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<html>
<head>
<title>Internal linking</title>
</head>
<body>
<H1>HTML</h1>
HTML or HyperText Markup Language is the standard markup language used to create
web pages
HTML is written in the !orm o! HTML elements consisting o! tags enclosed in angle
brackets "like <html># HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> </h1>$
although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired$ !or example <img>
The !irst tag in a pair is the start tag$ and the second tag is the end tag "they are also called
opening tags and closing tags#
% web browser can read HTML !iles and compose them into &isible or audible web
pages The browser does not display the HTML tags$ but uses them to interpret the
content o! the page HTML describes the structure o! a website semantically along with
cues !or presentation$ making it a markup language rather than a programming language
HTML elements !orm the building blocks o! all websites HTML allows images and
ob'ects to be embedded and can be used to create interacti&e !orms It pro&ides a means
to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics !or text such as headings$
paragraphs$ lists$ links$ (uotes and other items It can embed scripts written in languages
such as )a&a*cript which a!!ect the beha&ior o! HTML web pages
+eb browsers can also re!er to ,ascading *tyle *heets ",**# to de!ine the look and
layout o! text and other material The +-,$ maintainer o! both the HTML and the ,**
standards$ encourages the use o! ,** o&er explicit presentational HTML.1/
HTML is written in the !orm o! HTML elements consisting o! tags enclosed in angle
brackets "like <html># HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> </h1>$
although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired$ !or example <img>
The !irst tag in a pair is the start tag$ and the second tag is the end tag "they are also called
opening tags and closing tags#
standards$ encourages the use o! ,** o&er explicit presentational HTML.1/HTML is
written in the !orm o! HTML elements consisting o! tags enclosed in angle brackets "like
<html># HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> </h1>$ although some tags
represent empty elements and so are unpaired$ !or example <img> The !irst tag in a pair
is the start tag$ and the second tag is the end tag "they are also called opening tags and
closing tags#
standards$ encourages the use o! ,** o&er explicit presentational HTML.1/HTML is
written in the !orm o! HTML elements consisting o! tags enclosed in angle brackets "like
<html># HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> </h1>$ although some tags
represent empty elements and so are unpaired$ !or example <img> The !irst tag in a pair
is the start tag$ and the second tag is the end tag "they are also called opening tags and
closing tags#
standards$ encourages the use o! ,** o&er explicit presentational HTML.1/
<p><a hre!01internallinkhtml2history1>History</a></p>
<p><a hre!01internallinkhtml2markup1>Markup</a></p>
<h1 id01history1>History</h1>
<p>In 1345$ physicist Tim 6erners7Lee$ who was a contractor at ,89:$
proposed and prototyped 8:;<I98$ a system !or ,89: researchers to use and share
documents In 1343$ 6erners7Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet7based hypertext
system.=/ 6erners7Lee speci!ied HTML and wrote the browser and ser&er so!tware in
late 1335 That year$ 6erners7Lee and ,89: data systems engineer 9obert ,ailliau
collaborated on a 'oint re(uest !or !unding$ but the pro'ect was not !ormally adopted by
,89: In his personal notes.-/ !rom 1335 he listed.>/ 1some o! the many areas in which
hypertext is used1 and put an encyclopedia !irst
The !irst publicly a&ailable description o! HTML was a document called 1HTML Tags1$
!irst mentioned on the Internet by 6erners7Lee in late 1331.?/.@/ It describes 14
elements comprising the initial$ relati&ely simple design o! HTML 8xcept !or the
hyperlink tag$ these were strongly in!luenced by *AMLguid$ an in7house *AML7based
documentation !ormat at ,89: 8le&en o! these elements still exist in HTML >.B/
HyperText Markup Language is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret
and compose text$ images and other material into &isual or audible web pages Ce!ault
characteristics !or e&ery item o! HTML markup are de!ined in the browser$ and these
characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designerDs additional use o!
,** Many o! the text elements are !ound in the 1344 I*E technical report T9 3?-B
Techni(ues !or using *AML$ which in turn co&ers the !eatures o! early text !ormatting
languages such as that used by the 9<:EFF command de&eloped in the early 13@5s !or
the ,T** ",ompatible Time7*haring *ystem# operating systemG these !ormatting
commands were deri&ed !rom the commands used by typesetters to manually !ormat
documents Howe&er$ the *AML concept o! generaliHed markup is based on elements
"nested annotated ranges with attributes# rather than merely print e!!ects$ with also the
separation o! structure and markupI HTML has been progressi&ely mo&ed in this
direction with ,**
6erners7Lee considered HTML to be an application o! *AML It was !ormally de!ined as
such by the Internet 8ngineering Task Force "I8TF# with the mid7133- publication o! the
!irst proposal !or an HTML speci!icationG 1Hypertext Markup Language "HTML#1
Internet7Cra!t by 6erners7Lee and Can ,onnolly$ which included an *AML Cocument
Type Ce!inition to de!ine the grammar.4/ The dra!t expired a!ter six months$ but was
notable !or its acknowledgment o! the :,*% Mosaic browserDs custom tag !or
embedding in7line images$ re!lecting the I8TFDs philosophy o! basing standards on
success!ul prototypes.3/ *imilarly$ Ca&e 9aggettDs competing Internet7Cra!t$ 1HTMLJ
"Hypertext Markup Format#1$ !rom late 133-$ suggested standardiHing already7
implemented !eatures like tables and !ill7out !orms.15/
physicist Tim 6erners7Lee$ who was a contractor at ,89:$ proposed and prototyped
8:;<I98$ a system !or ,89: researchers to use and share documents In 1343$
6erners7Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet7based hypertext system.=/ 6erners7Lee
speci!ied HTML and wrote the browser and ser&er so!tware in late 1335 That year$
6erners7Lee and ,89: data systems engineer 9obert ,ailliau collaborated on a 'oint
re(uest !or !unding$ but the pro'ect was not !ormally adopted by ,89: In his personal
notes.-/ !rom 1335 he listed.>/ 1some o! the many areas in which hypertext is used1 and
put an encyclopedia !irst
direction with ,**
6erners7Lee considered HTML to be an applic
direction with ,**
direction with ,**
%!ter the HTML and HTMLJ dra!ts expired in early 133>$ the I8TF created an HTML
+orking Aroup$ which in 133? completed 1HTML =51$ the !irst HTML speci!ication
intended to be treated as a standard against which !uture implementations should be
based.11/
Further de&elopment under the auspices o! the I8TF was stalled by competing interests
*ince 133@$ the HTML speci!ications ha&e been maintained$ with input !rom commercial
so!tware &endors$ by the +orld +ide +eb ,onsortium "+-,#.1=/ Howe&er$ in =555$
HTML also became an international standard "I*E/I8, 1?>>?G=555# HTML >51 was
published in late 1333$ with !urther errata published through =551 In =55> de&elopment
began on HTML? in the +eb Hypertext %pplication Technology +orking Aroup
"+H%T+A#$ which became a 'oint deli&erable with the +-, in =554</p>
<h1 id01markup1>Markup</h1>
<p>HTML markup consists o! se&eral key components$ including tags
"and their attributes#$ character7based data types$ character re!erences and entity
re!erences %nother important component is the document type declaration$ which
triggers standards mode rendering
The !ollowing is an example o! the classic Hello world program$ a common test
employed !or comparing programming languages$ scripting languages and markup
languages This example is made using 3 lines o! codeG
HTML markup consists o! se&eral key components$ including tags "and their attributes#$
character7based data types$ character re!erences and entity re!erences %nother important
component is the document type declaration$ which triggers standards mode rendering
employed !or comparing programming lang
<KCE,TLM8 html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is a title</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello worldK</p>

"The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page$ and the text between
<body> and </body> is the &isible page content The markup text D<title>This is a
title</title>D de!ines the browser page title#
This Cocument Type Ceclaration is !or HTML? I! the <KCE,TLM8 html> declaration is
not included$ &arious browsers will re&ert to 1(uirks mode1 !or rendering.>-/</p>

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