Davorin Matanovi

Drilling
BRAKE
Mechanical brake
Mechanical brake is the essential part of the
derrick.
Its purpose is to slow down and stop the downwards
movement of the drill string.
It also serves to control the load on the bit.
The frictional brake consists basically of flexible
steel bands that fit around the drum flanges, each
having one end anchored and the other free..
When the free end is pulled (by means of a brake lever,
the whole band tightens around the drum flange and
slows or stops it by friction.
Band frictional
brake
Construction
Drum flanges have wear
resistant rims bolted to them.
They are gripped by the brake
bands as they tighten.
The brake bands have a lining
of brake blocks.
The blocks are composed of
asbestos fiber compounded
with a bonding agent
interwoven with cooper wire.
The blocks are bolted to the
brake bands with brass bolts
countersunk on the inside of
the band circle.
One end (the dead end) of
each brake band is anchored;
and the other end (the live
end) is attached to the manual
brake lever by means of a
camshaft.
Blocks bolting
API standard defines friction blocks
with four or six bores
Blocks with six
bores
Blocks with four
bores
API
No.
A (mm) B (mm) C (mm)
1 152,4 31,8 88,9
2 177,8 38,1 101,6
3 203,2 44,5 114,3
4 228,6 50,8 127
5 254 57,2 139,7
6 279,4 63,5 152,4
7 304,8 69,9 165,1
The thickness of the
block is not defined, but
it is possible to use
several block thickness:
t
*

(mm)
15,9 19 22,2 25,4 28,6 31,8
(inch) 5/8 3/4 7/8 1
1
1/8
1 1/4
API
No.
D (mm) E (mm) F (mm)
10 152,4 31,8 88,9
11 177,8 38,1 101,6
12 203,2 38,1 127
13 228,6 38,1 152,4
14 254 38,1 177,8

t
*
(mm) 15,9 19 22,2 25,4
(inch) 5/8 3/4 7/8 1

Screw diameter
for block
fastening is 9,525
mm (3/8") with
the flat -
countersunk head
with angle of 120
and thread;16
UNC-2A.
o
120
Several factors affect breaking capacity:
The first is the ratio between the diameter of
the brake flange and the diameter of the drum
spool.
Another is a band width. That is according to
friction area.
Third one is the angle of wrap, that means the
distance that the brake band wraps around
the flange.
It can be from 270 to 330.
330 wrapping
270 wrapping
Equalizer
At the front of the hoist, the brake bands are
fastened with heavy-duty pins or bolts to a dead
anchor firmly fastened to the draw works frame at
the center of the drum.
This dead anchor is in the form of a yoke and acts as
an equalizer to ensure that each brake band will
receive an equal amount of tension.
The equalizer also switches the full load to one band if
the other fails.
The brakes must be adjusted properly to make sure the
long lasting work. Some draw works have automatic
equalizing devices.
Cooling
The brakes are cooled with clean fresh water
circulated through the drum shaft to the brake
flanges.
Cooling is necessary to help dissipate the heat that is
generated by the friction of brake lining on flanges.
It is important for water to be fresh to prevent mineral
deposition that would affect the cooling system.
The water is pumped by the system that has
independent power.
The great amount of generated heat must be
removed quickly to prevent poor braking action
and excessive wear on blocks and flanges.
Frictional brake acts
as it is shown on
picture.
The force on the
lever that driller
must apply is
defined as:
( ) ( )
N
e l R
b M
l e
b Q
l
b t
F
o o
k kv
k br
k
k br
k
p
k
490
1 1
2
2
. .

=


=

=

Where:
F
k
the force the driller must apply on the lever, N
t
p
force in the free end of band, N
b
k
length of the short lever, m
l
k
length of the long lever, m
Q
br.
braking force on the flange, N
e natural logarithm base (2,718)
- coefficient of friction (0,5)

o
wrap angle (from 270 to 330)
R
kv
brake flange radius, m
M
br.
breaking moment that must be achieved,
Nm
r
kon
final drum diameter, m

b
drum efficiency (0,95)
K
br.
factor due the dynamic forces (from 1,2 to
2,5)
D
kv
braking flange diameter, m (1,8 to 2,8)D
b
D
b
drum diameter, m
F force in the wire rope, N
kv
br
br
R
M
Q

=
2
.
.
. . br b kon br
K r F M =
( )
2
8 , 2 8 , 1
2
b kv
kv
D to D
R

= =
Auxiliary brakes
Auxiliary brakes are used in the hoisting
system to slow the rate of descent of the
traveling block with a heavy load.
They ensure that a heavy load comes down slowly
and smoothly.
Care must be taken, to prevent the blocks from
falling faster than they could be stopped by the
friction brake alone.
Auxiliary brake should be hydrodynamic
brake or electrodynamic brake.
Hydrodynamic brake
Hydrodynamic brake
is often called as the
water-brake,
because it works by
the action of fluid;
normally water.
The fluid is circulated by a moving rotor,
and mechanical energy is converted into
heat within the fluid itself.
The amount of mechanical energy that can
be absorbed depends upon the quantity
and velocity of the fluid in the working
chamber.
It will be increased with revolving speed of
the rotor.
To control the operating level, driller simply
opens or closes the valve that controls the
level of the water in the brake.
So the main control should be in the
circulating system.
Maximum allowable brake outlet
temperature must never exceed 77 C (180
F).
Electrodynamic
brake
An electrodynamic brake
consists basically of a large
steel armature drum that
rotates in a magnetic field
produced by electromagnets
around the drum.
The combination of drum motion
(rotation) and magnetic fields
causes electric currents (eddy
currents) to flow in the drum.
They react with the stationary
magnetic fields to resist the drum
motion and produce a retarding
or breaking action.
The amount of breaking action is
controlled by adjusting the
strength of magnetic fields, by
the amount of direct current.
ROTOR
WATER
INLET
WATER OUTLET
ELECTRO
MAGNETS