LNc 11L

L
L 1chC
nJ! L1J
DJUUL2
Ts materia was witten eay
1 the project 0d is 1 need of
e:tensive revsion. Pages 1~:6
rest fom experiment ivestig
ations 6 theoretica considera-.
tions whe u1 ab 1 the
Macon Wireess Bidin (a,c,a,}
at Boias, Cifora, from
1so=!s!, Pages zz-z ae taen
from reference (z) u adapted
for reation to Tesa Coi waves.
Pages z-1 ae taen fom reference
() ad sere as N iustration of
how the Tesa Mgfg Tas
mtter ca e:tract energ from the
Erth's resonat eectric fied.
Eic E Doar
March zz s6
L. 0X 11 b3y8de, LalOra bb1 LbP
1UL LEJ 1HBB
_ /7c
E/ -=~o
1
P1 1D IUD O IDCD1O_ OSJB wBS 1D 1D QIOCSS O V1S1DQ
B MBDS O w1IJOSS QOwOI 1IBDSM1SS1OD+ 1D 1IBDSM1SS1OD 1DVOJVO
1D QDIB11OD O JODQ

1U1DBJ IDI wBVS+ WDIDI 1OSJB BCCOTJ1SDC

ID1S 1S DO1 KDOwD DUI 1D 1OB wBS CODS1I D_ OIDI DOIBDJS
W
SUCD BS b1V1D BD MBXJJ+ bO1V1D CODS 1CI 11 [OSS1DJ IO
QDIB1 JODQIO1DBJ WBVS 1D 1D JO1D1IOUS 1DI 1DIU 1D
[DDOBDB O 1SJBCBDI CUIIDC (CBQBC11_ CUIID1 dl/Q1}+ H OS
OD CO 1D1C1 D1S J1DQ 1OB1 1OOSO wV$ 0USL DO BS1I 1OBD
11QD1 BS LO 1CDQ1CU1DBJ wBVS 1D
SCJ
IO 0OV w11D 0UCD
QIBIZ VOC11_ IDBD 1D IIBDSVIS wBVS+ 1SJB CJB10S IDB1 1D
WBVS IOM D1S IIBDSOIMI QIOB@BTO-BT T/Z CD VJOC\I_ O 1DI+
It 1B 1DCOIQBI@ CO 1OT CDI`B` ve1ojzame<D.1-- QJB
CO1J 1S *BO T/2 geaez thmveoc O 1QDCCXD1B `
COS B@Gd L D phs VOOC1_ 1BCDBZ TDBD B. ZOUQ VJOC1C_.
BJTJQSEJB27 BOS SOT S01DJ_ 10QOSS1DJ
[D=BODB SUZOUCD D11ODS IO0 ID SDICBJ 1I01DB1
CBC11_ BDC I DBV 1OI01D 1OS IO D 1IU D_ XQI10D1+
D 1S 1DB1 ID QOwI IB1DC (QO_D11D VCIOI) 1S D 1D SBQ
BX1S BS CO 11C1I3C JUX QIBD1. 1O OLDI 1S LO SJOw OIB
I1OD O CODUC13V IB SUIlCUD3DQ ID SDI 1D1 1S DO1 1OD1C
1D DB1UI (1D OIDI wOIS 1S DO1 B SQBIK OI QJOw 1SCDBIQ)
LOD1IBI_ 1O QOQUJBI IJ1 ID 1SJB IIBDSOI 1S DOI B
"b IIDC 6.
Z
steady state device but is a magnifier of trasient phenomena.
Also it does not behave like a L. C. network nor a transmission
line, but more like a unique type of wave guide. If all parts
of the system are designed properly the LM and hence dielectric
flu jups from zero to an enorous value aost instantaneously,
thereby producing a aost inconceivable displacement curent
into space. The transforer is then
basically a device for rapidly
discharging the capacitor bank nearly instant into free space,
producing O enorous dielectric shock wave similar to sonic boom.
Because the dissipation of the tansforer is for all practical
puposes negligible, the energ keeps increasing at a linear rate
per cycle of oscillation, thereby accuulating a gigantic quantity
of electrical energ. (A - form of laser action may be possible. )
In order for the transforer to resonate with the planet the
energ storage in the active region that grows aroud the sphere
terinal must equl the oon]Dgate energ storage of the earth,
a stiff requireent.
1T is interesting to note that dielectric -breakdown in this
active region grow into a log periodic form based on X
~
~X=1 as the
log base. This will be recognised as the trancendental PH1 or
te Golden Ratio. In glow discharges the ions of metallic eleents
for stale spheres of diaeter inverse to the atomic weight of
the element involved.
The transforer's principals of operation are as follows:
The first requirement is the sudden collapse of an energy field
thereby producing a sudden impulse of energy, second is the
,/L ~
5 . 4Z7C~'
7 Z~XSCE
+ /T ;.--)
/JLM /4
-~ 7 SC~4)
4

1
l
1
5CT
CdM5F4*
C~T
75
JES~}
CS7~W
^O~74&

+
A
QC

RI
7 COr
M
>/c/AZ CC7(
~ cr
~
dt
Tb ZHT
I<
transforing properties C the Cd hTCD1C CLeLe BDQle w1Le
JB_ line (coil) WD2CD JJOw Cz the production of CDCzCuS
. H.F. D H. H.F. BD tD1L, thC Jle1CCtLC QhCnCmCn SuzCunlDQ
tbC I SQCe CBQBC1t CZ1DBJ.
l) 1D CIBI1oD of the CDeLg 1KQOJSe 1DVCJVCS the 1BCbzQe
>
O B CBQBC1tor w1CD the bgheBt IBCI1CBJ SIOIO ODI@ 1DtC BD
1MQBDC |lDuCt1Ve) C the lCWCBt QzCtlCJ VBJO BDC ID 2SCDBIQ
QBID 1B CCuQJC tC D eDeLg SuQQJ thCugh DeQtlVC IS1SIBDC
V1C+ TblS DCgt1Ve LeB1BtDCe 1B CBSS1CBJJ_ B S[BIK 1BChBIQg
bUt BuI1CI QlBm eV1Ce DCeB tC D dVeJoe tC eDbDCC
C1CleDC. UDCz CQt1mJ CCn1t1CDB the exQCDeDt O CSC111t1OD
BQJ11U w1JJ be QCB1t1Ve OVI B SuB1Ded Qez1C O t1mC.
Tbe nCL cCSu1t C tb1B ByStCU lS tbC QzCuCt1Cn O BD CXtcemC
lTQuJSC O N.H.T. C QIBI /I. A BJIIDBI mCtbOJ 1S ID
1SCDBI O BD inductor of tDC b1QhCBt QLCt1C1 StOtCd DI@
1DCO B C1LCu1t CL the lOweLBt QtCtC1 B2ttaDCeg IDID_ QLC~
uC1nQ D eDCLTCUB 1ulBe of E+N+Y+ of ZOBI d/t.
Z) TDe eDCzQ 1mguJBe geDet1e by te OLeDt1CDe mCthCB
lB tDCn CCuQJCd 2DCO B B1I C SlDQle w1IO CIBDSM1SS1OD S_S10S.
TDoQQD 1DUCI1OD B SIIOD IzBVJllDQ wVe 1B OI0+ DuC tC thC
1QBDC ttDBCC1DQ QzCQCzt1CB C tbC O 7/4, 3/4, CtC) OII
l1e the E.M. F. C CDO wVe 1S CCnVCLLC 1nIo J1QDID1DQ MBQDltUB
Stl1J LCtln1ng thC eXtIeTe d/Ot C the lDlt11 1SCbBIQC=
The CBQBC1t1Ve BChLQe TCthC O 1mQuJS QeDCzt1CD lB
TeBJ`B VOL1te but Ste1metZ SOOwS tht 1DUCtVC 1BChLQeB Wl1J
lBC wCzK.

1DOCBBCTOI contains TDO initial ODOZ@ OT the oscillating

S_STO0. 1D buss TZOO 1D capacitors 1O TDO I2MBZ_ JOO sDOUJ
DBVO B negligible transient impedance. JD capacitors should be
OT the bolt on VBC1U type, DOwVOZ the uique dielectric properties
OT WBTOZ might DO O1 BVBDTBQO as capacitor BTOS JDO CBBC21OZS
MUST be 3D sy etical BIBO0ODT H3TD 1DO I1Bg coil. The
I1BIg must DO O ODO TOD only B OXD3D3T the lowest ZBCTCBJ
JOJSO IOBCTBCO (P} P=di/dt. OBJB indicates 1DO proper length
OT TDO Z30BIg conductor 1O DO /2=K, WDOrO D 3S a DBZ0ODC DUOZ
CODVOD3ODT TOZ 1DO S2ZO O 1DO uit B S USOC2T3O JSO
USOC3T3O3S 2T T3S value is ZO oSC g2GCODDGC1O ZOO the
CBBC2TOZS OZ 3S LC dependent.
The TZBDSB3SS2OD DOTWOZK consists of two A/4 S2DQJ W2ZO transmission
. s_S1O0s O1 negligible radiation JOSS+ The 2IS1 OT these 2S called
.DO GOCODBZg CO3J 1DO DOX1 3S CBO 1DO OX1ZB coil" D_ OSJB( but
~eDcO1OItD w1BJO QOJ". 1DS.BCWB W .12O
S L@caJg at B UCB.'gmmw.mQea XOZOIS .
1D SOOD CO1 &M& BB tch:g * DQI@

DOTOQT TDG WBVO

gmg pxJOOg TB 1OB4B CO21. 1DO BBOT3C COQJ2
&CCQZ`" DO1O TD VB and bLL coils 3B 1_2CBJ_ 21.
Negligible B@O13C CCQl3Dg should OX2ST DO1wOOD TDO SOCODBZg
BD 2OSJB CO3JS.
The TUC12OD OTCDO GCODBZ_ 2S three fold. The first 2B 1DO
transforing OT the I3MBZ_ N.Y. t. UJSO 2DTO BD abrupt travelling
OJCTZ2C WBV+ OCOD TO IOV3O a constant potential constant
CQZODT 1ZBDSTOTBT3OD OZ OO VOJ1BQO regulation BT TDO OUTUT
TOI02DBJ O the Tesla coil, B third is TO match the drive 20OCBDCO
of the Tesla CO3 to the drive impedance O1 1DO OBZtD. `
nO

t BQO1
D SCODBZ_ CO1J 1S O B JCw CDBIBCIZ1SI2C 1M3DC O
ID VBJU
S
*
T
1D1S JCw 1QQBDC IQO1IS 1I IO D O
D1QD SJ CBQBC1I_ 1D1S CBQBC1I_ 1S DSI BC1J1IBI O_ JB1
SQ1IBJ CO1JS O w1 SII1 OI D_ SDOI1 CO1JS O w1C S1I1
OZ b SDOII CO1JS O w1C S1I1 WOU Cgew1Se. ThC 1BII
O thC BCCCnL MUSI D VI_ DBIJ_, tht O the I1MBI_ JOO+
4
. CCnDCCtC tC ID1S SCODBI_ CClJ 2S D B1I1ODJ CO1J
1D 1SJB CO1J+ O2S 1S WhCLC thC MBQD11CBI1OD IOII1S BI mOSt
QZODOQC+ 1D2S J2D OI CO1J 1S BJSO /4 JODQ DOwVI 1I MUSI
OSSSS IO T1D1mw QCSS1bJC SJ CBQBC1I_ ISUT2DQ lD ID
D1QDSI QCSB1b1C CDBIBCIZ1SI1C 1MBDC thCLeb BC1J1II1D
ID QIBISI QCBS1bJC QQD11CB11OD O .M.

. b ID IJI1OD
LO* I
1D
.
SJ CBQBC1I_ O ID CO1J 1S M3D3RU wDD thC 1CI 1S
7
CguJ tC JCDgth, IOU@DJ_ J I CDI3MII O 1TI+ 1D VJOC1I_
O ZOBBT2OD 1Om 1C1 lB /US theveJo1gof~= 1DT
due IO IDLC0Z B*TTO`DOOC
CBBO11g efc W0Dhe COl ~ is . operat; DDZ 1~ * ZOQUTC
CBD resOnce 1C W1JJ dischge B Ite CD fastez IDBD t
_
C BDQUBI
VOC11O1 free osc.lation, IOUC1DQ CXQJCB1Ve DDOMDB~ D
BJL CBQBCJT O tC IZ1DJ SDI DI 1DQS ID IQUDC_ O O5C
OWD IO IDBI O J1QDI VJOC11_ D_ BC11DQ BS B
BhuDt
CBBC1IOI O CIOSS
ID CO2J+ TCtO CBD De CODS1IBDJ e OIQ
_ I1B11OD IOH 1D CQBC11_
IIM1DBJ. StClmCtz QUBI1ODS SDOw QOwI BCIOI BS D1D BS 40%
1B QOSS3DJ.
1JCIZ1C IB1BI1OD IOM thC TCBJ CO1J 2ISJ TuBt bC m1D1T1zC.

JI SDOU D DOI ID1 ID QI10BI_ BCI

_
BS B DBJwBV IDIOI
YD1D11DQ DO 1MQDC 1IBDSOI01!Q QIOIC1S.

/ O? 04d4
7
r~F44
W _ ,_ %7A cT T ._ 1A /=1 _ /@ b cT
7*
C0z G7?/47 /57WZf 7/
Es.
2 ~ 5JA y X Y S_ >^A 3 v_ M g st_ T
Z **
M

_-,z,CO O j Zg ~~ {=t-q) zO >(c.t;)1
7* v
'
V
F
Z
UMP (ro<.zy /<</=
///4Y Z4H/ /cACf/< C MM+ (e;<c.r_
/^
Z5~ACE
H 4 J
,
,

,
,
,
,
,
O

,
,
,
,

,
,
"
,
,
,
,
-
L
Ze5MAC
,
, ,
,
- ,
,
Y
. , , ,
. ,
, , .
- ,
* g g
..
,
.,

. , , ,
, , ,
, . ,
>
/Y
_
E
s
*
7/ `7Y
A=.;
OQ
TO
This is BChieved D ConceDTr3c configuation with the primBry/
secondary system therby eDcloSing its dielectric flu.
The potential grBdieDt along Le Tesla coil is [[7O1O_ a
step fuction due to TDO DBSO d}sylBCement of the. 3DU1 1lse S
harmonics, however, TOO VOOC2T of the h3gher ordered overtones
become proport3onBTe to frequency 3f che sOlf cBpacity becomes
SiqifiOBDt ThezeDy d3STorT}ng ch3s gzad3ent which SSweS equal
velocity for BJ overtones.
Consider the TBbe.
Fze_ueDcy Coil LengTb 3D Degrees 1DU1 Pulse Degrees
t
6
90 0"
4 ~
0" (~90") 0"
10" (~90") 0

"
630 (~90") 0
The haronics O The te fuction ipulse are all }D phase,
DOw61} CD DZOD1CB O TO S@CO OOT3OD BO all OOT OZ phase
BD is TherefOre STO fUcC3oD. The coil CBD DO coDSidered for
of differentiator.
Hence the grd3eDt along the coil 3S Drupc BC The last few
degrees of coil length DOT sBll elsewhere Blong coil (see F3g. Z}.
OO BST TMDS of TDO coil mus DO 2DBOBTO Bccordingly g it would
seem possible the gradient to Coninue 1O increase beyond the

lCJCCtL1C teLTlD1! B fBOiitaTinQ the last few degrees in

lead
from coil to terminal, TDO gradient can be made to appear
BloDg TDO JOB IBTDOZ TDBD 3D 1DO CO3J 0inimi2ing cBpCi1y and flashove:
"M then also becQmes greater farther from terminal, possible
reaching astronomcal magnitudes.
[IODJemS+ TDO 1eJeC1I1C IU11OD IOO D1S JeO w1JJ De 8mJJ
B 1I 1B l eIBeC 1n De SQDCIeS JU. NO C C1B8 B O LDe
IL1O O1 De 512e O 1De BDCIe DO CID+
TDe CO0QJC1e TeS1 LInBOLeI 1B BDOwO lD I1Q. J. TDe
1
eJeC1I1CJ JeDQD 1S 360 eQIeeB L 1De 1MUden O1 OBC1J1OD.
1De edID CODDeC1On mDSI DVe DeQJ1Q1DJe LIO816n 10QeCDCe
BI IU1J 8_Bem Ie1eIIeO+ TDe eI1D eI1nJ lB De H.H.E.
COU1eII O De E+N+ CC11_ IeIlnJ+ L1Ke De CQC1_
eIm1DJ 11 1B gD1e gOBS1DJe LDI 1De mQDe1C QIC1eD dOU 1OICe
w1JJ lnCIeBe S De wVe eneLIdeB IDe eID. HenCe De b BeC1OD8
O De 1e81ID81OImeI1
. EID
?. PIlmI_ B5em/ [OwCI BDQ_
J. SCCODOI_ wVe COl1
4. Te8J OI 0g11C1OD CO1
D+ D1eCIlC .
11 SWUTOZ 1 M1 CBC Tsedeazgsgs LOL
A
C tSGS1OD O1 0JOCLL1C`wuvS. -* "B DdOJ_ duS1IdDJe OL
lBWZX O~ bmNm Q O UIOI0C10d [[IIVB O CJeCI1C
1CIeIGCO CBL01= TO COO1n6 D6 eOeIQ_ O 10Q6 CO1J
(1800 BD1) mUS De CODneCeO IO LDe 6I1D 1eI1nJ. MK1DQ LD1B
IIFQCmeD 1D DOIBeSDOe COnlQU11On [IOdUCeS 1OeDBe U1eJeCLI1C
J1 OC lBQCemCD CDIeO Dd1 lB QV11e DBeD1J 1OI gJ8J wOIK+
DUe LO De 1mCOBe C11lCu3CB BuIOUOlDQ DC 5IK OeV1Ce,
BJmQJe me1DOO OO ODe O mVCD QICiCI CODIOJ lB BDUL ee O De
QI10I_ DewOIK Dg D A.N. IO1O IIDBm110I O 8eC1J UeS1QD SUCD
B 1De U11 DD1JU1D_ neI ODC+ DVC 1O 1De D1QD 1mQeUOCe
De \DeOIeH O1 IOlO \D \1He considered transmission thru existing
l1De5 of. force or "ether tensions".
IM
/bo

g
+
T
Z_ zp Z

1
c
Z/q
^/~~
f
/M7
/
f
_a-
4s
56coDAj :,,
7E5W /v )z
O
1 `/
/fl cCC/ 4(

I
'
~O1g //M $
H
T Dty FnO
^o
H4F cC7h

O
I0

J
T
z

`
&
o
/ so',,

O
o
<tc
C0/ s7C~

FC
M
MP ~

7/9

X
/
WUL//7#CP_
OOE
.
.
/ NC7P
r&
1_
1A
CLeLeO O the L1TL LeHCDtCL tDC QedDCe CeCt1Ve C the
tuOCB muBt OC hlQh n thCLCCLC muSt CQCLtC t blQh DCe
VCJtQeB. ThC
CJ
=
C
C
0 eTlBB1CD hCWCVCz, muBt JBO bC h1Qh, DCCCSSltt1n
JLQe CthCCB
D
teT._eDtuLCB. BlQh DCC b D JLQC eJCCtLCn CT1sSlc
Le usually CL 1DVeLBe ze1t1CD 1n V1JOJe VCUw tubeB. SQeC1J
pulse TCOU1tCL VCUw tueB muBt C uHCO. BULCQCD thLtLCDB m1ght
CeIte Bt1BLCtCLJJ t 1CW LzegUenCleB WheLe thC T1CLCBeCOD
de1CDlzt1CD tlme wl1J DCt hlDdeL COTUttCD. The mCBt eCCt1Ve
OeV1CC OL Bhut eeO m De the muJt1gCtCL tUe OUe tC tB BtCnQ
Degt1Ve LeB1BtDCC CeCtB, OUt 1t 1B DCt CJeL 1 1t w111 CQeLte bCJC
JBOKC W1th muCh elC1eDC.
B the ut1J1Zt1Cn C the CLCent1CnC eVlCCB KuCh QLCVC
1CJd lB CVlCeO t thC tLDBCzeL CutQut w1tb zeQz tC BtblJ1t.
1D1S J hVe CUD OCB1Lb1e CL the QzCuClCD C BtbJC JBT
LCL0t1CDB.
HCweVeL 1 bVe DOt DOt1Ced the "_ O1Dg tCgetheL C eJeCtLCDB"
u1eHB the BL8 metDO lB UBe C L CL L1Be C 1B mUCD
gLeteL O thC BQLK methC. PezDQB the mU1t1QCtCz w111 Cezte
CCmLt1VuJ OUt BtLODg 1mQu1BeB dO nCt BeeT gCBB1OJe W1th Bhunt
methCB.
FCL BtO1Jlt C CCLt1n g1S eeCtB AC T De Legu1Le+
(Be0 Eqg.

) The 1Tge CC1J BBtem CXh1D1LB BtLCnQ O1BCz1m1DtCL

effects D thCLeb C11ltteB tDe CCtlCD C n eLLCL BlQDJ tC
the V.C.J.
As tC hBlCl CCDBtzuCt1CD thC gL1TL BhCuJ De ShCet CCQez
CL gLet CCDdUCtCL W1th n JLge lCCQ Le. LLQe BUzCe 1B
LegU1LCd B the BK1D CeCt 1B tCtJ w1th lTQu1BCS. LLQe w1th
JSC T1DlzCS lnOuCtnCC J1CWlD_ tCz lzqCL CCltCLS n mCzC

*
P
:
4
C.O
.7
m
/AL

qc

#
>^L
L

5yUC
bC0

m
M4l

Pl
A
w
mfL

0
1 w
JtL>
, ~
5EC
51

?W470


/6

yo Z5f /$C/~AH7/
r
1j
16
IQ1 d1SChIge Dd henCe h1gh )mgUSe S1IeDgD. JD OQQOS11OD
O 1h1S IeQU1Ied DUC1Ve tedUC11OD 1S De Deed 1OI Ige Ie
due IC De J8hOVeI Dd COUQJ1Dg IeQU1IemeDIS. HeDCe DJnCe
hS C De eSICJ18hed De1WeeD De Dee CI mD1mW 1DCUCIDCe
CI IQ1d d1SChIge D OI IQe m_e11C 11ed IeSuJ1DQ
lD Ige 1DUCDCe+ The OIU Ot 1DdUC1DCe [I11OD12e)
1S LIe(W1dD.
TeSJ 1n1CIeS ht he COgQeI we1QDt O1 1De SeCCDdI
mUS1 eQU 1h O 1he gI1Ig 1OI m1w e111C1eDC Th1S
O1 COUISe gOeS ODg w11B1B LDS1OImeI 1heOI_ Du lL mUSL Le
IemmeIe h Lhe 1.OZ ]D6

1tu11OD O1 wuVeB 1D1O CODUCOLS

1S N1CIOSCOQ1C 1OIMQUSe5. TD1S COgget IeQU1IeeD1 mUSt De mOd)11ed
IO egUJ SuICe Ie I1heI 1h We1gD. AS 1O 1De USe O weI
CI CQC1ICI CCOCuCIOIS TeSJ g1Ve8 nC IeSCD. II wCUJd Seem h
ID18 1S CDe CI IDe Ske C1 S1QJ1C1I Dd(CI 1S a DCJOCVeI ICm
IDe JedeD _I. (BemeI De Degn LD1S 1D I890}. OweVeI, wIeI
DS mD_ CV1CVS 1eeC1I1C QIOQeII1eS ID H_ De eSSeDI1J 1D
CgeI1OD. B heOIg, OI mlmU 1SChIge VeOC1Ig 1De 1eJeCLI1C
mUSI De VCUu.
A818 (5ee t1g. 6)
TDe OSC1JJI1Dg CO1 11eIS ICm 1he IIDSm1SS1OD 1De OD
CCCUI C IuIO IC tuID CQC1_ nO d1SII1DuIed muIuJ 1DduC1Cn.
TDe QIe8eDCe C 8eI1C8 CQC1I Cu8eS LDe CC1J IC IeSQCnC
S CQC1ICI DeIwCIk (w1tD DC 1DduCI1Ve eeC) CwIO8 CIVQI
1mQuJSeS Dd nQJI VeJOC11eS QIe1eI IDO De DQUJI VeJCC1_
O Iee

C8C1JJI1OD+
~J
L

|
:
R
"
t/1H
J
:
0

I
e

J
W
'/aI 'lpL
11t

F|
,
/~~
C^
> LC7{
Cd)
?~7/5 O^ //<v
LE~A CT
w/RE z
(=)
/~7H C/
/<U
4 C7
vAV5{LI{ e)
F47V OF /(QL
Z ZZ~< 1<OLC7/<7
^ ^lM& C^4c.zy
L 5N Cm7~C 1y
/ ' R/F Z4O4C74AC/
T
The VOJLge d1SLI1DU1OD JODg D6 CO1J IDe 11IS1 1nSD
deQeDdS OD De 1CCI

"
g/CS. CQ= CQC1I tC QICUd, C8
CQC1I_ ICm end C end '
TDe QIeeI
,
h gIeeI 1De COnCenII1CD C VCJtQe
De ee eDd O1 1he CO1. The mXw VCJtQe QeI u11 JeDQ1b
1B egUJ O

eS 1he VOJ1uQe O1 ul1CIm d18I1DU1OD. 1S

Bm IuCL1ODJ VJUe w11h TeSJu CO1S.
The gIe1eI 1he d/d OI he gIeeI De QId16DI O1 VCJIge+
I he lmQUSe DS u JODg 1J tDe QheDOmeD W1JJ De 8
eBCL1De DU OJOWe D_ dQe OSC1JJ1On+
(OSC)
_ 1mQIeBS1Dg SUB1u1Ded CSC1JJ1On, nd 1 De CClJ
DS SmJJ dlSS1Q1On CODSDI U, IDe VCJQe W1JJ
COD11DUe IC 1DCIeSe 1nde11DeJ_+ JD1I1JJ 1De CC1J CIS 8
CQC1ICI JddeI De1WCIK (5ee t1Q+ 7) TDe CQC1I eJCT6nIS Ie
C hged 1O DeIJ_ 1W1Ce De QQJ1ed E..1. TDe eeC1Ve
CdQuC1L_ De1g CDdLged 1S C CgCS~ BeCUBe 1D1S DetwOIK CODL1DS
3ge0DCe eJemen1S O1 ODJ ODe @e tD0 VO1ge d1SLI1Dut1OD 1S
D@eIDO1C ILDeI 1hD geI1Od1C. If
"
C1B1nCe/1CJ JengD nd
e 15 VOJQe O gIOU d1 the QI11CUJI d15nCe,
e= L_ CO5H B - EOI TeB CO1JS h1B d1SI1DuL1CD SDCuJd De S
CO5H
1DeI S gOBB1DJe (Bm }.
AS De d1SI1DU1OD QOeB IOm 1n1I1J IC lnJ De VCJ1Qe
Cn De nJYed 1nIC COmQJ6 SeI1CS C eCIemeOI1 waVe8 L VI1Cu8
IeQUeDCl6S Dd wVCJenQDS. TD1B lS CCCTQJ1SDCd Cy aDJ_21DQ LDe
1D111J d1SII1Du1OD (DQeIDOJ1C} 1UIO BQCe DImOn1CB w1LD DC8CCL
O he L1DJ (DC} d1S1I1DD11OD. J 1S COnS1deICJe, DO J1neI IeJIlC
ex1SS DeIWeen IeQuenC_ Dd wVe 1enQD. |See 11Q. B)
hDCn n C8C1JJ11nQ waV6 1O1OWB 1!C 1Dl1Ja` 1mu`SC |aS lS 1!e
C
/O
H H H
-
T
T
I
_

]
`

,
# # # # 4
19
H
l
|
/!/w/
Zc/0A
1

Z
CHe w1tb the TeB1 tLDBCceL) tbe lteLDte CB1t1Ve D DCQtVe
VCJtQCB CuBC CCDtDuCuB DCceBe 1D VCltQC D Ccg. ThC CLCCt
C thC JtCcDtlCDB lB tC lnCcCBe thC m1ltudC CL the wVe D_ twlCC
the Q1lC VC1tQC LCc eCh ltCLDtlCD. EXmlC
"
CSCl1Jt1nQ
VClLaQC lB . 4 t1mCS lle VC1tQe. |1Dltll) At CCh CyC1C
th1B B Tu1t1QJ1e b tW1CC E, CuB1DQ E TC QcCud tC lDCLeBe lD BtCB
At BeCCD CCJe 1B 4.72, t tb1L E lB 7. 20, etC. TblB CeCt lB
LeduCe Cc BuQLCBBe D 1LQe u Ct
The Ct1CD C tbe BLK g hB TultlQ11Ct1VC CtCCt 1BC.
CCDB1eL StelDTtZ` D1B1B. "CCDtlDuJ Cc Cwu1tlVC CBC1lJt1CDB
1DVC1Ve D CDeLQ BuQl tC the BBtCm. I tbC eDCLQy SuQQl lB lCBS
thD
CDCL
9 lBB1Qt1CD tbC~ bC.
Q

B
B tLDBeDt Wlth LeOuCC
u. I thC BuQ1 CgulB 1bC lSB1QtlCn the OSC lB CCDt1uCuB.
TL BuQQ1 lB QLCteL tbC bC lB CUu1tlVC.
TbC OSC LCQcCBCDt eDCLg D LLCgueDC tcDBCcmtlCD cCT
Lhe L+t+ CL DL BuQ1 tC the -. bC BHtem. TD1B ttDBCL m_
Le DLCuQbt bCUt D_ tbe tLDB1eDt CL eDeLg Le_uH1eDt LeBu1t1DQ
LLCT ChDQe 1D C1LCu1t CCDd1t1CnB, gtCOuC1Dg g1n ChDge 1D
CLCult CCDtlCDB D theLeb D eDezg d_uBtCDL b tLnB1eDI,
etC. etC M
RCCucLeDt CBCll1tlCDB teD tC LUD 1DtC eCh CthCL D CcT
CCDtlDuCuB bL. whCD BuCCeSB1VC tcDBlCDtB LuD lD tC CaCh CthCL
thC tCD tC BDCb.
BCwCVCL, thC LCLmt1CD C CCD1lDuCuB OSC lS DCI tbC mCLe
CVeLlQ Cz LunDlDQ tCQCthCL C SuCCCBBlVe wVCB. ThC zCCuLcCnt
OSC CDDCt BtLt ut1J the QLCCClDQ OSC bB e Cutg aD But1C1CDt
CbLge tlmC bB ClQBC CL DCXt cC C'c C QQ. wltb CVeLl DC Ca
ec1C CCCuLB ucDQ Wb1Ch DCLTl CL BuQQ1y tcCQuCDCy lS BuQQ11C.
LF6IQ_ then muS1 D6 SDJ36C by a ghSC OlSCJCeme! wlD1F LC
_
8
L
C

/,
=
m
C,

f
e

f
/\ " y
Z
H,
C

~I
rCZm& /Z&<7r 4* ~c-,)

ZdG
7>%
L 5 ^Z
/ F
^m
7 7ACw

=
=

L
ZJ

]

C
XX
| osciation, whic gives a negtive energ cyce or a reversed
hysteresis oop. For continuous osciation then, hysteresis
oop nust be ored by the ag o eect beore OMMM
M
az xo
negative resistance or the oration rather than tno dissipation o
energ. ) "For the cWat:lve osciation, 1D area o the loop mo1
depend 0U and increase V11 tDe stored vot aps o the osciating
system.
Ten
Mthemtic anaysis (See Fig. s) (See reerence z)
e ~ Z to @0u e
s
~ X gadient [EJinch)
lirchof's Lv
Let __

spce operator
Let
c
m S10 operator

" L
M1IT0X0D118110U 01 (z) 1 810 g=ee
t _ 7 6 "* J ~
| 23
a
)
| 23b)
Tese, ( 23a) [zb} are idependent er initia and inl distributions
of W
Euation [zn) mst na expressed in one vriabeo / ters of
vo.lta
g
e u curent, the cu ent density in capacity Iu gou 1
O per inch er coil times 1De rate of change of e to goud.
g
( 26)
B11

1 w No

t&

1 1 Opacity beteen ts equas capacity per inch ties

a
the time rate of votage gadient.
l

1
g 7 K_
Reati J

0 votages
z_
[z8)
[z)
Te reation between mAge11X1Dg curent 0d I

is compex ad
defies aysis. ( See Fg. o), For the fUenta1 distribution
() wave) the effeQtive inductace of De coi is the space intega
o1 the | coBine wave of curent of NM1 an is equivent to z/
times the norma total inductance. zoX te 1D1I harmonic, ,,
cosine wave of curent OZ H.M.F. the inductace of i/ of the coi
opposes the remaig 1ductace resuting 1 dimnshent of sef
induction depening eo xne Itua iductace o1 8D0 buokg aooxen
1 the X0BT o1 the coio 2 gzoC0B proge B siiay for the
zeB1 of the haronc series (z, /# 9F, etc. ) . T1a resUts 1 oUg0
imedace for each hronic but effects tend to cace for wave ength.
Capacitance of the coi behaves in a siar fashion ad may be
votage dependent giving the coil vOltage giD uer the proper
conitions. [Paraetric apification)
Denoti 1D1B eB1UUu1 1dUc1uDce aB 1eaage inuctace L 0
=< T
the dimensions of 4 as the Dtua 1ductce N [uom ) @ then
~
m
(oo)
(oo)
24
/ /O
(
S* Y N
(('{-O
L
7

m. M. F
/ >* C.
, - 2/ * A )<--
_ /AZ</< ~ f > ,)
A

z
(_o6) give. the oo or _ |_ , vno (za) 1VoV
P
a _ j_

If we differetiate the forer with respect to x ad the 1atter with

respect to t, aUUB111u11OD becomes possibe.
|J
[_ [zp) ud (z/) express 1 terms of Wo1 the thee ters O1 [zo),
Hence, the genera eqution:
Ts equation ne@ectS OBe
Aa1ysis of the interaction between the e0rtD and vaious coi1s
is possibe by the use O1 ve10city meaBUe. TU1S 1u genera is a
comp1ex quantity consistin of rea and 1mgiua) parts.
B the Ie1a1ion we1 KoM
|+1
where v o the veocity of the wave. TUeD veocityis the ratio o1
tie To b0Ce Lettig this veocity be of uit ue, 1e 0d spce
R
fctiona become equiyent, _ =__ steietz gives the ro1ou
exetone for accompishg this._
"I10 constats are tyica1y given per uit enth, as per
centetre" mie, JUU feet, etc.
20 moet oDV
P
DeD1.u11 0 enth, when deain with trasiets
1 cistrbuted circuits, is the veocit ut v.
Tat is, choosing as uit eg1U the distace o1 propagtion 1u
uit time, or 3 ties 1O eJooe for 1X0DsWerse WuWeS in air,' ths
gives v m J u therefore (c ~ 1 ~
~J
C ~ L j
Z
Tht 1B, the CC1t QeL u1t CL leDQtb, 1D VelCC1t mCBuLC,
S DVCLBC QICCLtlCDl tC tbC 1DOuCtDCC. JD 1D1S VOC11_
lt O1 1CDQth lBtDCe Wlll bC LCLCBCDtC b . "
SUBtltut1DQ 1

El/

Te DQ1e ZDFt 2/
D1BtDCe DQ1e w 2DE 2J/
AD1BB C the tLVel11DQ WBV 1CDg TeBl CCl* ut1lZDQ
he l1Qbt BeCCD.
t
Tbe egut1CD CL BtDd1Dg wVeB on J1De zC B C1lCWB:
1 CO5 |9)
* , X SJN |'')
|4J
V B thC CweL 1BB1QtlCD CCDBtDt. ThC QOwZ lDVO1VC lB:
| ?J
2
eCUBe 1he B1De1em mKeB LD1B S_eLL1C bCu zero
he aVeLge QOWeI 1B zeLC+ ECL tDe tLVe11lDg wVe:
1 1 4 CO5 | T ` )
e e CO6 | +)
The QCweL 1DVC1VeO 1B l
e
6
1
6 s`
[ [ + CO5 (2) (gl

PCWCz VCLQC lB DCw:

2
StelmCt2'B DlBB mC1e.
|)
|^!
|5)
2{
DUB TwO WBVS OX1S1 B1ZBVJJ1DQ STBg OWOI Ow Q1VD D_
( b) BD S1BD1DQ wBVO Q1VD D_ (2) SUCD B JOw O OwOI OwS
ODQ 1DO 1OID1 SC11ODS O 1OG SB 1BDSOI0I CODSlS11DQ
O GC11ODS O 1ID1 U. OI 1DS1BDC 1DG I10BI_ DBS V_ Ow
U U 1O ID JBIQO SUIBCS BD 1D DOQB11VO U O ID IC 1D SOCOD_
DBS B D1QDI U U 1O DO BIC ID JOSB CO1 DBS D1QOI _O1 U O
CD S0BJJ CODUC1OI S12G O w1D1DQ BD 1DO 1CII1C BD1DD
DBG B VIg D1QD U U 1O IB1B11OD+
JD 1D QI0BI_ 1DO UIB11OD O OSC1JJB11OD 1S VI_ QIB1 S U
1S ZOIO OI DQI1V+ 1D UIB11OD O CO1J OSC1JB11OD 1S SOOI1 UO
CO 1D1I D1QDOI U BDC D_ 1DO0SOVOS DO1I 5L WOD BQOD
QU1CX
_
+ b1DC B BIO CODDOC1OC 1OQ1DOI, 0US1 0QD 1OQO1DOI+
J1 1DD OOwS 1O QOwOI BUS1 Ow UI1DQ 1IBDSlOD1 IO0 _Il03l_
1O BD1DD SO BS 1O DBVO B SCC1ODG BUOD 1OQ1DOI.
1D COD1I1ODS CBD OCCUI 1D DE QODOB CO0QOUD S_S1O0*
B) 1D QOwOI OW 1S U1OC 1OBI 1S TO QOwOI I0B1DS
CODSCBDI 1D TDB d1LeCt1CD O QIOQBQB12OD+
b) 1D JOW CZBSS 1D ID C1ZC11OD O QIOQBQB11OD+
C) 1DO Ow O QOwI 1DCZSOS 1D 1DO 1IOC11OD O QIOQBQJOD+
JD1S JBSI CBS 1S O SQOC1BJ 1DLIOS1 1D 1O JGSB 1IBDSOI0OI
BS 1I 1DCIBSS 1D STOQDOSS O 1DO WBYOIOD1 QODC1DQ QI1I
1SQBC0D1 CUIID1+
J 1D JOW O OwOI 1DCIBSOS BJCDQ S_G10 BOI [OwOI OBVOS
VI_ 11DO OUOD1 1DD D1OIS 11( LH1 1S 1DG 1DO GO0OD1 1S
IB1DG O 11S S1OIC DOIQ_ D_ 1DO QBGSBQO O 1DO wBVO BD 1DGD
1OS OwD w11D I10 1 B BSII I1O DD D_ 11S OwD 1SSQB11OD+
DBT 3S DOI BJJ 1DO S1OI DOIQ_ O 1D J1D J0D1S SUQQJ1S D
QOWI 1SS1BIO 1D 1DO J1DO OO0ODS DU1 QBI1 O 1D ODOIQ_ OVOS
1DO J0OD1S 1D lDCIS1DQ LDO LJCw C QOweI JODQ 1D 11D6.
J1e
Z
ctC CL 1BB1t1CD tbuB 1B 1DCcCBC, D lDStC C u, u+S CDtCLS
the CQut1CD. Tbt lB thC t1TC CCcCmCDt 1S:
~(u+B)t
t
B 1B the CWeL tLDBeL CCDBtDt.
But, 1DVCLBCl, JCDg thC 11DC thC CwCL JCW 1DCLCBCB,
tbt 1S, thC 1DtCDS1t C thC WVe 1DCLCBCB, D tbC BmC LCtCc,
^>?
t
CL LtbCL, thC WVC CCceBeB JCDQ tbe J1De t BJCweL ctC tbn
tht BCtteLe b thC CWec 1SB1t1CD. TbCLeLCcC, tht tKCD cCm
the t1TC dCT1D lS tcDBLecC tC thC BQCC Cc 1StDCe Cm1D.
1 * l

Slml1c LCc C
[ AU lB
Z
c
2 |uS)t +7B?
t
Tbe gCweL tcDBeL CCDBTDt B etez1DeB tbe BteegDeBB C
the wVeLLCDt. TC meCL theBe tegu1LemeDTB the u C tDe 11DC
HuBt CXCeed the VeLgC U_ C BBtCm.
EXmJe |SeC E1Q. ):
LCDQth * ?
1D J1Qht BCCCDS
D1SS1t1CD *
U u AUG~ *
D B *
u
u
TLDBCLeL
~
J.0XJ0
l
.J
2~ * B
`
+700
L1De
J.bxJ
"

J
J.b
-100
IC
~bxJ0
"3
l6
.B
"B
XF^
^
'!mr
e - ~
4
f
e
W
t
6
dZ4c
ZOH

. .

D/57<*E

R
8 -
F
L
%
W M W %
^
MM5
#

0
e
4r46
e
O
Y
v +
/0uCR

#
P
4
e e P P
zp
f6 JJ

~QOO
7A
#/CO
ZO~T
yOC
}+4+ ?
T3
+A 3
Z=/ % O6
f
74A * ^ fPHZ/] |
TOe tLDBCLmeL tOuB d1SB1QteB QCweL t Lte uJ00 but
SCDB QCwCL t the LtC C S, CL BCVCn tlmCS S muCb S 1t
1SS1tCS by lDtCLn1 1CBSCS. ThC 1C lSSlQtCS QCWCL t
U l6 n LCcelVCB QCwCL t the LtC ~S=B, tht lS thC QCwCL
t d1BB1QteB 1B BuQQ11ed cCm CtheL BCCt1CDB, 1D th1B CBe the
tLDBtCzmL,
The tLnBT1BB1OD J1De lSB1tCS QCWeL t thC LtC C u=
9
CDl 1ttle Btec thD the BBtO Lg C B and thC 11DC ceCCVCS
CWeL t ~S=J00, thL 1B, LeCe1VeB On J/3 C 1tB QOWCL cCT thC
tcDBCzCc} tbe cCBt CCTeB cCT tB BtCcC eDCLg.
FOL thC SQeC1l CCDd1tlCD C waVeB 1DCLCBlDQ in mQDltue
tCwLS JO
LDSormCL
7
= lxJ0
"

U JU
*
.0
AVG U
O
b +4 *
|1De

J.bXJ0
bU
0.5
~J067
|C
"

.bx10
J6
.B
Tbt lB tbC QCwCL tLnSeL CCDStnt Ct thC 11DC hs DecCme
QCB1tlVC S n tbe l1De DCW BB1StB the tcDBCcTCc B BuQQl1nQ
QCwec LO Lhe JC [See E1g. l2)
ThC QLCCCClDQ QQCL hS 1tCm[1C tC ShCW tbC considerations
lnVC1VC ln tbC CQt1m12t1Cn C thC TCSl tLnBOrmCL. Jhe CnCCoUB
Dwec C ctCLB 1DVOJVe mKe thS d1tlCu1t tBK 1nCC` ThC
uthCIS C CO1J nl_B1B hVe CCme UQ wlth CCDllct1ng ceSuJtS
n tteTQt tCwLB zCSC1Ve bB CCCn mC. SCJut1CDB tC thC 1CLent11
equations have not been given due to lack of generality of tDCSC
31
available and lack of space .
It has been DeDtioned in papers on the suj ect CL CCl l
oscil lations that theory does not KLCD praCtlce . Much more
experimentation is Decessary . it also might be pos sible that
?:
-- - does not give the proper Veloc lty rememering that Tesla
c
claims that his velocities are faster than light . For further
inforation see :
1 . ABNORL VOLTAGES INTRSFORRS . J . M

Weed . Aerican
Institute of ecLical Engineers . Sept

1 9 1 5 , p . 21 5 7 .
2. ABNORL VOLTAGES WITHIN TrSFORRS . L. F . Blue .
Feb . 1 9 1 9 , AeriCan Institute of Electrical Enginers g p . 5 7 7 .
J - ELECTRIC WAVES , DISCHRGES AD IMULSES . C . P . Steinetz
9 - TRVLING WAVS ON TRSMIS S ION bYSTEMS . Bewley , L . V.
J J J b , J J b 1 . Dover .
O . DIELECTRIC PHNOMNA IN HIGH VOLTAGE CABLES . D . M.
HODlDSOD , J J J b -
b. ROETEEN . RYS AD PHNOMNA OF JH AODE AD CATHODE .
E . P . TDOmpson. 1b Jb , Van Nostrand CO. , Q . J3 ( Kelv1n) ,
p . J Jb ( 'esla) .

Z
rG.
/
1 tattttt |mton L!n Ttatlortt ter 1rauaus9tt:: Lim
f
M *
- "^
U * ^

ocg Lut rhutoo o Lompuod llut oh o| IIpp Lrcu l .

p8Sl6t h8u LgbL
By HUU LK`bHCK

-macome B B hmk,to most ttudfnt of scien.e

to learn that tbtr Bft tll in thr or| d some
(i,ntists wh beI e V thst ther Rf pctds lr,ater
than that of l ght.
Si n(t the advent cf Finstein. DD5 c-n| |r and
physicists hve tRken it fm rented tbst &pel\. jr,at,r
tan I 86/ mile pr sWond art impo.si ble |n t he
univere Indeed, ODC of tm prncgU tenets of the
relativity thr is that the mas of a body incIe&e
wit iU lpe and would bme Infnit at tm ve|m-
ity of lip1 Hen a greater yeloit s impssible.
Amg tm wm deny ft tM t troe tmre U
Nllol& 3 we m for M bUdr of l
pt mUm T induc mwr ad U @ &
of dtributing alteratng nrrnt & t fm
of m ct cntributo to mH In I8W
m mm M hitorc nprt in Clorao; wmm
m _nufa for U mt U, aHm ligning
j blU M ft long. and where m was ebe, bj mean
of high-frenc mrrents, to l ght eIrc lam at
distanee of thre Dlile without tm U5C of y wi res
wbatsoever.
Talkng to me ahut th exp,riments recently. Dr.
Tea revealed that m had made & numbr of 5Uf~
prisint disoveHes ia th high-frequency el,ctric feld
ad tm n th CUW cf t upriment, m had
mm cnvinM that m pro"atat freuencie at
ap Nlhr tm tm sp of li,ht
In M ptent No. 787,4I2, Im May I6, LW, Tesla
smwe Ut t crrent of bz trmtt pase over
tm earh', surfaCe .ith spm of 2W.8N n | I m pr
ng while radio wayes prmd Y` itb the v e| i ty
of litht Tlsla holds, mwcvf, tmt our praen "rado"
way,s are Dot trur H,rti.n "awes. bu| r8 l 1 y so:rd
w.ves
M nforms OE, furthPf, t hut m kt mw- ::f s[Ptd
several t mc> grceter mn that nl || gbt, : t nd that hc
m desged ajarems w| t h w hnh exprU O
projec salle elEfanS w th e sped ,. ual tl t"i "e
tht of light
Cing fm W eminet & Wf tbe statfmt
shld m gvm doe cnllderatio Afbr abtra
nmthmut rs | CDf thi , and a(tal exr;mentation
i aDo hef. >ot 5O man: years alo. one of t h e w or| d` s
grea te5 l(ienti<t - of t|c t i me Qr0Vr 0 te I y
tI : at i t > mpc: - u l . h: A h,a\ i er-th,l n-,u r I l a(hi n ..
Yct we &f ry cg p. r ' nf a rj | ane t odsy.
TeIu | rd. ct- a art r DC rel at | v t tne1t`
emph ut kal l. hn| r: i :t tht mL<. is un' ! eab| e . otr-
" ise. enerlY
ru0I d I.e j r~ur from :otbi ng, "i n(e
t knec entr;- I(quire in th fall of & body ouI d
b greater thn that n!r m lift It B B smal
veiOit',
It is w|tbta U bunm of
j
l blity tat Ei nstein's
mathtic of .pe gter thn litht ma'
wmg. 2la m m mgt m ttm dring U
p & d m m gmw ngt In tm fumw. n
an m U Itaft Ut ure an s f
U lipt b & t4w O op ug eltry
new "ilt W to i.
\'hil, it is i e vd ht !s"BDT mtsH, t dav:, thet
th f ttrYe of /ravit ol " l5 :o-|y anthr maa|testa-
t | on ol rhttror ayt ' t WRVEr, hr ha e, a. veL
h,"n no prtmfs of thi s. Imre 8f of ` t!U f>E, n:onv:
o|- ure I hi n, hl!U gra ztion the we oa e not as
y,t. faI | :t t : ed.
At Ol t c t ttt, i t a bIev~ bv: D&DT scent i -ts th.t
the sp . ed of jr.l, i tat inn i s mstntaneu 0

f0u D0U
thr uni -rrse. Th|s u sin'ply &cth,r way of putt| ng
it that the_t &fE &! Ireater I ha light.
Yet, from a striclr Milntifc Yie.pint IlO One
day ha any idea mW fat jra"i tat i,'nl wa" falways
pro\' idin! tbut the fo t io MG8_tr atl. f tm
qon, lor in<arr f, " er, O mpImc at a y| :-en morn,nt.
h: V I ong * t t | t l - l l t i~f rc th r" Ti t .l i tn"j d| tu rb-
&Dfr w .: u d DP fel t , n -:rth ` Wou| d hr pra t at . onaI
i mp0|sc Df + o cs | t' : 1 , sjwPd 0 l i ihr --that s,
l ~, nules pPf t nd - r W u| 1 t m e0cct | -
sl an | anoua : W ` - do tt :.ow
Tbc fnti rf .Suh r(t wlI D dou t a " a -r 4 t rr: uruduus
inttrest n stitnt m ci rcIe.. lt u I:pd that otmr
ienUtr w l I m ent'oura to i n"lb,at Or. Tela's
f ar-r ee wNm; Ur O debmtel prove or
to dsprove tm
0. b4d, bZ .
h. I$Lk.
Fzt60t64 y I , |900
AFFAT0S 0 TK8BI 55l f LLECTI L L8L8Y.
te B08 J
0
l.
:lILD 5IAIE AIE:I L!lICt.
^ h?. Ll . , k >tY Ht. . 3
APPARATUS FOR TRANS M I S S I ON OF ELECTRI CAL ENE R GY.
8PZCIICATI0N romg of Jp m$ o09,08IwWg I , IW .
w @lWta l 6 ; 2, I807, &uEa ,$$ vt4w && tH ylltltl MIv t.IW 8al
. 6,?80. ' MW '
)o ol uhmn f nto CMfB7I elevat ion 8ut Uble for tbe purgB OI tH
Be tknown that , NI K0L 3WLA, a mision. bOotber rmi a31 of thesoodnry
W l lhe L w blalw, ridiD_At lbo bt- A is eonneted O mrtb, and, |f d re, to
ol\h of l hlt aLmn, inthe clg oN York. the pri mary alW. to omor thal th latterma
g countanu bIateOfo York, hae nVobtw m at ub 9wol| | j l be same gwblal & tho gg
ertai o new and useful IDprvemeou i D AQ mjaceot pott| oosol t he moodar], tba! t u-
B {or toe Trnamiaion or lmtrml +uri ng |etj. l lhe rei viDg - lttio
Eery 0 .hl cb tm folJowing is aagt hca- Imoslormcr or smt mr nslMcton is em
Lon, rcfomnCo Uin m lO tm drwio C plow, butin ths ctmIODJer cil A` cott
O man]bgaudforlil a gMoC the sme. ati LoL th grmrg, aad tbe shoneI toil L` w
Tbi. lppliction sa division of MM agQm tbeeeODdaf, oftbo tWmfoMor. In t hocr-
Mo Blm b moft bgMmmr 2, 1 197, Srial cuil of the wrammbm lag L, mo
lo. bN,J, eotl tlm " bgIee of tmo8mle- m , or oLher dvlm for utili ziog l be cur
alons oC olMtNwenery, " And s b ugb MbL Tbe"Jevate &rinal coooemwt b
_ De and uWful ftumAu0cmbi natiol of the cabMr oC Lho m l A` , aDd the otber tr cS
appttas sbown aDd 0Hm n0 agglt * ml Dal oC saH mIl is cooDW rth an.l
tBM00 for o0l tho mlho tberi n gmlombI y, a, t Lhe ci l L` for thc reOn8
0tMlm abd c a9 8l60
The i nvent ion whicb forDs tbe aub]mtol 3he l bgtk of thP tbt o re CmI n ewh
B my peDt ApplictioD comprs & lmbsml- trA.Cor. ner 8houl" b approxi matly obO-
li o; ml or coo0ucWt oWhCbeletrcl eur guarterof the &Vo leDgt h of Ue etctrtc dt8-
r6D, or WBl008 am gmum aMd wbiob torbanc( io the omu l, th tt mae biDg
8 BM@M N muMs0eb careDt ors- O Lbe veloity of groggatoo Ol the
N0mWDggaMDgmn0u0tobUHu@h cltllrne tbrQh the coi l ell abd lbo
zg tboDat0Wmm umfrm oDe piDt &aDoUer ei rcui t with wbicb lt M 0W@m 0. ]
mwotefmmADd a rivlDK mllorcoo- By nU ilI ustrUoD, if to Wl e at Wbtcb
0ttcWrm8db 0wblgiot magM moz the cuNbl tm1m tbe circui t i ncludiDg
olMd by te wcllaU008 or cuMM gmg Le ml b ODe hob0rwaad lght]l|\`o tbo0-
@W from Uto Ub9Wt. od mlo gr ad theD a frequooc of
o Til appartU l8 shoWblbthe acmpDY ni De hUDdr aDd toot b [r leoad M
ln@ dmWbg, which il 0gmmmalc Uo8 woald mAi"tio DiDehlodr aad lo0t
trUoD 0f tbo &me. sl Iooar move n W 0M0l ODe buodmd
W W ciI,gemIIyof maDY tuf aDd or aDd eI @hl] a tbousnd m W obgaad wb
A Vo@ 1ale diAmetr, woaDd to ml forr wan oUl0 b two bUDdm mllt leDgth
g oltbor A0otB manetic eom or DOt ma For IOcb a lo fruency, hcb woold b 8_
D d WlW. L l8 a WoD0 wll fore b a msr U ODlg bao l s l Ddipuable for
m0mr0f mttcb larer aiz abd .maner the oppalion of motr of tm 0mt oar kiD.I
oo@U 1ou.,d aronncAd n prxi mity Wtbe ubdartbocondi lion. ab"e Wume, L would
O A. N a Ondargol fl] mlW iD leogb. Hg
go ag[ml08 aloo Qlo m m0 M a aach aD m] uatmeotor prprtlooi Dg 0 tbe go
Mp tlWr, ha cil lh tbis C mn+utut leDgh of =t m othe sond.ry o l or coM
0@M hiptea'i9n, mb0a@,md lhe mtl L tbe pi nu oC hi ghet . p:ntial Br ma0e W
Uogtmry,0lmuch owerteaaioD, of a lmns- ciDcide "' itb the 6VBM Mrmt nals U L`,
frmcr. olbe circlI il of Ucgr toar L ia i a' ADd tt bott |d undmU lbnt baVr
gg eluee W aui lule auree of eorreDt U. One len:th bl n tle=t r l bs rtqui rem"nt gg
triDAl of t0o W0&t w at lheceDtr sbouId b eODpiie WU i n order tooUtu
oC tbo 8pral co l , and frow toia Mrm baI the _ tbe bsl reaul ,.
cuMttt I8 le by a condllctr H m tormI Da|

l wtI I be rewtlunterto tba| hcot

Qera0 ] of 8@o 8ttrwo, foro or abo\o prMcri b r8all0n8ezpIt b E mtCO-
go mn bI n om b] 800h Mati8 bal Iwn8I aD ' d| IOo Cor Wooahe Ib tbe trnsqI l- t O
I
t) agand reei vi ng ci rui t NO Attine, and
O| ngto the tat that the poi n of hi
g
hest Q
IeDI aI t D the coi ll or CObdUCwr A A are
Co| uct dODt w| | h lb el evated termi nAls the
g X| mum hOw OI curt w | l \ke pl ace i n
t he t'O ct |s, abd this
,
further, neceSrily
i mplie t haI tbe Cagl and tb0ucbc8 n
wcb of the circni have' lnch vai lles lG
sur tbe m0 gtfMt CDdition of syucbro
O nim Wlb tbe mg olllaSons.
When te W of o0Mbl M lb opr
tion And puc rpidly g0Wllb@ or ol-
` latng c0M b te ctN0lof m L, or
gm og iDduo currnt of ver mucb
tg hieher p\Ual sgnert in the a nd
mcil ,aud sinc Uoptntial t0the sme
gm0alincr tbthe numbr of turns
twar tbecntr and lhe di fernce of potn
Nm btwen lbeadjanl turns is compar-
8O tiyely smalf .a VaQhigh ptential i mprcti
ble lIb ori nary coils a m succesivel y
obtaine.
As the mAiu objet for whi ch the apprrl1 u9
is deie |8 prouce acurrnt of esce'
z g \8l-blgbg0utI8 , lbt8 object is l8clItAtw
by "siug & gOmar cUrrnt of v8rg consid
erabl8 tr uency ; bU! the lregueoc of the
current i s n & 8rg8 OeNl t f arb| trar, for
I | the QOt0n! | l b 8Um| eDI l y h gh Rud the
gc rm| u8 Ol |b8 coi ls be IDAi ntai ned aI lb8
grogr el evatiou wber t be ftmosphere 8
"reled the 8IriumOI vi l l ser,e P COO
ducIt u mo| t t m Or I O C U fFOD prouc
aadIblattr wi l l mtrnsmi tt tbrOughlb
gg ar, WU mam,eYOb I rist Ance ao
thmoan orinar conductr
&Utbe elevaton Ollhotermi nals ` , ll
M obi01 tW U l3 mAttr wbich W 0
de&la 0 a b0mmrOf ting W b lh
qo m0$ mG qualty oC Ibo 0tK m Q7-
fmM D W6 cndt ion of She almgD,
ab0 w b te 0mwl6t0 te sormanding
cuq. 2 U Um m hig mO00lB U
l& U Yot the Nm 8bOJ0 B&l W
g iq and gnerly they 8hould al
Wb-alttude ucbgtr lbBD lbat
0l lb hit oOjtt M them. O| uCe bg
the m0HbprtiClly abptn Itu
that der MaDgrD, tbcu rrents
go thrugh Uemr 8tmMgbver smaI l , |hu8
mucng Uo in te 8tr.
Te apprtn pl lbe m V bg-8mLon F
@bw t te 00rMbM Qmg fm LbO
tnsmitr ba mn:er which tll b well
$
ondero mM Wo forI n deripti on.
Tbe prm. clM0lt0f Le Ver~t0&l M,

Uo w|mOl ~M 6Xct w by the cur

muprpt by_ cnduction thrugh Ih8
1 :rVeDiDg b&lul M 0m frm lhe Irane
liUr, ad U cBrmaM i nduc in t0
obwr c0 l L` other currct whi ch aN uI
| M lw oprti ng tbe devi C bCl ude0 | 0l b8
Cl rnt terf.
ObYously Ibe FlvI ug-i l. t rADsform
65 M or OUOr apparLI a bz mOVa0I 0,
(or mWhm, ben Wc f mMo b& ve
wl Ub in U alror by Bsi p al II
tbe former CHU 1ho^ntt t ect oo of onOtOrta
nalo f the 8I v I hagQmtu8 the grund
mt ght hO| b prmAnent, but mlbt b nr- jo
m| t|cDIIy or t uducOv0I etbl isbe without
dcpBrl Dg Inm the 8gt ri of my inveDtion.
| s to b bolo thAt lh8 phenomonon her
i nvoh'e i n the trnsmision of eletrc en
ergy is one or tre conducItOb and s not y
b confouDde \vitb tba phenomena of ele
trlm Fdtion whicb have hertfor Dn
obrve and bcb m Uover natusnd
moe 0fprpption wonld rnder gmcItwllg-
my8ible tbe tnam_ioo of an aggm- bo
.moun ot eer to auch diMncC *
F of gmlm i mprtnc.
bal 1 now claim my i nveDtion is-
1 . Theeombinaton tbtrnsmiLti ugcoil
or cndctr connet grOuOd aod M sn Ss
elevAt termi nal rpctively, And means lor
prducing therin olmlrIcurrn or ct l
latlon8, ol N m1V hgcO or COndttctors -
larl conneted roll ntl nnd w&O ele\''t
termi nal , At D dl8Moco from tbe | ra n8tn| b c
tng-i J -nd 800gM lD w esciled by cll r
rnt Cus l DprPPud f mmlbO HDO
by cnduction thmu_h tho i nlon-oni n! Dat
uraI mol om, H !!ondary couductor i n l n
ducti ve relation lhe rci \ i l l . condtl ctor
And deti ce8 IOr u!! | t 2i Dgl h cu t rcD! n lhe
ci rui t of sr. | d seOndry con,. t: ctr. R8 set.
forIb
J. Thecombi nation Wt I hH tl'ansmi ttl Dgcoi l
Or OOnCuCt Dr b8V| cg cud8 coouetd I OD
rocnd aud |O au oIGM termi nal mg-
tt VO, B prmAry in ituctive M8t0n
thert 0uC B80 0 elotricl oil lations
ud grl aQcNul,of rivingcnduc-
tr or cil having iteods connet gruD to@
ad W W oloV0w t:inal riveJy aac
aapt D ecit by cnMbM w0 W
m pm fNm lbo tmiter $bHQb
U bMml mmuw m mo0mcHulL
h itdaeve mlalt0bW te WYb@<mu t f t D
m0 NC0Vog06Vlm m00mW tbeewith.
st foN0.
_ . Tbe combi n&tion wi t b'a trnsUi t ti nr I n'
slrum8ulcmrt8 ogN lmD8lrCOrhati np M
S8Ocy counet ground end w abe t j
Va trmi nal rglt v 8, aD0 mb8 ot
gl bg8lmlfwloi !\Itions upnjt pM'
:a. of a rei vinB instrument OQOb
a trnsformer haviug i t primar 8IU
onner g0bd and w an eleva r I 8O
mi aal. aDd a trnalUDg 06Vlm cnDet
wl tb it Nndar, W6 mg
j
l d 0000
ab of the two treoe!l baving 80cb
val ue W W u@uchmnwith tbe t M
pr Omationa g tfort. t r
1 becmbilation lb8 transmitting l b
strum8Dt cmprin ab I 8lOcs tmm
ofmer bVlb@ lM mb0arg ObbW U
grund and elevat trmtnal rep
tl vely, and menl for i mprl ng eletrcl t o
oci llations Ipn lM prmAry, Ol a rei vi ng
instrament comprl ng a lraoMOrmrrbavlng
l M prmar aimllrly cnnet @u0
and t ele,te WMm, m0 tmm
J
04P, 08L
p_ de: ce cc omI0d Ih ' 8 secoodary. t| t e ' | enqth O Ib8 UOI0tD0DC8 Qr gagated , B 5C
cag8C| I aod odu . tanr H Of Ih8 SCObuar Of , Iortb
.
tb trao8t I|| ng ntI tl pri mnry o( Ib8 Ce V . The cl l in hi nal; oo .i th a !. onnsmi tt i n! co! l
|ng bIrUmen bav t 0g8t t Cb0I u B t Oe or t O0duCr C00DC|e groubd anu sn g _
g cure sychrnin, WI l ht he hn pressed osct I | a l eva! Ut i n | u8l respeeti .ely, sud adaQteU
Lions, l fortb. _ U CAuse tb0 rOntt Ob OI currants or asci i
. Thecolnbi nation wi th a trnsli Lti ng co| | lalOo8 by couductior IbrOult lbe naturl
0tcoDdactr COnDtte W grund and An elo mei um, of a rece| v | og c.rcu|tsimilrly cou-
V$W WMm rptively. and ms for nete t ground and an elevat Mrm qO
puciag eletrcl curent or oci llations nal, aad of a capcity and i nducMuce 80cb
lb tbeg of W Ml Vo

oPl or moduCUr Lhat IMprio of Vbraloo the sme W tbat

lmWr CfDne& gud Ab0 an ela of tht' transmittr, t foMb.
VB MtMb& acd lyncrnb with N8 8. The trab8llltu@ or ' reiving cHu l
. trmlttag m or cadactr, set fort h. heri n derib, cmbW U und and qg
_ . ommb0atobWtb a t/nsmitti ng I b an elef&Le Mrml b t| and ar
etrament comprii ng an eletricl tros range i n such Uanner that the elefat tr:
former. baving M sendary conneted lO m uaI is charf the mm wm ptential
@H00 &bd W an elevat trminal rspc de\'elop in the ci ruit, 88l forth.
t vol 0f a MVlbg iOI\rament comprisi og IU. b6 combiaAtion Wtb a transmitti ng go
8O W traaeformer, havlog lM prmar si mi larly ccil or condnctor cOobwlo grouod and
conneted W gmdbd aud to an elevate ter an ele\a! termi nal respt! vel) of H rai V
minai , th reel vi ngcoi l bing sychrnized i og-ci rcui t hAvi og a gro of vi brat|oo cor-
W lb that of the tr"nsmi ttr, t forth. rpodI ugthat Ol the traosritting-ci rc'l i t
7. Thecombi DLioo'itha\rnsmittingcoil b0 si mi lArly OboUcwd tO gund and 8n j j
z 0obduCt0r conn8cM to goond and an ele\ated termi ual 8nd 8o aranged thlt IbO
lc\lt81 terll\ i nl mg el],abdmWb8lor 8e\ 0|8d termiual I - cbatge U the bi gh",!.
prQduci ug el ectrical c0MnM orcal Oh9 pt80lI8loc\'el.)Def] n the ei ett | t , asset forth
i n IhO BUg ol & rei fi ng mt l Or couduc!or
|
U hL V LbLA.
8l1n & 1 arly connected grund audt oan e 0 | 0888m:
_o VHted tcrmn8l, lh8 88t d coi l or coU hBVt n , AKER V A,
length gttal to onc ql l nrt lr Oi |l : 0 .t . .ELLL- Y . t.
J0
N. 1L5L.
Pfa Rk! U f0|. R!NSM| IIl bO |078I 0L 5BOY
k F C A 0 I . L | J F l 8 . l0J. VL 0 BT 4, 90T
I . I I ,78.
8t0nw O l, l 9I 1
.t:.

/
I
`
| ,
.
.

|

'

Z
- .
.9

\

^
.

J7
J
\^1 CJC 1^ L1L.
NI0IA TZSI, 0NZ30BM. 3.
P&BATDS E0B 2BNSMIT0 ZZCC $Z3.
J, I I9.T3
pcO&UeaetItwWL
BIBIO O. . Z&.
$ypllUea8lc4 JaamQ 18, 1M.&rlaI Bo. MA4f Beaed .a 4 tM7. Hl Bo. 37I,8I7.
o 0trh0m tl m0g fUHCF
it kno"'n tht t . Nl KL LsL.+, ci t i '
7tn of the Fmted !t!tl. tcS U n t t ttt
br0ugh r I mnII hutlti l . l the Cl t' . ("ul l ty.
. and >t 0h o| New 1tk. ha t i nn' lIh'l! Iel'
lat n lV :.1 u!fl J l l ruI " ')\ tlIl1"nts t tI Appa
rattt8 for Transmi t t i ng j:I(,ct l"i (:1 I l tt l@' .
of " I 1 I | . t h.' o tW| t t @ l h R !pci l ic:l t Ul U, :e
erluc 1 '' i n" huU l t r the ut v\ I III :1ICOII
I0 [0] t g alltf:rm. ng.I Q:t t'L 0 l t -am0.
ln endea " ortng to nta t cnrl'(nts M d5
(harg(s 0 %r_ I t @ tcDS! 0n t0 \niou! v' a lt I
ab e ttM, & the di stributi on of energ,"
thrug ` rs from Cnlral plants l0 dt M0l
J gam 0 C0hsttmjlI uh, or lhc trnnsmislOn
o gWet0 0l5ttI laDts l0 @tT0L USlahCc8,
tluough Lht h0tu`l I Ol` h0h att hCl u medi 3,
hDv c (ncount(r(. 1 . hltcl l i tics I n con fll i ng
l'onsi d(rahle 0motlltlo l l l (I etriti t \" to l hc
20 c0nUttClo|G anU O\nI ! ng ls 0:i Knc O`
thei r Sl I p_)Ol"t:, O` i t; e"l:t l ' tnlo t l l ( : l I il l .ilnt
0 t, W' h t' a ' a\' S takt" tu0 W tt0 t hc 0tc-
tl7c sIt rfUC dlnsih' Ot t| t:s R Cc|lui l l ' al l l" .
ThE i llllm:l ty ol lhc 0| ti:I n ll t!:.t l<mi t
Z0 tD@ cl r.-ui t wi t hR Hct or u u\ :t l tt' nni u:d
S gr0Q0rt| tlI0lv to lhe t]tltt l:l! lj ol t tCtrtt'
ity di spl :l(d, Whl Ch $ d0lt|m| titt \' tho
gt0uCl ot thP capal' i ty o l t * cl Icl l it. tb0
gNSSItr0. und tR fr((lulncy t t l t h8 l l I ITlltS
4 emg oVd J0 [r0 |lcP ah (ecl rll":. 1 mo\"e
mcl of lhc Ill ui rtd ma@tlh c lL l 0c
8l mblr lo charl th8 t0ua LH hi gh| b
gq b c. Iti wbi |t a @rcal tgtt 0lIl l t' oI e| cc-
tt C l ma] a5o U di !placld hj l arge
0 gqc| I_ Cb.t rg0d lO l ow pllSl\ l"', there D
0t50\ t 0lu@t mut | lh l u mau} tu when
the form( i ! marc tl a f_. The chi d of
thl U f' 0t tc to lhc 0rl thal 0h hcrca 0
the cll pal" l t '; PhlaI s ll owcrlh@ of the M
4 :::: 0l l h0 I mpul :s or 0 5Carg and a
o| lhcPhcr@` 0 \` l l'8l 0u. hI8
Wi l l b I I nt i(lto wbeq ttb bMc ml 0dq
dat B cm ui t 'tith Ia rg c

mha\'
,I acksprmg, Wher8ns onc & Bal
c gat t I \' aCU hK8 M l 8gfm VI 0raLlh@
m0lT v t _nr0S _

Therefore, IM 0tUct U
attai n tht' h | gn5l Q0l Uc tqucnC], wi l l ch
for Ccrl0 | B pll rpo.cs l9 a. hnnt ag!llus ah0.
apa rt lt'Om thal, lo dt Y Og the gl(':.tl'st
60 et|crj tu $ | Ch B t rDlIslIl . tll llg CI rCI l | l, CH:
g o_v tr|m| na of rebl . H I ., Sm0 r:t ac| t' ,
whl (h (I . :I I"/e l oBS t gh pi'el t rC Hb Qrac
t Cu t c o aCcomQ th I I1 I s rcu t hnnl
found t mQcmt v'8 to FO const

Ct the ec
Vptd 10n.i l 1 llor. lhat tl oit' $| t r am,
which the elmtrm chtgU chiefy accumu.
lULcs hnS tU a r@ rNdi us of cun nture,
OF lS cOm0U 0 gamU C|Cmtnts hICh,
t ft0<gCl| \c 0 thc t 0W0 rndi us O C0tV
tur(- a rc Brr&h@d M Co toench g
oth(l 0ltd b that the outi de 0 surflce
en\utn@ them ol & large ta0l 0S. Evi -
et'ntly, the 5mnl 1er thc rdi us o curvltur
the gatel'q (or & wh Mlmtri c displ llc,
In0tl, wt l l m thc srf3c-densl Ly ad, cou g
Sllntl'. thc IwerU limiting gtum to
WhtCb thc tenn31 3y m ChBr@0 thout
elttrl cl ty OaQU lhU te aI t. Such &
trn31 sUI" U 3n IDMl0tlh MggN
e0Utmg m0M or le tDU U lhwtl 0t, and y
l i ke" I 5 connet the C D01l U it B0O or,
@eN ', at pi nts Wbem lh8 eItHc den.
5ll] 9Oal. This g8h o C0u9lt0CtI0@BD0
su[0rt| n@ 0 h| ghj Chat@U conduCUt
hn " e ound t0 U of @M0t gt8Cl C8 mgr yg
tanC. 0hd l lmjm ufully NgQIe0l u0Dy
W8$
Hefet:| ng to the acomplnying dt0WD

,
f O l:| t t'C ts D \icW in eleutio 80 par
.rttt M O M mQrOV`m M tcmnBl nnd 80
; ;t t t t t of tt r@ sUIface ,ith MQgOMIn

t ll Ilt l l rc ancl nemt0g auNtu8

hc tctmlal OB5l5U 0 b M t al
"ha P,1 mcU l C Mmc, in thi C a tl@ of
htmfj ci r(ul 3r cro stion, ,hich s VOY 9
(1'1 1 Y i th a Q\0Etlcal metl QlktP5 P,
thllh l'nnsituting 1c@ larg m0lltLlD@
MI ttu,_Muoth Ll@ al gaO where l0c ele,
ttIC cbarg QM0cI Qa Y accaml ll :ts he
frme s C8tIIM by asron plntfor t1
prsly gre=ded for sfety a n-
,trment cfo0r&tcng etc whih in tuM
M8 00 UMl atID@ MQgM . Th
!h0uld pnetrte m IU Ue 00l0W sQ
oNe by the terinal, Ad the electrlC 0
0ch9t_ at thc QmW WhcM Ue aM D M
lo thB mO I5 sill cnsderable, tey a
m ially gM b mBducL@ bo
N
A gzM 0 the mgMVmwM Whc oM '0
the M0jcCL of this QI0ell 00, the LtBD9
p:tt i g CIJUt, U IU ct8 featqm, 5
| dPnl lt'0 Wi th l0al 0mMm0 ah0 cBt med u
m't r!' @| na Pntents ^fb. ,hahd 9,hz .
Th c tCU l comprss 8 c0ll which s i n '
clos llI0Il Ct \`P D 8t oh ,i t h s pri mar ,
0 nd fMC Ph0 of w b cb I S connet to a
wnl l nr plAle , ` hl c l8 Olhcr ed s
Ihrollh B lpAtr l hdutl 0D c0Il 0nd
R mrltt l l C]l Iu00f U fhc MMha J l \ 9
I,II9,78
1 i r crnnem nn to the at tcr ShnU d a Wa8
l t mn | . al . or near l Dt ccot er. tD ordr to
t | I I l` I' I \ | i i met rc a l U| -tm| ut | r i fl lI eCU
l' l I U t | . ev=. whcn t he f!lql l .' n(',v t s
t ' | h i gh und t he hov\ | | a ryi \ l t i m. the
Qtt' |urI | nnm of the qQp.t t ut tt - n| yh| |e l H
pa I red Jht pl'imary t mu} | x -x | t td I n
u t i v r c r Mnner, from B sulaI0 5lUC
o|c:i i rent- I t . hch otuj' m BO a l trnator
l0 00ndeD~r the i mp' >ant rellI l rment
|ei n- lhat l h0 n'sonant (ondi ti on ts a b-
l i shJ. t hat i l l o sa\' , that the trmi nal lS
char:ed to lh8 tti aXi mutt prssurE dE\'el opd
tn t l i O ci rcl I i t . Bb ha\U spci fed IQ my
) 5 Or g| uuI p:l tents | clt i tC rI8fd to, hcad
j l'tmcnt shou l d I 1I I :le With QaM; cuar
tUIU \\ hrn the tt anm| t t 0| tS rne of Ircat
puY ` C- not only OU nccount O eunom., but
8 SO In Oru0ttOaVt d "nnEr. baV8SbO n
20 tht li spraO|ctiU 8tprodooi n a resonnt,
mQ t: tYt | I t as L L MU8nW ecctr
ca acti " ities. measured bV tms nnd evcn
hundtCtl8 o1 ihuusands Ohom-pwer,ad
in SuCh D c:is. | lhO pUU of maXmm
?5 pmsrc should m D0W tm M
mmaI , :lon c & m m m t
hwk out and der Mp M m
Uin e 1n 1h8 a. m m aj
jmutnu o1 tm W m M d It
4 shOud m Mzt8d, Lbat M mW aOM
M&V Lk8 jaO WNb UO H M
Ths Vl C% to l zpm hen t M
bom H n: nd, thlt the entir

acc
tnuI nud i n t h0 exci ted ci rcuit. of I
35 t t t' | n. as under n!rma orkog condI ,
t t nn, I l t t uu| t cr of thc prio or or8 Or
t- transformat i on rOm satic tO knetic
|ut:t t t , m:: sDd t U In & mComQstaby
- t t tt | l er i nterval t l ttmc, al B ta of maD
mi l l i on o1 hO QWcr bc swtdebt u
tt pt t o UCl hn, the lrsnsmt llm

crcul
h<l Og I rOngIv tcit. the imgt' (ci l,
tt timS ttjtOn t t or cau. m y manner
mm'r f!I l Sdtrn, tt m OUI f&Qid th
the fr osi l l ati ons t ts therefor ad,
\iS8blc lO |Ml n t he odj usmentc t lh bc
und sOme hal sovet i mp oi l lations
strtlI !htni n ld qu Ckcnmg Ucm gad,
lIol l y, unti l the epparatos m m brought
" t |nder

rft control o icras tbc

Rfety, pro,i de on B coDvenient QRC prf
eraoh- OM trmial . onc or mor element
UI QlatCb elhOr o sme,' hat al kr radiu
of ('nr\' ature or Qrmdn@ MOf OI m
" otid th8 oth8m ( in wb Ch C they ma W
of mrgerrsdusoervtu~)D tas:, sea|a
the j restt re ris lO B val ue, b'ond Whi ch l
is DOt t t s reO tO go, the QYetul r
ti u \ t tt | I r | | t l urr and m iU rc

i n theai r. ruch R Ql nU, prt rm B func,

ti on s m! ur l O thnt of B sfety on &
D gh ;res8| | rc r0St\O t. 8 IuOIc0te al Y
t | t t: lh0r Ext endmg the QOnCi
uDucr\' D m} n\D| | On. pia l referen
65
mde OOl aDd Lnduct or hc
I lttr s | n Ue fOrm O 8 clider W
smth or plishf"d s| | r Iat .c oI 8 mdus Tuc
l : i |er l han | hut ol I| t t ha | f spher ca e0-
n|enls ' . and | Oens out uI tb8 bU',m
M O I I | ot l , b | Ch "hol i i d O0 sl ottd
n v ot d o= h edd v t' UrnnLs and the r
of "n| t: h "I i i O clrn r from the o
got ng he rO| H s 'tol l ld oo B 8m L
drum l ' ol | os| t l ati o matrial, Wth U
t uOs mo lOclher ha " e d| s'e that ?5
h0n W wOllno Ih8 E/et Ol the smal md u8
O cnr\ ltnrl t t hc t tY I LI ! is OV`PfCUO
t . u thf ('oi l bh \ ts II S 0 cOnd| | r| Ot of l n r
1',l di l l S O c'ur n |ur H Tespond l , t O tat
r f tht tl O| tt i t | s ea I | | re l S o consI d0r N
e bc r: cl t'n | | | i | pn| |a t| a nd l5 :|ppi i cAble
0ol oDl y t n th: Sjreci t t nsmn, but
ral l.", or e:lI mpl e, sl l ch pl ats ut
t t tri na l I, thou:h prfer.bl y o l a
rtt t | tts of Ctt |\o tU rc, t:ted not |x nes ' ri l \' M
so, Ior pt*t| ded ot l V lh:t t the i ndi vdoaI
pi att or eleut enL (I f 8 hl gh pOntal con
ductor fll lctt | | ua l O 8 rrand in pm3-
'Iutv eaCh Olr and ' tlb Uct ouler
bmdaH .lon zn ldl smtMml W- M
Vwopl gstra o& r mw0C&
Iuw, M s0`snwg o tw mmU W
m M W D m 3
o M O wmd dtm, m
eWd uQ to tm tmal um
m shnt mloW the upprot tum of
oi | . 1 bbd. m the tndency of
the ar Orra k Ol m the COB-
ncI n and U p along the S
port

` I00
H\nng deBttbd my t D7entt On, c a m `
I . s lt UC0Mb Or producing grat eIe
tmcn actl \' i ties B nsoDuttl ti rcui t ha 13ug
|u outer lndl Jcti u bounda rie, Wh ch BC
chstt0 8 hi gh ptential, arranged in
I05
sntl0c o l arge radii of Cuf\`0l0 b as
u pre" Ent leaklle of lhc oillating carg,
sll bstl nti al ly aS I forth, ,
2. In aaratuS for the IranOlOn of
elect I'i r.I energ B cirl l i t cOnecl Q l 0
yfOund aDd u Bll de\'otd Nna and
ha\' i ng iu oll tr OndUCtng bmdBM
h ch BF subjet to tnsion, nrran
M sura of l arc | of Ctt t\atum sub
stnti oll y a lnd for lhc purpo derbd, I I$
n Q plant for the transmision o eIe
trici l energ Wlhout Wm n combinotio
` t U B grt mmy or exciting ci rui t B hd
Rf connltd gund d to sn woVaM
uri aa| tmd ha,;ing it outr g10
buadarl "hich n cherg W
ptent| a| , Irrng n s0tac of ar@ md
of cun' ature Or lhc puQ o p\ rntm@
lcaka and of encr sbstnti oll.V R
sI forh
II
. As a mU8 ns for tnnsitti n" elerical
e| yV a di st ance Lhrogh te naturll
mui l R @O| i ndld On0nl c rCui t com-
r| s t\ B pat1 upon WhiCh l0lom UO
mpred ond abOlhcr Or ra8n lh0 - l 80
J>
0
1,11e,78z
O
i (, n, h:l \' i nl | ls Ou | r nD i | | ! | . g hni t nda rt ts
on whi eh R h| gh u t t -i tn I ' ha rgo' cci ! ti t u aI c
n rrnll I'd n su rut O | utt rad| . O CUH
I r , t t | .-ln ttt! a \` Uc I keribd, '
" ho Im'ans
'
Ot ]tul UCIh cXCeU
t,l(, tri c pottnti als (onisting of a gMmB_
exCi t i ng ci rcui t 0nd U "snant oo0at'
ha\i ng ts ouur condlcting eIcmenu =hch
M suhject to hi gh tn"i on a rrng in QDX-
I 0 imi t, to caCh othet and n surfac of
]arg
radi i of eun' ature b B tO prvent cakagc
of tht cha rge :md UltUdahl lo\'ering 'of Q
unti al . Su<taul 8 l Ub dts' ibd,
. .Yci rcui t com, rising 0 part II pon whi ch
Oi Ut onh a rl' l lt Qttd Bt l t t Dotlnr par
1or raisin$ the Dson hy r(son a nCr, tbe
]attCt pRrl li ng supportd on accS of Iew
elect ri c dcuS t and ha\ I hg I t s ouMrmmt
conducting boundarie arran/ed iJ surfac
^" of 13r/e radi i 0 ,cur\'ature. as L forth,
. In agQBWlw for Uc ,tnsis "ion ot
eem wct WU0ul WtM Q mg
cWL U mM cenducg elemnt ' o!
w mve @I @U & m0 M
^ a smm 0 lar ldi i 0cma-
DW W W MU the srng of U hgD
M8@ t a B1 eletric 0ch5ll] ud pr
1 cut o Du@D le3kage, 5uDMaDtl a lj as
derib,
b. `m trnsmi ttr COmpr S n b l
combi nati on Q BQC O osi I l :t i ons 0S &
cOtt tmr, B pri mar e!i ti ng ri reni t 0hd :
.ondar @oUh0c0 and cr\ td condl l ct o:
the olltr conducting bundaries of whi ch
are h proximity eaCh oth8t and 0tt8h@8d 3
i n surfaees Oa@ mdl of cur\atur. 500
snti ally B dmt.
F. n appartus for the tmm|on of
relNl energ "itout wir an cl0\0tc
cnductor or nntnna hnVng U outr high *'
potential conducting or cpacity e\lmtnt
urmh@ed in proximi ty u ech other and in
slI rfac(s of large md of cuC"'atnr W BB U
Q\'ercorne the efet Ol the Sma rdius of
cur\tur of the i ndi ,;du3 element! ad `
eakag0 of me Charg0, Bb t oM.
I. gounded renant hh
cnult havm l U outr Ou0uOuy und
aril Btthge U srfae of lar W0
0 cutbtuN b cm0lat00 wid & ee- Y'
VaUd trmiWI 0 Mta wpperv
at ef le= 0wt 6h-
all W d.
8OLTESJ
Wm:
m. MNW D
Bca N0VAN,

0oez cf U swzt @ tc 0bUzc4 ter 6ve CEQI$ eacb, by a4mezUg Wc "0wesw M WwU,
Wetgoz, B. 0''
LAAL1S"
UY
tRtTz LOENsTEtN
FlF Tg
As the seat of energy of an electri c31 feld is in the space
outide O the charged bodies we will consid<r the shnpe mrl
concentration of the feld only, but not thut of the body i telf.
This distincton s necessnry bec3ue .cnpacities nre usunl ly
attributed to the bodies charged, whereas the energ is exclucled
from that space whi eh i- occupied by the body. Consi dering
the space between t wo charged bodies U the only seat of enCrgy,
the expression "chargCd body" is b(:t rCplncl'd by "termi n31
surface of the fel d.
Comparing g<omet ri c;l ly simi l ar elemClts of two g('O
metrically similnr fpl d,. the elemCnt ary capacit ies L pro
portional to l|nel d|meu-| e::-. -e; Figure ! . )
Ext<ndinj thi | a\\ thr <nt i Te hOt| hy th< i ntegrati ng
procl;. we fnd that geom<t rical l y si lll i lnr hc |d have c3paci ti es
proprt iolnl to the |nea| di meh ou> of t he terminal surfaces.
t to be expect<d. o t herefore, that cnpaci ti es expresed in
0mrt-|on- of termi nal ;urfaces houl d he of l i neal dimensions.
That the capnci t - by r,o mean; funct ion of the " ol ume of
thcfeld or of the t ermi nal hody may hceasi ly seen from Fi ure 2
"' herl fdd <lement i; i ncreased to dOUbl e th< volume hy add|ng
Pnnteo|onh nstt tut8 o| Rad|oEnpnen, .0w York, LOom-
F , V.

volume in the dtrectton o the feld lines and in 8 direction per

pndicular to the lines. In the frst cae the cap8city ha ben
derease wherea in the atter cae increaed, atho In both
08 0 the voumetri c increae ts the same.
lGUkE Z
I t ts een, therefore. t hut nstead of being dependent on the
volumeg the capac t rather a function of lineal dimension
and therefore the mmUm li neal dimension promnates
An intereting example of this predominating lineal dimension
or "maimum reach" is gven by the compsite capacity of two
wir joining at one end under Varous gle, B shown in
Figre
luLm
When I he anl e - -ma| | thccomposttc capacity is practicaly
the ame that OI t he ,ingle wire, since the addition of tbe
second wre ha not i ncreas(d the maxtmum reach.. l the
s(cond wire U he ] oi r: ed to A ut an angle of I b deges, ' which
mcan tn stright tOnt nunt on oI wre A the tta! " capacity ha
0
oubled, 8 the maximum reach now is twice th8t of the single
wire. \Ve noti ce also that by de 0ting wire B slightly from the
taight continuation of wire A, the maximum reach of the
system is not m8terial|y altre, from which one may correctly
cnclude that turing the wire U thru an appreciable angle 0
dos not materialy change the cpacity of the system. On the
other hand 8 get chanJe of mximum rtach is pro| tue| by
variations of the anJlE whEn the two w rcs arc approximately
prpendicular, and i n fact t hc capaei ty of the total tructure i
mcst sensitive ID changE$ oI angle bct wecn thE two (ll'I(nts at
nhout9deges.
In Figre , haw /wn tal>ll' of {apaciti(' per ((ntimEter
of the greater l ineal dimension of t he d hcrent ronh0ratons.
)
C-.O
C*J

[~.I
t GtRE +
n gurt t be WIIP B - n--umcd t o be movtd D' the
\ar abl e uhsc--ne J t |vreb goturat i ng conduc1ng a--:b.
t n-truct \ e to ol | ow tho vnrt ot on o the capnct t; C

At z =0 the capBcity is that of the wre C_ _ , as long as z
s small the capacty is practical ly constant because the width
of t he sheet is small Compared to the length AU and a change
of z dos not invol ve a change of the predominating lineal
dmcnsion ; however, 0 2 increae and fnally bcomes geater
than .1U, it a. umes the par of the predominating dimensiong
and, inded, the graph shows the capacity then to b propr
tional to Z.
X

mmmm m m 1
lGLHE
Compurin! thc capactttes of a sphere and of a wire, tt is
found t hnt the C0pacty of the sphere u only thre or four time
m grcnt al t hc tapucty oI the wire in spite of the million times
greater volume-
ha\'c !poken of the eapacitie of 0 wire and o otbcr bodies
inste:l<l oI thr cap:city oI the feld simply bccaue do not wish
to distr:ct uttentioll from the f:miliar conceptionso Lt me
an:lyze thr feld hown in FiJur( , havng two concentric
p|itrcs tfrminal urf:e, and dchnn05 "voluetric energ
dcn- t y` t bt enerlY tontu| t:cd in one cubic c(ntimeter. A the
encrj i:l R fcld (I (,01('nt s mmle up of the prouct of ptential
alor/ thc Inc- of fon'( wi thi n t hut (l(ment and of the number
oI l i rI' t ranr"in/ i t . t heInerlY o| cuhic C0ntimeter of electri c
feld i" proportiom to t hl square of the feld deity. Since the
feld d(ll "ity diminishes as the square of the distnce from the
center oI fcld, the volumetric energ density dimnishe with
the Iourt h power oI the distanee from the eenter. The diagam
to the ll(t in Figure -hows the decre8e of volumetric energ
dEo"ity.
Of lt'uI t' t i ntcrl"t t h:n the vol umetri c energ density i s the
lim':l ('l('r/y cltnsity. whi Lh maybe defned as the energ containe
W
n a spheri cal iayCr ol on!' ("(' nt i uwtl' r radial t hi eknf:: : and a"
t he yolume of such l uytr ntr:t- - wi t h I he -qt t nrc of t he di -ni t to
lrom t he ccntcr. t l: c | nw fol l o\\' " || ! \ l hi - :t tI . and mm t ht
vol | t iit ri t PDCl dt u-i | l :t Ih. i t t I l ( ' l i I HHl t nt r\` dl ' l l "i t y
cl(ereaes inyersely as t |v SQUIt' of t hc t i i :t an(' ( rom t hr tt nt t t
:Udl depel:drn(r i" gmphi l:l l I y -| . o\v t . I U t i l l' ri gh| i i i I| ti |t U.
Thr hndcd suracc bc| ow t hi: CUl' |' l' D' -t H ~ t he t ot ul 1 ' I l l ' I'IY
of t hr fll eI and t - eaily tL t hr|rom that t he mnxi mur
encrp of the hel d is conct'ntrnted near the smoIIcr oI thctwo
:ph(re! ,
l hnn tokn simplf C of heI d w t h phEricnl termi nnl
"lIrf:l( 0 show that the concentmtcn cf cne- lie: l!ear the
-ni:: | |er tfrinal mac. imilar lonid<rntion' CD P npp| cI
wbrn -uhttutng for thi i he| t | r:uli atinl thr(Iimfn,iort:ll l' ,
f(,ld of hi-dimln"ionnl rad nton - t h! octunng in tItt "Ht
o |ong <yl i ndric31 terminnl -ur|a::-) ,wjtcre, a: in this n-t amt ,
tItt bt ukol the enmp): o| t h( hc| d - \ O foun( l llenr the -m:i | |rr
L' o| t | : t two t crminal -ur|:uc-.
I n Figur( 7. ! havc shown fi ('l d wi t h ('OIl ('l' ntri (" t (' I'J I l i r : t I
-ul:ut - ( i t l H' r :plH'ri ('al o r eyl i ndri l' :I U , and han' illf" l'l:I"('d t l . . '
-t njt O t | t t f(' l d h rtduc ng the - zt ol t h: 1 a| | Lr t trlll i l l al
!urfa,(' wi t hout , ho\(\'(>r, changinl cther the tota| numi Jpr of
ht| t | | nc- or the larger t erm|na| surfaee, As thc li nenl c|urgy
denst y - VPf\ t6! near Ue mal l (r l erm nl surlacc, -urh
atI t | t onof I |it fel d at t hnt poi nt mut hnvcmateri al ly ncrtu- d
t | (n(rgy o t lv fCl d nnd t ht chtmgc in capl L I y to be exp<' et (,t l
ulit oti-i t | cruhl t . I n fact , Q consi dlrabl l ehnng( in eap:l (' i t y
o| -phtrt l- ol Jt ai n(d hy a chnnge of i t S di amct er.
I f. i n Fi jUfl' + t hc l tr t ermi ral sur|uce alone i O changld,
Z
even materinl ly, the total energ oI the feld will be increaed
ver slightly only; due to the I8ct, a we have sen, that the
energ density nea .the larger terminal surace t very small .
Such a small change in energy coreponds to only 8 small
change in the cap8city of the feld, from which we conclude :
l0CkE
In Hd hn\' i ng WU t prminal surIaces of greatly dt crcnt
Ii z(. a ch:mge oI |hc 1l111er surface produCB 8 great change in
capacity, wh0re0 a 0hane oI the larer terinal surace afect
the capacity of th( fplel only very slightly. The capacity of a
feld is, therefore, almo:t enttrcy dterine by the shap ol
the saller termnal urface.
That is why may with Ofl0PE speak of the capacity
of a phtre, Of any ot h(r hody, without mentioning the size and
lhap( o t ||t ot hcr t" rmi r:l surIuce, 0 long a the asu
m
ption
s LortL t thut -utI. ot |ur t(rmi ral s\rface ts of geatl larger
di uu'nsi . , nl.
t Du\ DO he nm-- t o (all your 8ttenton tO the fact that
t ht tntrcn-t Ol fpl l l PIHfg) a- i l l ultrnted in Figure 7 is accom
panct| hy :t decrta-t n (:l pality. This re8tion may eaily
l tIehtcttI from phy-c;tl considerations, 8 well 8_from con
sid(ration of the mathpmatical cxpr%ton for the cpacity
f

where

tota feld lines

J2z l

energy,
wh(r(in t l l f' t upnt ty|-exprer| 8 a propery of the feld alone.
0D tmtt-| O i ntrodul'p h(re the reciproca " aue of capacity
and appl y I D i t t lu t trm ' -t ne-s oI thc fel d, " 8 an icr
e
ae
of tDPt` woul d bt Io| | owcd hy an increase of sti
f
ness. 8,
22
however, l oath to mar any dditiona insight which may be
gine from thes explanations by deviation from so familiar
8 term capacity.
For better conception c the slight change of capacity
cause by a considerable increae of the larger terinal surfaceg
I refer to rgure 7, where the difernce of capacty is ony
per cent in spte o the diameter of the larger Urminal surface
being increMe< I per cent. t 0QP0D, therefore, that that
part of the capacity of an tHD0\ R wh t h - du( to t he fat top is
not matcraychanged by its heiht ahove ground.
While consi dering the capacity of fat tp antenna to
gound, t must have o(currfcl to many Cngin, 06 it did to
me, that the statement to bcfound in many text books on el ectro
statics is rather mi sleading: "That the free capa(ity of a body
consi dered al oe in space must not bc conoutuhd w t h t hc
capacity Ihc body may havc again:t another hod) tol: "i <1 (' I"('<I
as a pl ate condener. " Thil stat ement i" quit( errneou:. As
the strenh :md diredion i n any point of a feld i: o-ng|c :Hd
defnite val ue, only one electric feld can exist in gv cn "p:H"e
at gi\ mom(nt . mt l , t lurmoie. onl ' one vah| r of c:t p: t t t ,
It i! inLorrtc t hcrIort , t o di "t i nguih |:ctwcti free cajot i ty
:md ondener (aparity. 1h s clarfji ng stat(mellt s de(llled
ndvimble, or at least permilihle, in vjew of thc quot(d error -
By speaking of the capacity of the feld instt'ad of that of the
body, DO such erroneous thought s pssihle, and it is clear that
b; r capacty of body is B%BI tht capacity of the hed
whose smaIIer temna suHao s the ven by and who
Iaqrr 1cmtm| sunace s of vmstIy @Pt dmemons.
t s not essntial that thi! ; gat er ttrinal suN b Iote
at infni te dbtnce bccau-t oI tilt fact that *M if cnstrt
a- O| t en Iimez the | nen| di m('n:ion" of. the smal l :urface thc
('hanJ( e:med by r(mo"i n it to an infnite diHtanLe wou| d
rt -uh n lhane itt eap:C' i ty of not more t han on(-t(nt h of
[ i r ct nt .
-l ti me whei: ! ha| nu rrn| zet| thc "inply determi llrd
a ucof f(,ld capari ty, I Lhi L|ered a LompriDn between r
anrI p|ate eapacity shown in Fiure 8, wherein to an upper
d-t ( of wh ch the free capacity i s , added anot her lower
dsc, threby forHi n a platl condnser. The probl em aroH i n
D] m nd t o determi ne the di :tance of separati on of thc two
PI '- " I huf thc pl ntc (apat ty wcu| d equal the free capnc ty
of t hc :i ngl e dii(. rom Ihc wc||-known formul a. for the di :c
Zd
I0CC b
capncity nnd plnte capactty, it would appar thnt the two wcre
equnl at a dttancc equal to d and mut cne that
I had quite a struggle to decide whether in spakng of the
capactt; oI the upper plate would not hnve to ndd the two
capntt e-. Vhe such a mistnke need hardly be cnIled to the
attenton ol fhl majority of enginers, do not htatc to make
ment on oI i t for t he heneft of cven the few students who mght
gan turerom.
The adyent o the aelopl8ne ha opned aother feld, for
radio communic3tion. Whcrcas in the static feld of an mtcnna,
one terminal surface is aH thcaI and the othcr pmvde by the
surroundin oudg bth tera suace m 8D aroplane
outft hnye to be nrifcinl 0nd arc, therefor, opD desig.
The qu(tion nri,es in such a radio cllator & bo mueh
may b :t ncd in (nery for ench sngle cha by acreing
that Ol1P oI t Ill' t wo term|n:t urfaCes which consist of 8 dropped
wirE. lu :trrnnjt'mt'nt i: :hown in Figure 9. It i evdent that
lGCR P
Z4
$ long a the dropped wire is of smaller dimensions than the
eectrotatic counterpoise provided on the aerplane, 8 increae
in length of such dropped wire will matrially . increae the
capacity of the feld and, therefore, the energ pr charge (a
we may conclude by analog from Figure 7). As son, howeve,
as the dropped wire is materilly longer tha the conductr
on the aeroplane t asumes the role of the larger termina
surface of the feld, and any further increa of its lengh will
not matero||ycontribut e to M increae of eletrostntk capacity
nor of the energ p<r unit chage.
Figure I shows the function of the volumetric and lineal
energ density in a feld whoe smaller terminal surface is a long
cylinder. Such feld, radiating b|mcnsonalIy only, shows
an energy conCentration not uccentuatcd as that found in the
IGUm 1
t-imensionnl l y r:uiint i ng feld ; l Iu. comderng the lartr
terin31 sUrfn(e of di ameter ten ti me that of thc smal ler
surf3(e, thc r . t p:ui t y wt tld only L chungetI Q0l cent b
increasing thc largcr t crmuaI surfact' i nfni t ely.
In all C3;es, therefore, where the larger t erminal surface
0> not come closer ut any point than (sy) ten time the
crrepnding dimension of the smaller terinal surface, we
nnot be concered wi th the actual shape of the larger terinal
surf:cc when we deterine the seat of ener, the capacity and
the ('onfgurati on ol the feld lint emanating from the smaller
surface.
It will be seen, therefore, that from the fat top of an
antenna, line; emanate al most symmetrically both upwards and
downward though the larger termi nal surface were one-
2
surrounding the antenna symmetrically on all side, in spite of
the Iact that tbc ground is ocated entirely at the bottom of the
antenna. This is clearly Iustrated in zigue I .
By ntegratin the ineal energ denity of a three-dimen
siona|ly radiating feld btwen the radiu of the smaler sphere
loUE 1 1
and t hut o| t hemrcr phfre. we can fnd the eneriy of :uch a
heIt| : wherEhy th lapacity is dPterDined. The lineal energ
den>tty fol i o\, thf | ;t w o and ts nte s proportona|
`
to ] and (on:Cqupntiy th (:apacity orthe feld Van a =
We h:\e deuted. therefore, |he capcity. of a sphere from
prorri( of tht htl i |one, ('r:idering the sphtre 8 a trinal
surace on;.
ndeducnpsimLr|y tIe('apacity of the "ire from proprtie
of t he fClll :l one. huV to star with the bi-imensionally
rad :: t ng htt | t In l inenl encrg density of which follows the
|aw - as L hn\ -ee:. The integml of such function u of

|ogar thm t r:atuo . ^ i ndeNI i: the (apacity of the wi re.

I w-h to cal l your nttent on to t he fact that in 8 sphere
gmcnu of the samc pro[ ccted axial lengh cntrbu egualIy
D t he capacty oI the spherej 8 shown n Figue 12.
If a chnre V'' m0dc to enter 8 sphere and tmVcm tbc
splll're i n t he di rec t i on of a diameter, the sphe 8 a conductr
\oul < l hcha\' e l i k a straight piece of wire of uniform line
capnct. Thi " fatt WS hrst recognize, to my knowlege, by
Z
1l GtHt. Z
Mr. ^koIuJes| , und | PXjt tccomobockt o t he hdlvior of R
sphcre a a conductor of radc r qucncy turrcnt- at !ome
ter datc
1be study of capaliti(; of compit( hodies i! most n-
stmctve und conduL t to c|cnr cotteptot o capacity.
ut. R5 in Figurf ! J, o numhtr of sma|I -p|ure- of rnd ti- bc L
armnged I2 to ('oY(r tompht | y t hl -mIato of t l w Lt rer
sph(re, t he rud ii- h t f \\ hi t l i P 1 U. ! | tach t ' of t hc
Jl , 40 - :t | | cr -pcre tott l d bt ctmnI rd : I t t tsfull vu| ue of
(3J 1:11 i t y. t he e:l paeity of t he tompo- te hody oud bc J l , 4 ,
" matt r of fact, howe\r. t is not mon' tb:ll rad ub of
tb l:r{r ;phere, t hat is 1 0_ Indeed, the conhuraton of
l tItct rc he| d coul d not have chan('d materi ally by the
arrmgtn:et:t of the smo| | "pheres, and t he Lpa itj cIeurIy
prnt , tseu b properI of the confJurnt ion of t he feJd
lyn outsde of thE envc | opi ng sunatt of t he composi te
FOHIure.
Capacity may pl a] 0 part in the conduction of electricity
thru liquids and gaes. Lt us aume 8 seri of spheres in
lineal atrangement a shown on Figure 4.
As l ong 0 the distance between the spher is great com
pared to the diameter of the sphere, each sphere will retain its
full {apacity 0 gien by its rdius. By decring the distnce
:` \
.',::cc
c'< o o o
ImkE +
bet\('n :pheres t hcindi\idual {apaeities of the spheresdectee,
because of the negati\E Lap8ct_ coefcients. If such approxima
tion he 0arried to the point O contact betwen the spheres, the
capacity of each individua sphere would b ru{ed to ap
pmx|mate|y - of the orignal capacity. If such IUW u hcr-

wereconeh e 8F frely mo\'able, so 8 % enble ech spher to

make contact with a pate I, which is kept chaed to a cern
ptential , then the chaQ carne away by the spher after
{ontact wtt h the plate would b propriona U the f'll capacity
of each :phere S long 8 the sphere 8 far apar, and would
bc onl \ -

`
l
/h p:H of su{h mimum charg-e when the
~
. 7l 8
!phtrel RlP i n contact . Aswe a!umed the plat to be man
tai ned nt 8 {ertai n potential hy an outside Uce of eletricity,
the ('om'(et ion current represented by the deparing -{harge
of thcsphcrr woul d Yary approximately in a mtooIZ.71to 1.
M the passage of electri city thru an elecrly, the moleula
conci ucti vity has been found to be the se for I elecoo!yg
ancl \'aryin only with t he concentration of te soluton; - the
moll{ul ar (onducti \ity being approxmately Z. tme 8 geat
in the vrr; di l ute soI ution as in the concentrated solution.
wi:h to {all your attention to the striking siilaity btween
the rat i o of (oncl u{ti \ity experimentally deterine a elec-
W
@
ly of sal ad large concentrntion and the ratio of con
ducvty of thc row of spheres where the spheres are far apaH
O clc mgctb. I do not pretend at this moment that 8

FLCDHOL5
N @MOM
M wATk
l L _n ML Pw
g_< THY
\8 M
+ g- L
Z6
q< lmAL t
Z.7
l
IGUHE I J
plaulible modthcaton oI thc theory of (onduct ion thru elec
tolytes and gases can be bosed on stich toncdence and n
lact , asswptions would huvc \ 0 l t:.i dc. For example, B
lineal arrangement of the ion: in the di n(t i on o t |t static feld
mprcscd on the electrolyte or on the gas mut | assumed.
m|C A HC0~
m
M f WOg l 9B
YL n~o Z

|MU
w
=."
W
PMMj
"
J 7
#C 7 cc

LY PLP cgco-qg
c_co-Q J H
O
Z } N Q E AbK
1IGUm
Butt hcactthat such atio i n the case of the spher is deduce
frm foeIi cl consi derat i ons alone, (oupled "ith !hc fact
Uat tneIectroIjtcs!he cL rut | efollow: Irom purely geometricBl
mn-dcrat cn, sumcent to warrant further thought. I do not
.: :: -t c br np th -i nteresti ng coinei<i ellce t oyor knowledge,
Uthc hope thot other physicists moj carry on nvcst gatom
Z
n the same drccton- I have said that the moecm8r con
ductivity of electroIytes arose from gemetrcm conderatons
onIy,and I thin it avisble to call your attentonto the founda
ton of such a statement. While it is true that the conductivity
of diferent electrolye vaie coniderably, it ha bn lound
that the molecula cnductivty is the same for ml electrlyes.
The simlr behavior, of the sae numbr of molecuesg n-
dependently of thc wcght of the moIttuIe. t henfore reduccs thc
hcnomcnon to purey geometric ha"i.
SMMARY: Consideg Uat clcmmtaUc mmz amy m the space
sr ouding a charge by, te ttm w cle & 'Xm am." Lt s
sow that capacty is preominatly a fmmm of te mamum lin
dimesion of the teinal surface. The voluec ad lieal eeg de
sitie in the feld are defned ad studie i anmmof o- It is prove
tat the cpacty bW two tcmalsuac ugUy o by cg
ing te lineal dimesios of te SmaHcr tm suac. mt not W foI
cage of the larger. Ceain mnmt m om m omm wU "mutual
-cpacty" are considere.
Thc pracical app|| ctions to a radio atena ad to aeplae cute^
pscs BfC givcn.
Whcn a chargc traverse a sphere. etering pa|lc! to a mctm, the
sphmc bhavcsas a conducor of uifor lieal cpcty.
Applications of thc theretical consideatons ae a gve i c ec
ton wth thc cnduc:vity of ocmtrate ad dilute eleolye.