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=
=
=
=
=
t
x
n
x
where
sample mean
hypothesized population mean
sample standard deviation
n sample size
x t
,n-1
= t
difference between the means of the two groups
standard error of the difference between the means
= =
sum of squares between groups
degrees of freedom between groups
SS between
DF between
MS between
= =
sum of squares within groups
degrees of freedom within groups
SS within
DF within
MS within
= =
estimated population variance between groups
estimated population variance within groups
MS between
MS within
F
= =
sum of squares for the factor
degrees of freedom for the factor
SS
DF
MS
factor
factor
factor
= =
sum of squares for the interaction
degrees of freedom for the interaction
SS
DF
MS
inter
inter
inter
= =
error sum of squares
error degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
error
error
error
= =
M S
M S
F
mean square for the factor
mean square of the error
error
factor
factor
= =
MS
F
mean square for the interaction
mean square of the error MS
inter
error
inter
= t
mean difference of the subjects before after
standard error of the mean difference
= =
sum of squares between groups
degrees of freedom between groups
SS
DF
MS
between
between
between
= =
sum of squares within groups
degrees of freedom with in groups
SS
DF
MS
within
within
within
= =
estimated population variance between groups
estimated population variance within groups
MS
MS
F
between
within
= =
sum of squares for the factor
degrees of freedom for the factor
SS
DF
MS
factor
factor
factor
= =
sum of squares for the interaction
degrees of freedom for the interaction
SS
DF
MS
inter
inter
inter
= =
error sum of squares
error degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
error
error
error
= =
mean square for the factor
error mean square for the factor
MS
MS
F
factor
factor
factor
= =
mean square for the interaction
error mean square for the interaction
MS
MS
F
inter
inter
inter
=
difference of the sample proportions
standard error of the sample proportions
z
=
observed expected numbers percell
expected numbers percell
( )
2
2
=
observed expected numbers per cell
expected numbers per cell
( )
2
2
= RR
Probability of event in treatment group
Probability of event in control group
= OR
Odds of event in treatment group
Odds of event in control group
= t
regression coefficient
standard error of regression coefficient
= b
s
s
x
y
1 1
= =
sum of squares due to regression
regression degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
reg
reg
reg
= =
residual sum of squares
residual degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
res
res
res
= =
regression variation from the dependent variable mean
residual variation about the regression line
MS
MS
F
reg
res
+ k
n
1
= b
s
s
i i
x
y
b
+ k
n
1
+ k
n
2( 1)
= b
s
s
i i
x
y
= t
regression coefficient
standard error of regression coefficient
= =
sum of squares due to regression
regression degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
reg
reg
reg
= =
residual sum of squares
residual degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
res
res
res
= =
regression variation from the dependent variable mean
residual variation about the regression curve
MS
MS
F overall
reg
res
= =
regression variation from the dependent variable mean
residual variation about the regression line
MS
MS
F
reg
res
+ k
n
( 1)
= =
+
+ + +
P y
e
( 1)
1
1
b b x b x b x ( ) ...
k k 0 1 1 2 2
= z
b
s
i
b
2
2
i
s
b
i
= = Odds
P
p 1
= e
G
1
e
b z
a
s
( )
2
i b
i
1
s
b
i
Z
1
2
+ k
n
( 1)
+ k
n
2( 1)
=
+
+ + + +
P
e
1
1
b b x b x b x ( ) ...
k k 0 1 1 2 2
= Logit P ln
P
P 1
+ y y
( ) ( ) ( )
2 ln 1 ln 1
i
n
i i i i
= z
b
s
i
b
2
i
s
b
i
= e
G
1
y
( ) 1
i i
i i
=
+ =
ln
for y
ln
for y
( )
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
i
i
i
i
+ k
n
( 1)
= b
s
s
i i
x
y
i
= =
residual sum of squares
residual degrees offreedom
SS
DF
MS
res
res
res
= =
incremental sum of squares
incremental degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
incr
incr
incr
=
incremental variation from the dependent variable mean
residual variation about the regression curve
MS
MS
incr
res
=
regression variation from the dependent variable mean
residual variation about the regression curve
MS
MS
reg
res
= =
residual sum of squares
residual degrees offreedom
SS
DF
MS
res
res
res
=
regression variation from the dependent variable mean
residual variation about the regression curve
MS
MS
reg
res
= b
s
s
i i
x
y
i
+ k
n
( 1)
+ k
n
2( 1)
= b
s
s
i i
x
y
+ k
n
( 1)
+ k
n
2( 1)
= =
sum of squares due to regression
regression of degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
reg
reg
reg
= =
residual sum of squares
residual degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
reg
reg
res
= =
regression variation from the dependent variable mean
residual variation about the regression curve
MS
MS
F
reg
res
overall
= =
x
x x
x x
M S
MSresx x
F
regression variation
from the dependent
variable mean associated
with adding when
, ..., are already
in the equation
residual variation about the
regression containing , ...,
, ...,
j
j
x x x
i j
enter
1 1
1
,...,
j 1 2 1
+ k n
n
( )
= =
error sum of squares
error degrees of freedom
SS
DF
MS
error
error
error
= t
regression coefficient
standard error of regression coefficient
+
+
min
a b
a bx y
yk
b
xk
( )
,
2
2
k
k k
2
2
=
+
+
=
n
a bk y
b
( ) 1
2 k
x k
yk xk
2
2 2 2
O E E
( ) ( ) /
i i i
2
= + + + h t X X X h t exp b X b X b X ( ) ( ) , , , ( )
n n n 1 2 0 1 1 2 2
=
= + +
= + +
H t S t
H t X X H t b X b X
S t X X S t b X b X
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) log ( )
, , , ( )
, , , ( )
n n n
n n n
0 0
0 0
exp
0
0 0
exp
0
Index
Index
Index
Index
Index
Index
Index
Index