Time-Frequency Analysis I (HT 2011) 2A1G 1

2A1G Time-Frequency Analysis I

Bugs/queries to david.murray@eng.ox.ac.uk HT 2011
For hints and answers visit the course page David Murray
at www.robots.ox.ac.uk/dwm/Courses/2TF
1. The sawtooth voltage of period T = 2s shown in Figure 1 is applied to the
x-plates of an oscilloscope to provide the timebase.
(a) By integration of appropriate functions of v(t) over a period, nd the av-
erage value and root mean square value of the voltage.
(b) Write down the value of
0
, and show using HLT or otherwise that the
voltage waveform is
v(t) = 50
100

sin(
0
t) +
1
2
sin(2
0
t) +
1
3
sin(3
0
t) +

.
(c) An approximation v
a
(t) is obtained by ignoring terms in v(t) involving fre-
quencies 4
0
and higher. Determine the rms value of v
a
(t), and hence nd
the percentage error between it and the rms value of the original sawtooth
waveform.
(d) The application of v(t) causes the oscilloscope to draw a current of ap-
proximately
i
a
(t) = 5 cos (
0
t) 1.5 sin (3
0
t /3) A
The instantaneous power is approximately P
a
(t) = v
a
(t)i
a
(t). Recalling the
orthogonality properties of products of sin and cos, nd an approximation
to the average power dissipated.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time t (microseconds)
v(t) V
100
50
0
0
Figure 1:
2 Time-Frequency Analysis I (HT 2011) 2A1G
2. (a) Derive the orthogonality properties of the exponential functions e
i m
0
t
and
e
i n
0
t
for integers m = n and m = n over a period T = 2/
0
.
(b) Hence derive the complex coecients C
n
of the complex Fourier Series
f (t) =

n=
C
n
e
i n
0
t
.
Show that the coecients are real if f (t) is a real even function and imag-
inary if f (t) is a real odd function.
(c) Derive an expression for the mean square power of the signal f (t) in terms
of the coecents C
n
.
(d) Show that the relationships between the coecents A
n
and B
n
of the Fourier
Series and the coecients C
n
are
n 0 : C
n
=
1
2
(A
n
i B
n
) n 0 : C
n
=
1
2

A
|n|
+ i B
|n|

,
and verify that the expression derived in part (c) is identical with that for
mean square power in a Fourier Series.
3. The Fourier Series of the full-wave rectied voltage sketched in Figure 2(a) has
been derived as
v(t) = V
0
| sin

1
2

0
t

| =
2V
0

1 2

n=1
cos n
0
t
4n
2
1

.
0
V
0
2T T (a)
v(t)
R C
(b)
Figure 2:
(a) Derive the coecients C
n
of the complex Fourier series of v(t). (Use the
relationships derived in Q2(d) at rst. You may wish to try the direct route
via orthogonality as a check later.)
(b) The voltage is applied to the circuit in Figure 2(b). Use the expression
from Q2(c) for the mean squared value of a complex Fourier Series to write
down a series expression for the average physical power dissipated. Later
you may care to check that the series does give the overall result you expect
of P
ave
= V
2
0
/(2R).
(c) By considering the complex admittance (Y (n
o
) = 1/Z(n
o
)) of the cir-
cuit at each frequency, obtain an expression for the coecients C

n
of the
complex Fourier Series for the current i (t) drawn from the source.
Time-Frequency Analysis I (HT 2011) 2A1G 3
4. (a) You must be able to derive the proofs here and later from scratch. Practice
until you can. You might tackle Question 5 after (i)-(iv), then return to
(v)-(vii) before Question 6.
Given that F() is the Fourier transform of f (t), prove the following prop-
erties of Fourier transforms.
i) Scaling: f (at) |a|
1
F (/a)
ii) Time shift: f (t T) e
i T
F()
iii) Frequency shift: e
i
0
t
f (t) F(
0
)
iv) Time derivative:
d
dt
f i F()
v) Duality: F(t) 2f ()
vi) Time Convolution: f (t) g(t) F()G()
vii) Time Modulation: f (t)g(t)
1
2
F() G()
5. (a) Taking the Fourier transform of a top-hat pulse from HLT, show that the
Fourier transform of r (t) in Figure 3(a) is
R() = 2i sin

3
2

sin(
1
2
)
1
2

(b) Hence show that the Fourier transform of q(t) shown in Figure 3(b) is
Q() =
4

2
sin

3
2

sin

1
2

.
(c) Function q(t) can be created as the dierence of two triangle functions.
Derive Q() using scaling and linearity as
Q() =
4

sin
2
sin
2

1
2

(d) Verify that the result of parts (b) and (c) are identical. (Hint: rst show
that Q() =
2

2
(cos cos 2) then express cos 2 = cos

3
2
+
1
2

and
cos = cos

3
2

1
2

.)
4 Time-Frequency Analysis I (HT 2011) 2A1G
1 2 0
1 2
1
1
r(t)
t
1
1 2 0 1 2
t
q(t)
(a) (b)
Figure 3:
6. The pulse and triangle functions are here dened by

1/2
(t) =

1 for |t|
1
2
0 otherwise

sin(/2)
(/2)

1
(t) =

1 |t| for |t| 1

0 otherwise
(a) Write down the convolution integral

1/2

1/2

(t), and plot

1/2
() and

1/2
(t ) versus . With the aid of additional appropriate plots show that
that integral becomes

t+1/2
1/2
d for 1 t 0
and nd the analogous integral for 0 t 1. Hence show that the
convolution is
1
(t), and nd and sketch the Fourier transform of
1
(t).
(b) Use the modulation, shift, and scaling properties to nd the Fourier trans-
form of
f (x) = cos(
0
t)
1/2

1
2
t

(c) Use duality and scaling to nd the Fourier transform of g(t) = sinc(4t),
where the HLT denition of sinc is assumed.
Time-Frequency Analysis I (HT 2011) 2A1G 5
7. (a) A signal g(t) G() is produced by switching on a time-continuous signal
f (t) F() for a limited time T/2 t T/2. Derive an expression for
G() in terms of F().
(b) Let f (t) = cos(
0
t). Write down F() and determine G(), working out
any convolution necessary. Assuming that duration T is around 5 times
larger than 2/
0
, draw a sketch showing the frequency spectra F() and
G().
(c) Explain how the frequency spectrum of G() changes as the duration T
becomes (i) longer and (ii) shorter. How would it appear in the limit as the
sampling function became a -function?
(d) Instead of switching the signal on and o abruptly, the sources amplitude
is increased linearly from zero then decreased back to zero, so that signal
f (t) is multiplied by a symmetrical triangle function of full width 2T, maxi-
mum amplitude 1. Describe qualitatively the form of the Fourier transform
J() of the resulting signal. and discuss whether J() is a worse or better
representation of F() than is G().
6 Time-Frequency Analysis I (HT 2011) 2A1G
8. (a) The transfer function of an ideal low-pass lter is
H() =

exp(i k) ||
0
0 other wi se
Evaluate the impulse response of the lter, and show that the lter is non-
causal.
(b) Prove that f (t) (t t
1
) = f (t t
1
).
(c) A linear system has an impulse response function h(t) = u(t)e
t
cos t. A
unit impulse is applied at time t = t
1
. Write down the -function describing
the input and use convolution and sifting to show formally that the output
is
g(t) = u(t t
1
)e
(tt
1
)
cos(t t
1
) .
(Remember that convolution commutes, and it is easier to time-reverse
the -function in this case.)
(d) For the same h(t) as part (b), use convolution to show that the response
to unit step applied at time t = 0 is
g(t) =

t
0
e

cos d =
1
2
[1 e
t
cos t + e
t
sin t]u(t) .
(It is tempting to perform the integration by writing cos using complex
exponentials. Much easier is to use integration by parts two times ...)
For some answers and helpful hints
See the course page at www.robots.ox.ac.uk/dwm/Courses/2TF