Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr.

, CED) Columns
LECTURE # 1
1. COLUMN:
It is a vertical member which is primarily subjected to axial compression in which
major deformation is shortening.
2. TYPES OF COLUMNS:
i. Classification on the Basis of Shae:
Square section.
Rectangular section.
Circular section.
Lsection.
!section.
Fi!.1 Classification on the Basis of Shae
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Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
ii. Classification on the Basis of Reinfo"ce#ent:
Tie$ Col%#ns:
!hese columns have the bars braced or tied at close intervals by close
loops called ties.
Si"al Col%#ns:
!hese columns have the bars and the core concrete wrapped with a closely
spaced helix.
Co#osite Col%#ns:
!hese columns consists of a structural steel or cast iron column encased in
concrete reinforced with both longitudinal and transverse reinforcements.
Pie Col%#ns o" Conc"ete Fille$ Steel T%&es:
!hese columns are circular# rectangular or square hollow sections filled
with concrete without any additional reinforcement.
Fi!.2'a( Classification on the Basis of Reinfo"ce#ent
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Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
Fi!.2'&( Classification on the Basis of Reinfo"ce#ent
iii. Classification on the Basis of T)e of Loa$in!:
Concent"icall) Loa$e$ Col%#ns:
%hen the resultant of the load coincides
with the centroid of the crosssection# the column
is said to be concentrically loaded column. &ig. '
shows a concentrically loaded column.
Eccent"icall) Loa$e$ Col%#ns:
%hen the resultant of the load does Fi!.* Concent"icall) Loa$e$
not coincide with the centroid of the Col%#n
crosssection# the column is said to be
eccentrically loaded column. !here are two
types of eccentrically loaded columns(
". )niaxially eccentrically loaded columns. *&ig. +*a,,
$. -iaxially eccentrically loaded columns. *&ig. +*b,,
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Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
Fi!.+ Eccent"icall) Loa$e$ Col%#ns
So%"ces of Eccent"icit) in Col%#ns:
.ccentricity is due to following three reasons(
". .ccentric loading. *&ig. /*a,,
$. Initial croo0edness. *&ig. /*b,,
'. 1utofplumbness. *&ig. /*c,,
Fi!., So%"ces of Eccent"icit) in Col%#ns
+
Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
*. CL-SS.F.C-T.ON OF COLUMNS -CCOR/.N0 TO -C. CO/E:
Sho"t Col%#n:
In short columns there are no $
nd
order effects and the failure is due to
crushing of concrete without any instability. 2oment magnification chances are
very less in such columns because radius of gyration is more and length is small.
$
"
"$ '+
M
M
r
l K
u

%here#
K 3 .ffective length factor ta0en from alignment charts.
M1 3 2agnitude of smaller end moment with sign.
M2 3 2agnitude of larger end moment with sign.

$
"
M
M
3 4# for concentrically loaded columns.

$
"
M
M
3 5ve# when member is bent in single curvature.

$
"
M
M
3 6ve# when member is bent in reverse curvature.
Slen$e" Col%#ns:
!hese columns fail due to buc0ling# instability
or $
nd
order effect. !he failure load is less than that of
a short column. 7s length of column increases# the
probability of failure due to buc0ling increases.
+. TYPES OF RE.NFORCEMENT .N COLUMNS:
Lon!it%$inal Steel:
It is that steel which is present along the length of the column. &ollowing
are the various purposes of longitudinal reinforcement(
". !he main function of longitudinal reinforcement is to prevent creep and
shrin0age in concrete.
/
Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
$. It provides resistance against lateral bending# crac0ing and reduction of
moment of inertia value.
'. It reduces the si8e of the column.
T"ans1e"se Steel:
". It provides confinement to the inner concrete or core concrete i.e. the concrete
which is present inside the longitudinal reinforcement. Confinement provides
ductility and it also increases the strength of the concrete.
$. !ransverse steel reduces the chances of buc0ling of longitudinal steel.
'. It holds the longitudinal steel in position during casting
+. !ransverse steel provides resistance against shear.
,. TYPES OF TR-NS2ERSE RE.NFORCEMENT:
Ties o" T"ans1e"se Ties:
Lateral ties are used in the columns because of lesser construction cost and
ease of placement.
Si"al Reinfo"ce#ent:
Spiral columns are used where we need more ductility i.e.# in earthqua0e
8ones. Spirals are mostly provided in circular columns. Spiral columns sustain
maximum load at excessive deformation and thus prevent the complete collapse
of the structure before the total redistribution of moments and stresses is
complete. !he disadvantage of spiral reinforcement is that it is very difficult to
place in the field# so# due to this reason its use is practically limited.
3. C-P-C.TY OF CONCENTR.C-LLY LO-/E/ S4ORT COLUMNS:
Steel always yields first because it is lesser in amount and due to pure
compression it is yielded.
cu 3 4.44' *Strain at which concrete crushes,
y 3 4.44"/ or 4.44$" *Strain at which steel yields,
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Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
7fter yielding of steel# load is ta0en by concrete alone and the resistance is
provided by the concrete only. 7 stage comes when concrete crushes while steel is
already yielded *final stage,.
If the bond between concrete and steel is perfect then they equally shorten.
c 3
c
c
E
!
an" s 3
s
s
E
!
c 3 s

c
c
E
!
#
s
s
E
!
Mo"ular $at%o,
c
s
E
E
n =
!s # n !c
:ow#
Ag # Ast & Ac
'n # 'c & 's
'n # Ac !c & Ast !s
'n # !c ( Ag ( Ast ) & Ast (n !c )
'n # !c )Ag & ( n (1 )Ast * *within elastic range# service loads,
5. PROBLEM:
7 R.C. concentrically loaded short column has a crosssectional area +/4 x +/4
mm
$
and is reinforced by ;rade +$4# < = "> bars. If at any stage# concrete stress !c 3 "4
2?a * !c+ 3 $4 2?a,# what will be corresponding load carrying capacity of the column.
,olut%on-
!c .. !c+
!herefore# material is within elastic range.
Ec 3 +@44
A
c
!
3 +@44 $4 3 $"4"> 2?a
n 3
$"4">
$44444
=
c
s
E
E
B "4
:ow using#
@
Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
'n 3 !c )Ag & ( n (1 )Ast * Ast 3 < = "> 3 < x
( )
+
">
$

'n 3 "4 C *+/4 x +/4, & * "4 6" ,$$9< D Ast 3 $$9< mm
$
'n 3 $$$>."$ 0:
6. RES.ST-NCE F-CTOR -T ULT.M-TE ST-0E:
%hen we go to the ultimate stage then the first thing which we have to decide is
the value of EF and to do that we must 0now whether the section of column is tension
controlled or compression controlled.
Section of concentrically loaded column is always compression controlled.
&or tied columns# 3 4.9/
&or spiral columns# 3 4.@4
7s there is always some eccentricity in a column# some additional safety factor is
applied to factor#
7dditional &.1.S. for tied columns 3 4.<4
7dditional &.1.S. for spiral columns 3 4.</
!herefore# total resistance factor for tied and spiral columns are(
&or tied columns 3 4.<4 x 4.9/
&or spiral columns 3 4.</ x 4.@4
<