L. S. Thakua, Dr. D. L. Shah, R. S. Budhbhatti, P. S.

Chauhan

STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOIL BY SHALLOW AND DEEP
MIXING METHOD

ABSTRACT:
Significant economic and environmental problems coming from the disposal of fly ash have led to
implementation of various uses in which it is considered as value added product. Among various uses of
fly ash, its bulk utilization is possible in geotechnical applications. In this paper, the utilization of fly
ash for treatment of expansive soils by shallow and deep mixing procedure is presented. Use of gypsum
waste obtained from fertilizer manufacturing unit and lime as an additive with fly ash for treatment of
soil by shallow and deep mixing procedure is also presented. reatment of expansive soil by shallow
mixing, the improvement in physical and engineering properties such as free swell, shrinkage,
unconfined compression strength and !"# with addition of fly ash along with additives such as gypsum
waste and lime is observed and the results are presented. $xpansive soil is treated using deep mixing
i.e. by forming flyash%lime%gypsum columns in the tank and the improvement observed by unconfined
compressive strength of the treated soil and by carrying out load test on the columns and treated soil is
carried out.
1. INTRODUCTION
Twentieth Century witnessed a revolution in waste management, environmental science, and social
views toward pollution. Scientific discovery, debates on social priorities, and government awakening
evolved through a century beginning with unhindered pollution and ending with attempts at total
control. Fly ash is one of the major pollutants whose disposal is a major problem, generally grey in
colour, abrasive, acidic (in some cases alkaline depending upon characteristics of coal, very fine
(surface area being !"""cm
#
$gm % &","""cm
#
$gm, having po''olanic characteristics, ( particles si'e
from about &&) microns to & micron. There are basically two types of fly ash namely low calcium fly
ash (Class F and high calcium fly ash (Class C. Class F fly ash is produced from combusting
bituminous coals or anthracite coals, having low calcium percentage (*&"+ and silica , alumina , iron
&-&
L. S. Thakua
Applied &echanics 'epartment, he &ahara(a
Saya(irao University of "aroda, )adodara, India
$mail*lalitsthakur+yahoo.com
D. D. L. Shah
Applied &echanics 'epartment, he &ahara(a
Saya(irao University of "aroda, )adodara, India
dr,dlshah+yahoo.com
R. S. Bu!h"ha##$
Applied &echanics 'epartment, he &ahara(a
Saya(irao University of "aroda, )adodara, India
P. S. Chauha%
Applied &echanics 'epartment, he &ahara(a
Saya(irao University of "aroda, )adodara, India
Proceedings of International Conference
On Infrastructures Development on Expansive Soils.
Index-09 ACE osur !" #$%&09
o.ide more than /"+, resulting in less cementatious property. Class C fly ash is produced from
combusting sub0bituminous or lignite coals and has over &"+ of calcium content and silica , alumina ,
iron o.ide is less than /"+, with greater cementation capability. Fly ash is an effective agent for
chemical and$or mechanical stabili'ation of soils, altering density, water content, plasticity and strength.
The ma.imum strength reali'ed in soil0flyash mi.tures generally occurs at moisture contents below
optimum moisture content for density. 1t reduces the potential of a plastic soil to undergo volumetric
e.pansion by a physical cementing mechanism, which cannot be evaluated by the plasticity inde..
The 2eep 3i.ing 3ethod (233 is an in situ soil treatment technology whereby soil is blended
with cementatious and$or other materials. These materials are widely referred to as 4binders5 and can be
introduced in dry or slurry form, injected through hollow, rotated mi.ing shafts tipped with some type
of cutting tool. Column diameters typically range from ".- to &.) m, and may e.tend to !" m in depth.
1n some methods, mi.ing action is enhanced by simultaneously injecting fluid grout at high pressure
through no''les in the mi.ing or cutting tools. The cemented soil material that is produced generally
has a higher strength, lower permeability, and lower compressibility than native soil, although total unit
weight may be less. 6.act properties obtained reflect characteristics of native soil, construction
variables (principally mi.ing method, operational parameters and binder characteristics. The original
concept appears to have been developed more than !" years ago in the 7nited States, although
contemporary deep mi.ing technology reflects mainly 8apanese and Scandinavian efforts over the last
three decades. The objective of the process in deep mi.ing is to transport and distribute the binder in
such a so as to produce uniform columns having properties re9uired for the function they are to
perform.
&. EXPERIMETNAL PROGRAM
The aim of the study was to check improvement in engineering properties of e.pansive soils by
mi.ing with :anakbori flyash along with additives such as gypsum waste and lime by shallow as well
as deep mi.ing procedure. Shallow mi.ing procedure is generally used for applications like
improvement in properties of subgrade while deep mi.ing procedure is generally used for applications
like e.cavation support systems; hydraulic cut offs and ground treatment.
6.pansive soil (<C was treated using :anakbori flyash (F by shallow mi.ing, first using three
trial mi. of !"+, )"+ and -"+ flyash by weight of soil, of this the mi. giving highest strength is
selected for further improvement. 2uring the second stage the selected mi. is treated with three
different proportion of gypsum (= i.e. &"+, #"+ and >"+ of gypsum waste by weight of total mi.,
and selecting the best mi. of this stage with reference to the unconfined compressive strength. Further,
to the best mi. is added lime (? i.e. )+, /.)+ and &"+ by total weight. For all the selected best mi. in
each stage consistency limits, free swell, 7CS at @)+ proctor density and C<A again at @)+ proctor
density on wet side of B3C are performed.
For deep mi.ing application, a tank of diameter @# cm and height -" cm was filled with slurry of
e.pansive soil and allowed to consolidate under its own load. This tank was divided into four parts. 1n
&-#
L. S. Thakua, Dr. D. L. Shah, R. S. Budhbhatti, P. S. Chauhan
two of the sections, soil was mi.ed in a column of diameter -) mm with flyash, varying the depth of
mi.ing as full depth and #$>
rd
depth i.e. -""mm and !""mm. The other two sections received mi.ing of
soil with a mi. of flyash0gypsum waste0lime in proportion of (!C>C& used in slurry form. This tank was
left to cure for >" days and load tested on one section and from the other 7CS samples collected from
near the column and away from it and along the depth at three locations.
'. TEST RESULTS
The treatment of e.pansive soil is divided into two parts namely, treatment by shallow mi.ing and
treatment by deep mi.ing. 6.pansive soil was brought from Darjan, gypsum waste and commercially
available lime was used. Flyash used for the study was procured from :anakbori Eower Elant, having
properties as given in Table& ( the physical and engineering properties of e.pansive soil and fly ash are
tabulated in Table #.
Ta"() 1 Ch)*$+a( P,-)#$). ,/ F(0a.h
-ropert
y
./I
0
0
Si/
1
0
!a/
0
&g/
0 Al
1
/
2
34e
1
/
2
Falue G.! >/ &.&# ".// &.!>
'.1 Sha((,1 M$2$%3
The Eroctor test results and 7CS test results of e.pansive soil0fly ash mi. with varying proportion
of fly ash as !"+, )"+ and -"+ of the total mi. is tabulated in Table >. The Eroctor test results and
7CS test results of e.pansive soil0fly ash0gypsum waste mi. with proportion of e.pansive soil and
flyash kept constant at -"+<C and !"+F and varying the proportion of gypsum as &"+, #"+ and #"+
of the total mi. is tabulated in Table !. :hereas for e.pansive soil0flyash0gypsum waste0lime mi. with
the proportion of e.pansive soil, fly ash and gypsum waste kept constant at -"+ <C, !"+F and >"+=
and varying the proportion of lime as )+, /.)+ and &"+ of total mi. is tabulated in Table ). Table -
gives the free swell and consistency limits of the selected best mi. along with C<A values in soaked
and unsoaked conditions. Stress strain curves for 7CS test for various flyash percentages, various
gypsum percentage on selected flyash percentage and various lime percentage on selected flyash
gypsum percentage is shown in Fig. &, # and > respectively. Fig.!, ) and - show the comparison of 6
value for different mi.es.
Ta"() & Ph0.$+a( a%! E%3$%))$%3 P,-)#$). ,/ E2-a%.$4) S,$( a%! F(0 A.h
Eroperty 6.pansive Soil Flyash
?i9uid ?imit (+ G& !)
Elastic ?imit (+ >G H.E
Elasticity 1nde. (+ !> 00
Shrinkage ?imit (+ G." 00
3a.imum 2ry 2ensity (gm$cc &.)" &.&-
&->
Proceedings of International Conference
On Infrastructures Development on Expansive Soils.
Index-09 ACE osur !" #$%&09
Bptimum 3oisture Content (+ #! >G
Specific =ravity #.!- #."/
Free Swell (+ G" "
7CS (kg$cm
#
&.!& #."
Cohesion c (kg$cm
#
".!- "
1nternal Ingle of Friction ( -
o
#-
o
Ta"() ' T).# R).u(#. ,/ E2-a%.$4) .,$( a%! F(0 A.h M$2
3i.
322
(g$cc
B3C
(+
7.C.S (kg$cm
#
6 (kg$cm
#

) day / day / day

-"<C$!"F &.>" >> #.>) #.!# &&&.&&
)"<C$)"F &.#- >/ &.@# &.@) G>.>>
!"<C$-"F &.&@ !" &.-G &./& --.-/
Ta"() 5 T).# R).u(#. ,/ E2-a%.$4) .,$(6F(0 A.h6G0-.u* Wa.#) M$2
3i.
322
(g$cc
B3C
(+
7.C.S (kg$cm
#
6 (kg$cm
#

) day / day / day

-"<C$!"F$&"= &.!" #@ >."> ).>! #"".""
-"<C$!"F$#"= &.!" #@ !.!@ -.## >>>.>>
-"<C$!"F$>"= &.!& >" G./) &&.#/ >->.->
Ta"() 7 T).# R).u(#. ,/ E2-a%.$4) .,$(6F(0 A.h6G0-.u* Wa.#)6L$*) M$2
3i.
322
(g$cc
B3C
(+
7.C.S (kg$cm
#
6 (kg$cm
#

) day / day / day

-"<C$!"F$>"=$)? &.>& >! &!./- #&.)& G>>.>>
-"<C$!"F$>"=$/.)? &.># >> &G.-> #!.&& &""".""
-"<C$!"F$>"=$&"? &.>) >" #>.&G >".!! &!#G.)/
'.& D))- M$2$%3
The 7.C.S test results on soil treated by deep mi.ing using fly ash are tabulated in Table /. The
7.C.S test results of soil treated by deep mi.ing using fly ash, gypsum waste and lime mi. is tabulated
in Table G. Fig. / shows the load0settlement curve of the load test conducted on fly ash0gypsum waste0
lime mi. column in proportion of !C>C& and on the e.pansive soil filled in circular tank.
&-!
L. S. Thakua, Dr. D. L. Shah, R. S. Budhbhatti, P. S. Chauhan
Ta"() 8 T).# R).u(#. ,/ E2-a%.$4) S,$( a%! Va$,u. M$2
&ix
..
506
-.
506
-I
506
4ree Swell 506
!"# )alue
Unsoaked Soaked
Eure <C G& >G !> G" &-.) &.-
-"<C$!"F -& >" >& Hon Swelling #.@ #.@
-"<C$!"F$>"= !/ >" &/ Hon Swelling >".# !)./
-"<C$!"F$>"=$&"? !" HE HE Hon Swelling #>.@ J&""
4ig. 7 Stress%Strain !urve 5U!S6 for
)ariation in 4ly Ash
4ig. 1 Stress%Strain !urve 5U!S6 for
)ariation in 8ypsum 9aste
4ig. 2 Stress%Strain !urve 5U!S6 for
)ariation in .ime
4ig. : !omparison of $ )alue with
)arying -roportion of 4ly Ash in
$xpansive soil
&-)
Proceedings of International Conference
On Infrastructures Development on Expansive Soils.
Index-09 ACE osur !" #$%&09
Ta"() 9 UCS T).# ,/ S,$( T)a#)! "0 D))- M$2$%3 u.$%3 F(0a.h
U!S 5kg;cm
1
6 Upper .ayer &id 'epth 4ull 'epth
Treated soil at Full 2epth ".>) ".&! ".&!
Treated soil at #$>
rd
2epth ".#- ".&! ".&!
7ntreated soil ".#" ".&& ".&#
Ta"() : UCS T).# ,/ S,$( T)a#)! "0 D))- M$2$%3 u.$%3 F(0a.h6G0-.u*6L$*) M$2
U!S 5kg;cm
1
6 Upper .ayer .ower .ayer
Soil (&2 far from
Column
".>) ".#-
Soil (>2 far from Column ".## ".&)
4ig. < !omparison of $ )alue with )arying
-roportion of 8ypsum 9aste in =>"!;:>4 &ix
4ig. = !omparison of $ )alue with )arying
-roportion of .ime in =>"!;:>4;2>8 &ix
4ig. 71 .oad Settlement !urve of .oad est !onducted on 45:6*8526*.576 !olumn and on $xpansive soil
&--
L. S. Thakua, Dr. D. L. Shah, R. S. Budhbhatti, P. S. Chauhan
5. CONCLUSION
Following are the conclusions for shallow and deep mi.ing of e.pansive soil with flyash
1ncrease in percentage flyash decreases the ma.imum density increasing the B3C with the highest
strength achieved with !"+ flyash, whereas with addition of gypsum to this selected mi. of !"+ flyash
the density and B3C increase, with >"+ gypsum addition giving the highest strength showing about )
times increase over the flyash mi.. :hen lime was added to this mi. it showed a > times increase over
the previous mi. due to the formation of precipitates of lime, with the immediate action being due to
flocculation and agglomeration of the flyash due to cation e.change at the surface of its particles,
resulting in reduction in swell and shrinkage. The long term reaction depends on the chemical
breakdown and formation of hydrates of silicates and aluminates in the ash. This lime gypsum flyash
mi. with e.pansive soil is found to have no shrinkage or free swell. This reason can also be attributed
to the increase in the C<A value of the mi. compared to the flyash mi. in both soaked and unsoaked
condition showing e.cellent stabili'ation.
2eep mi.ing with flyash did not show considerable increase in the strength of the e.pansive soil,
but when a mi. of flyash, gypsum and lime was used for deep mi.ing the treated soil showed a - times
increase in the strength and load carrying capacity. The strength improvement in soil was more near the
column installed and decreased as one moved away from it.
7. REFERENCES
&. <ruce, 2. I. (#""" 4In introduction to the deep soil mi.ing methods as used in geotechnical
applications5 7.S department of transportation, Federal highway administration, Eublication Ho.
FK:I0A20@@0&>G.
#. Cokca, 6. (#""& 47se of class C fly ashes for the stabili'ation of an e.pansive soil5 8ournal of
=eotechnical and =eo0environmental 6ngineering, Fol. &#/, Ho. /, 8uly, #""&.
>. =hosh, I. and Subbarao, C (#""& 43icrostructural development in fly ash modified with lime and
gypsum5 8ournal of 3aterials in Civil 6ngineering, Fol. &>, Ho. &, 8anuary$February, #""&, Eaper
Ho. &GG)G.
!. Date, 8. 3. (#"") 46ffect of fly ash and lime additives on swelling of e.pansive clays5 1=C0#""),
&/0&@ 2ecember #""), Ihmedabad, 1ndia.
). Denneth, <. I. and <ahner, 6. :. <ahner (#""! 4The application of various deep mi.ing methods
for e.cavation support systems5 ISC6 &".&"-&$!"-->(#"">#).
-. ?av, I. K. and ?av, 3. I. (#""" 43icrostructural development of stabili'ed fly ash as pavement
base material5 8ournal of 3aterials in Civil 6ngineering, Fol. &#, Ho. #, 3ay, #""", Eaper Ho.
&G)@>.
&-/
Proceedings of International Conference
On Infrastructures Development on Expansive Soils.
Index-09 ACE osur !" #$%&09
/. Sahu, <. D. (#""& 41mprovement in California bearing ratio of various soils in <otswana by fly
ash5 #""& 1nternational Ish 7tili'ation Symposium, Center for Ipplied 6nergy Aesearch,
7niversity of Dentucky, Eaper L@".
G. Menol, I. et al. (#""# 47se of class C fly ash for stabili'ation of soft subgrade5 Fifth 1nternational
Congress on Idvances in Civil 6ngineering, #)0#/ September #""# 1stanbul Technical 7niversity,
1stanbul, Turkey.
@. Shen, S. ?. et. al, (#"") 41nstallation effects on properties of surrounding clays by different deep
mi.ing methods5 ISC6 &".&"-&$!"/G>(&-#&>.
&". Sivakumar, =. ?. et. al, (#""! 4<earing capacity improvement using micropiles a case study5 3.S.
geotechnical special publication (&#! E.E -@#0-@@.
&-G