal.
are representing the digital bits by tones,
called symbols. If there are four alternative 2.2.3 PHASE MODULATION
symbols (corresponding to a musical
Phase modulation (PM) is a form of
instrument that can generate four different
modulation that represents information as
tones, one at a time), the first symbol may
variations in the instantaneous phase of a
represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01,
carrier wave.
the third 10 and the fourth 11. If the modem
plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per Now the discussion will be solely about
second, the symbol rate is 1000 phase modulation and its simulation.
symbols/second, or baud. Since each tone
represents a message consisting of two digital 3. PHASE MODULATION
bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the ANALYSIS-
symbol rate, i.e. 2000 bits per second.
The form of modulation that is widely used,
2.2 ANALOG MODULATION- especially for data transmissions, is Phase
Modulation (PM). As phase and frequency
In this technique, the carrier signal as well as
are inextricably linked (frequency being the
modulating signal, both are analog (i.e the
rate of change of phase), both forms of
amplitude varies with the time).Analog
modulation are often referred to by the
communication is further classified into
common term 'angle modulation'.
following three forms-

2.2.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION- To explain how phase modulation works, it is

first necessary to give an explanation of
In Amplitude modulation (AM), the information signal
phase. A radio signal consists of an
is mixed with the carrier signal in such a way as to
oscillating carrier in the form of a sine wave. Phase and frequency are inseparably linked,
The amplitude follows this curve, moving as phase is the integral of frequency.
positive and then negative, and returning to Frequency modulation can be changed to
the start point after one complete cycle. This phase modulation by simply adding a CR
can also be represented by the movement of a network to the modulating signal that
point around a circle, the phase at any given integrates the modulating signal. As such, the
point being the angle between the start point information regarding sidebands, bandwidth
and the point on the waveform as shown in and the like also holds true for phase
Figure 1 modulation as it does for frequency
modulation, bearing in mind their
relationship.

3.1 PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Phase modulation may be used for the

transmission of data. Frequency shift keying
is robust, and has no ambiguities because one
tone is higher than the other. However, phase
shift keying (PSK) has many advantages in
terms of efficient use of bandwidth and is the
form of modulation chosen for many cellular
telecommunications applications.

Figure 1. Phase modulation. The basic form of phase shift keying is

known as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
Modulating the phase of the signal changes or, occasionally, Phase Reversal Keying

the phase from what it would have been if no

modulation were applied. In other words, the
speed of rotation around the circle is
modulated about the mean value. To achieve
this it is necessary to change the frequency of
the signal for a short time. In other words,
when phase modulation is applied to a signal
there are frequency changes and vice versa. Figure 2. Binary phase shift keying.
(PRK). A digital signal alternating between 3.2 MINIMUM AND GAUSSIAN-
+1 and –1 (or 1 and 0) will create phase FILTERED MINIMUM SHIFT
reversals – i.e. 180° phase shifts – as the data
KEYING
shifts state (Figure 2).

It is found that binary data consisting of

The problem with phase shift keying is that
sharp transitions between '1' and '0' states and
the receiver cannot know the exact phase of
vice versa potentially create signals that have
the transmitted signal, to determine whether
sidebands extending out a long way from the
it is in a mark or space condition. This would
carrier, and this is not ideal from many
not be possible even if the transmitter and
aspects. This can be overcome in part by
receiver clocks were accurately linked,
filtering the signal, but the transitions in the
because the path length would determine the
data become progressively less sharp as the
exact phase of the received signal. To
level of filtering is increased and the
overcome this problem, PSK systems use a
bandwidth is reduced. To overcome this, a
differential method for encoding the data
form of modulation known as Gaussian-
onto the carrier. This is accomplished by, for
filtered Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) is
example, making a change in phase equal to a
widely used – for example, it has been
1 and no phase change equal to a 0. Further
adopted for the GSM standard for mobile
improvements can be made upon this basic
telecommunications. It is derived from a
system, and a number of other types of phase
modulation scheme known as Minimum Shift
shift keying have been developed. One
Keying (MSK), which is what is known as a
simple improvement can be made by making
continuous-phase scheme. Here, there are no
a change in phase of 90° in one direction for
phase discontinuities because the frequency
a 1, and 90° the other way for a 0. This
changes occur at the carrier zero crossing
retains the 180° phase reversal between the 1
points.
and 0 states, but gives a distinct change for a
0. In a basic system not using this process it To illustrate this, take the example shown in
may be possible to lose synchronization if a Figure 3. Here, it can be seen that the
long series of zeros is sent. This is because modulating data signal changes the frequency
the phase will not change state for this of the signal and there are no phase
occurrence.
discontinuities. This arises as a result of the
unique factor of MSK that the frequency
difference between the logical 1 and logical 0
states is always equal to half the data rate.
This can be expressed in terms of the
modulation index, and is always equal to 0.5.
Figure 3 An example of an MSK signal.
Whilst this method appears to be fine, in fact
the bandwidth occupied by an MSK signal is
too wide for many systems, where a
maximum bandwidth equal to the data rate is
required.
A plot of the spectrum of an MSK signal
shows sidebands extending well beyond a
bandwidth equal to the data rate (Figure 4).
This can be reduced by passing the
modulating signal through a low-pass filter
prior to applying it to the carrier. The
requirements for the filter are that it should
have a sharp cut-off and a narrow bandwidth,
and its impulse response should show no
overshoot. The ideal filter is known as a
Gaussian filter, which has a Gaussian-shaped
response to an impulse and no ringing.
Fig .4 Graph of the spectral density for MSK and
GMSK signals
There are two main ways in which GMSK
can be generated. The most obvious way is to
filter the modulating signal using a Gaussian
filter and then apply this to a frequency
modulator where the modulation index is set
to 0.5, as shown in Figure 5. Whilst simple,
this method has the drawback that the
modulation index must exactly equal 0.5. In
practice, this analogue method is not suitable
because component tolerances drift and
cannot be set exactly.
A second method is more widely used. Here,
what is known as a quadrature modulator is
used. The term 'quadrature' means that the
phase of a signal is in quadrature, or 90°,to
another one. The quadrature modulator uses

Fig 6. A block diagram of a quadrature or I–Q

Fig 5 . Generating GMSK using a Gaussian filter

and a frequency modulator with the modulation
index set to 0.5.

one signal that is said to be in phase and

another that is in quadrature to this. In view
of the in-phase and quadrature elements, this modulator used to generate GMSK.
type of modulator is often said to be an I–Q
modulator (Figure 6). When using this type
3.3 NUMERIC ANALYSIS-
of modulator, the modulation index can be
Suppose that the signal to be sent (called the
maintained at exactly 0.5 without the need
modulating or message signal) is m(t) and the
for any settings or adjustments. This makes it
carrier onto which the signal is to be
much easier to use, and capable of providing
modulated is
the required level of performance without the
need for adjustments. For demodulation, the
technique can be used in reverse.
Annotated:
A further advantage of GMSK is that it can
be amplified by a non-linear amplifier and carrier(time) = (carrier
amplitude)*sin(carrier frequency*time +
remain undistorted. This is because there are
phase shift)
no elements of the signal that are carried as
amplitude variations, and it is therefore more This make the modulated signal
resilient to noise than some other forms of
modulation.
This shows how m(t) modulates the phase -
the greater m(t) is at a point in time, the
greater the phase shift of the modulated
signal at that point. It can also be viewed as a
change of the frequency of the carrier signal,
and phase modulation can thus be considered
a special case of FM in which the carrier
frequency modulation is given by the time
derivative of the phase modulation.
In phase modulation, the instantaneous phase of a
carrier wave is varied from its reference value by an
amount proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of
the modulating signal. Main advantages of PM are
improved signal to noise ratio and less radiated power.

Fig
1.

Phase Modulation.

3.1 NUMERIC ANALYSIS-

Suppose that the signal to be sent (called the

modulating or message signal) is m(t) and the
carrier onto which the signal is to be
modulated is

Annotated:

carrier(time) = (carrier
amplitude)*sin(carrier frequency*time +
phase shift)

This make the modulated signal

 • Complex circuitry required to
generate and detect phase changes.
This shows how m(t) modulates the phase -
the greater m(t) is at a point in time, the
greater the phase shift of the modulated
signal at that point. It can also be viewed as a 4. PHASE MODULATION
change of the frequency of the carrier signal,
and phase modulation can thus be considered SIMULATION
a special case of FM in which the carrier
frequency modulation is given by the time A simple technique is presented for
derivative of the phase modulation.
simulating cross phase modulation (XPM) in
3.2 SPECTRAL BEHAVIOUR the intersubband transition of
InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb coupled quantum
The spectral behaviour of phase modulation
wells. To simulate XPM of a CW probe light
is difficult to derive, but the mathematics
reveals that there are two regions of induced by strong pump pulses, vector signal
particular interest:
analysis is performed for equivalent phase-
• For small amplitude signals, PM is modulated electrical signals whose time scale
similar to amplitude modulation (AM)
and exhibits its unfortunate doubling of is expanded by a factor of 4×107 as compared
baseband bandwidth and poor efficiency. with the probe light. The proposed technique
• For a single large sinusoidal signal, PM
is similar to FM, and its bandwidth is can be used to efficiently calculate the
approximately
instantaneous phase and power spectra of the

, electrical signal while taking account of

where fM = ωm / 2π and h is the various conditions in the experiments, from
modulation index defined below. This is
also known as Carson's Rule for PM.
which a quantitative relationship is found
between the phase shift and spectral shape.
3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DIS-
ADVANTAGES OF PHASE 5. REFRENCES
MODULATION

Advantage: 1. www.wikipedia.org

• Only 1 frequency used 2. www.aubraux.com

• Easy to detect loss of carrier
• broadcasts are a lower bandwidth and
amplitude noise comes through. 3.www.springerlink.com
Disadvantages:
4.www.tpub.com