12 APRIL 1861 (first shot of civil war)

Constitution
Issues at start (3)
Government-structure
Bill of rights
3 issues/ constitutional convention
1. How to control a stronger national government?
2. How to determine the number of state representatives proportionally or equally?
3. What is the status of slaves and Indians in census counts?
How to control a stronger national government?
2 principles:
1. Checks and balancesto prevent one branch from becoming supreme
2. Separation of powerslegislative, executive, judiciary
How to determine the number of state representatives proportionally or equally?
COMPROMISE
Legislative Branch
Bi-cameral legislaturecongress makes laws and has primarily power of government
SenateEqual representationeach state has 2 senators. Senate approves foreign treaties
and presidential appointments, acts as a court for trials of impeachment. Senate members
directly elected, six year term, no limit on terms
House of representativesproportional representativebased on population, directly
elected, two year term, no limit on terms. The house controls the money. All spending bills
must be approved by the House of Representatives
Executive Branch
President, vice-president and cabinet
Ensure that laws of US are carried out, Commander in chief, appoints ambassadors and
Supreme Court judges-approved by senate.
President indirectly elected, voters vote in November for electors who then go to Washington
the following January and vote for the president in the Electoral College
Number of states electors same as number of representatives in the House
President and vice-president elected for 4 years, originally no limit on terms, now president is
limited 2 terms, 4 years or maximum 10 years
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court, lower Federal courts
Federal courts try cases involving Federal law
Supreme Court consists of 9 justices selected by the president approved by the senate and
serve for life
Supreme court hears all cases involving ambassadors, most public officials and states
highest court of appeal
Judicial Reviewcourt can rule whether federal, state or local laws are constitutional
THE CONSTITUTION
How to make a lawBills(drafts of law) can originate either Senate or in House, but must be
approved by both
Bill then sent to president, president has 3 options:
1. Can sign the bill and becomes a law
2. Can veto the billcongress can accept veto or overturn the veto if 2/3 of congress
votes to overturn veto
3. Can do nothingbill automatically becomes a law in 7 days
BILL of RIGHTS
10 Amendments
1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition
2. Right to gun ownership
3. Protection from having quarter troops
4. No unreasonable search and seizure, requirements for search warrants
5. Requirement for grand jury, protection from double jeopardy, and self-incrimination, due
process and eminent domain
6. Speedy, public trial by jury, confrontation clause right to a lawyer
7. Civil trial by jury
8. Bails and fines commensurate with the crime, no torture
9. Protection of rights not listed in the constitution
10. Restrictive understanding of the powers given by the constitution to the federal government
WAR of 1812
Against Britain. Most immediate problem was increasing tension with England over
impressment of US ships and arming Indians to attack settlers in northwestern territory.
James madison president
Battle of New Orleansus won
ResultTreaty of Ghent 24 December 1814granted status quo before the war
Restoration of pre-war border with Canada
US fishing rights in the gulf of St. Lawrence
all occupied territory returned
Reaffirmed US independence, last war between US and Britain
Strengthened US desire to avoid European Politics but also keep a larger standing army
Embargo and blockade encouraged growth of US industries and stimulated in manufactures
Victory of Battle of New Orleans and Treaty of Ghent ended the prestige of Federalist Party
would disappear during 1820s
Made Andrew Jackson a national hero
MISSOURI COMPROMISE-1820
Concerns over slavery
Slave states feared restrictions on slavery, believed it must be allowed to spread or it would
die
Free states opposed the spread of slavery for a number of reasons
Opposition to slavery
Morally wrong
Economic grounds saw slavery as unfair competition to free white labor
If Missouri were admitted as a slave state it would be the first slave state in Louisiana
Purchase Territory
Henry Clayspeaker of house
1. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
2. Maine would be admitted as a free state
3. In Louisiana purchase all territory north of 36 30 would be closed to slavery, all
territory south of this line would be open to slavery
Compromise temporarily resolved issues related to slavery
MONROE DOCTIRINE
Secretary of state John Quincy Adams wrote
Monroes policy had 3 main points in December 1823
1. Non-colonization
2. Non-intervention
3. Non-interference
This doctrine was used by a number of presidents to justify US actions in the western
hemisphere down through the 20
th
century
MEXICAN WAR --1846
Polk president
1845 annexed Texas and made it a state
Angered Mexico, did not recognize Texan independence, diplomatic relations broke off. US
and Mexico disagreed upon Texas border
Polk orders general Zachary Taylor
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo2 February 1848
US claims to all of Texas and border at Rio Grande recognized
Territory of Alta California
Mexico receives 18.250.000 and US agrees to pay 3.250.000 in Mexican debts to US
citizens
OREGON TREATY of 1846
Polk settled border of Oregon territory and Canada
Northern and western opposed slavery/ south wanted slaves
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
January 1848gold discovered at California.
Thousands coming to California hoping to become rich
Population grew so quickly that president Zachary called on residents of California to apply
for statehood
By 1850 California has drafted a constitution and applied to become a free state
COMPROMISE of 1850
Henry Clay again
More complicated and difficult than Missouri, lasted 4 years only
California admitted as a free state
Utah and New Mexico territories organized under principle of popular sovereignty
Slave trade abolished in Washington DC
New stronger Fugitive Slave Actrequired Federal marshals to arrest suspected
runaway slaves or face punishment
Texas gives up much of its western land for 10 million dollar
Congress declares it has no authority over interstate slave trade
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
A series of informal escape routes and safe houses created by abolitionists, free blacks and
ex-slaves between 1850-60
UNCLE TOMS CABIN
1852Harriet Becher Stowe writes a novel
Very sentimental and full of stereotypes, vividly depicted cruelty of slavery
Created enthusiasm for abolitionits popularity alarmed southbanned in most southern
states
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT of 1854
It would open up land for settlement an make it easier to construct railroads
Issues of slavery would be left to popular sovereignty
Nebraska was too north for slavery but Kansas had been closed to slavery under Missouri
compromise of 1820. Now the door would be open
Bleeding Kansas
Election. Pro-slavery won. 1500 registered voters but 6000 votes counted
Anti-slavery forces establish their own legislature
John Brown comes to Kansasradical abolitionistbelieved he had been chosen by god to
end slavery in America
First violence 1855
DRED SCOTT CASE1857
A slave in Virginia, after his master died he sued for his freedom in Missouri and claimed his
residence in Illinois entitle him to his freedom
No one of African descent is a US citizens
Residence in a free state or territory does not change your status
Missouri compromise not legal. Congress does not have power to regulate slavery
HARPERS FERRY1859
John Brown leads a group to capture the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry
Tried for treason, found guilty and sentenced to death
Viewed as a dangerous criminal in south
Seen by many as a martyr to abolition in north
Northern reaction to Browns death shocked south
ELECTION of 1860
Lincoln elected without winning any southern states
Lincoln election viewed as a disaster by southif a president can be elected without any
southern states, southern states can be out-voted in Congresscongress will be able to pass
laws regarding slavery without needing southern supportlike CHP
SECESSION
20 December 1860 with a special convention south Carolina secede from Union
7 March 1861seven states adopt a provisional constitution to form Confederate States of
AmericaMississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, South Carolina
12 APRIL 1861FIRST SHOT of CIVIL WARFORT SUMTER










Washington The First President
6 April 1789 elected by Electoral College
30 April 1789 sworn in as the first president
Everything he did would become model in the future
As being wealthy, he refused $25,000 as salary but then he pointed out his example could
limit the presidency in the future only to independently wealthy men
Wanted both the office of President and the US to be respected
Unlike European ones, he took ceremonies simple
Chose the title Mr. President
He would choose his cabinet members
Secretary of Treasury
Secretary of State
Secretary of War
Attorney General
Postmaster General
James Madison became Speaker of the House
Alexander Hamilton became Secretary of Treasury
He favored a strong central government
Wanted to establish a national credit to make the country financially powerful
He thought that countrys future was depended on commerce and industry
Thomas Jefferson became Secretary of State
(He opposed Hamiltons agenda. He thought countrys future was linked to small and
independent farmers.)
The opposing views of Hamilton and Jefferson would form the basis of two political parties:
1. Federalists (North)
2. Republicans (South)
Madison was a strong supporter of Jefferson

Judiciary Act of 1789
First important legislation
Created 13 district courts, 3 circuit courts and a supreme courts as basis for a federal system


First conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson was on National Credit and Debt
(All agreed that national debt should be paid off to establish a good credit but how would it
be paid?)
Government issued certificates for goods and services promising payment later. Over time,
many people sold their certificates at a loss when they needed cash. (Disagreement was
over who to pay and how much to pay.)
Hamilton said that certificates should be paid at face value to current holder
Madison said that face value face value should be paid to original holder; later holders would
get 50% of face value; remaining 50% would be used to compensate original holders
(Hamilton won)
Next disagreement was about states war-time debts
(Southern states saw this as favoring the North. They already paid their war-time debts while
many northern states had not. Hamilton and Madison were able to compensate the South
but in future there would be a dispute)
Next disagreement: creation of a national bank
Hamilton believed that a national bank was necessary for the economic growth of USA
(It was opposed by Madison and Jefferson. They asserted that federal governments powers
were specified in the constitution. Constitution did not list the creation of a national bank as
one of those powers. The government has no right to establish a new bank. Hamilton
claimed that government had power to impose and collect taxes, pay debts and borrow
money. A national bank helps government to carry out these functions) Hamilton won!
Next disagreement: protective tariffs were necessary to protect new American industries
(Madison and Jefferson opposed by claiming that these tariffs could only be benefited from
merchants and manufacturers) Hamilton won!

Other Domestic Issues
1790 Residence Act; it authorized the President to select the site for the national camp
1791 Commission appointed by Washington selects a site on the Potomac River to be
named Washington in the District of Columbia; construction begins
The Whiskey Rebellion
1791 Federal government had imposed a tax on distilled spirits, unpopular in frontier
districts especially Western Pennsylvania. Farmers protested
1794 Washington orders protestors to appear in Federal Court; farmers attacked tax
collectors and marshals
Washington calls up 4 state militias and leads them into Pennsylvania; protestors dispersed
and trouble ended
(It proved that new government could enforce its laws and not tolerate violent opposition)
Foreign Affairs
1793 war between Britain and France
Jefferson pro-French and supporter of their revolution
Hamilton pro-British and feared Britain more than France; sought to end 1778 treaty with
France
Washington proclaimed neutrality
1794 The Jay Treaty
Negotiated by John Jay, first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
British finally evacuated forts in the US territory and opened British colonies
1797 Washington refuses a third term
He had firmly established the new government under the Constitution
Regarded as the Fathers of His Country
John Adams
Elected in 1797 Federalist
Vice-president was Thomas Jefferson
Continued many of Washingtons policies
(Argued with Hamilton)
His presidency began with foreign problems
Due to Jay Treaty France saw US as Britains junior partner and began seizing US ships
Adams sent 3 commissioners to Paris to negotiate
(France: negotiations could only begin if US loans $12 million to France)
Adams began expanding army and navy
1798 1799: Quasi War
1799: Adams sent 3 new commissioners to France
Napoleon, new leader, was more open to negotiations
Convention of 1800 ended 1778 US & France treaty
No compensation for US shipping loses
Tensions with France led to Federalist-dominated Congress passing three controversial laws:
1. Naturalization Act
Raised residence requirement for citizenship from 5 to 11 years, aimed at
Irish and French immigrants suspected of supporting Republicans
2. Alien Act
Gave president power to arrest or deport aliens in time of war
3. Sedition Act
Made writing, speaking or publishing criticism of President or Congress a
crime
Alien and Sedition acts widely opposed by Republicans
Madison and Jefferson secretly worked for passage of Kentucky and Virginia resolutions in
November December 1798
Both states legislatures nullified these acts in their states territories
Raised the issue of whether states had the right to decide which federal laws they would
obey
By 1800 Federalist Party had created a strong national government, but had alienated many
sectors of US society
Jefferson had worked to build a large base of support among small farmers

Thomas Jefferson
First transfer of power from the ruling party and the first president to work in Washington
D.C.
Tried to set a simpler style for his presidency than Washington or Adams
First major event was in Mediterranean
Barbary states had demanded tribute for protection against North African piracy for decades
After independence US had paid $80,000
1801 Pasha of Tripoli demands $225,000 annually from new US President
Jefferson refusespasha declares war
First Barbary War
18011805objective was to stop seizure of US ships
Ordered Navy to various points in Mediterranean
In the end attacks of US ships ended without payment of tribute but resume later
Louisiana Purchase
1801France acquires large territory of west Mississippi River from Spain, including city of
New Orleans
US feared French threat to trade and border security
Largest source of revenue
Napoleon sold entire area
December 1803 US flag raised in Louisiana
Expeditions produced a wealth of geographic and scientific data
Helped to open up the territory to troops and traders
1807
Jefferson reelected
Proposed to ban international slave trade, approved by congress and signed by Jefferson
went into effect in 1 January 1808
Napoleonic wars in Europe will begin affect US
1805US declares neutrality in war between Br and Fr
As a neutral country US can trade with both sides, but Br and Fr will try to restrict neutral
trade with the other side
December 1807Jefferson and congress pass Embargo Act banning all foreign trade
financially disaster and extremely unpopular
Difficult to enforcesmuggling
Failed to convince Br to change its behavior
1808James Madison wins the election, repeal Embargo Act, replaces it with a law allowing
US trade with all countries except Br and Fr
War of 1812Treaty of Ghent 24 December 1814
Domestic Issues
1811bank of the USs 20 year charter due to expire
Discovered it was difficult to finance the war of 1812 without the bank
1815madison signed legislation chartering new bank of US
Support tariffs to encourage industry, support federal spending for national road and canal
projects
James Monroe1816
Last president from founding fathers
his presidency referred as era of good feelings with federalist party, little political fighting
Monroe also established US borders
1817Treaty with Great Britainaims Great Lake and Canadian border
Oregon territory will be jointly ruled for 10 years
1819negotiates for Florida
Monroe Doctrinenon-intervention-non-colonization-non-interference
1819two major events
panic of 1819severe economic crisis, first one to hit US
Missouri asked to be admitted as the 23
rd
statea slave state
Created an almost two years debate in congress
US 1819 had 22 states/ 11 free 11 slave states
Admitting Missouri would upset the balance b/w free and slave states
Missouri Compromise of 1820
John Quincy Adams
Elected in 1824
He wanted to make US a world power through internal improvements
Improvements were part of what was called American System
High tariffs
Revenues would be used to fund
National university and observatory
Characteristics of South
Little benefit from improved national transportation system, remained reliant on rivers
Wealth unevenly distributedslaves, free blacks, landless whites, non-slave owning white
farmers, rich planters at top
Lower level of education and higher rate of illiteracyeducation considered a private not a
public concern
Economy less diverse, extreme reliance on agriculture
Fewer smaller cities
Much lower rate of immigration compared to north
Peculiar institutionslavery
Slavery in US
First 1619 in Virginia
Existed in both north and south during 17
th
century
By the 18
th
century had died out or banned in northern states
Some thought it would die out more slowly in the south
1815cotton has replaced tobacco as major product of the south, opening new cotton lands
and slaves have become most profitable investment in south

Andrew Jackson
1828 elected
First president not from a rich family and invite public a White House
3 major events
1. Indian removal
2. Nullification crisis
3. Bank War






















JACKSONS BANK WAR
Jackson was opposed the second bank of US in his first campaign
Bank was only national financial institution and had great influence over national finance
system
In his second campaign Banks president decided to renew the charter of bank 4 years early
to make Bank a campaign issue
Jackson was reelected in 1832 and believed he had mandate to end the Bank
1832vetoed the renewal of Bank charter
Bank;
Concentrated nations financial strength in one institution
Exposed government to control by foreign interests
Served mostly to make rich even richer
Had too much control over members of congress
Favored northeastern states over southern and western states
Controlled by just a few families
Congress attempted to overturn Jacksons vetounsuccessful
1833Jackson ordered all federal funds to be removed from the bank
Later ordered n further federal deposits
Second Bank of US lost its charter in 1838, out of business in 1841
Lending now done by selected state banks
Helped stimulate growth and settlement in south and west in short term
Unregulatedmade numerous risky loans but Jackson left the white house before there
were problems
MARTIN VON BUREN
Jacksons vice president, elected president in 1836
First president born as a US citizen
Served only one term
Presidency noted for very severe panic of 1837(result of Jackson Bank War)
Also noted for something Von Buren did not do
TEXAS
1821Spanish territory of Texas
State capital moved from San Antonio to Saltillo800 km to south
Texas sparsely populated, frequent Indian raids
Mexican government encouraged settlement by Americans
First group came and received a land grant in 1832
Population of American settlers soon later than Mexican-born residents
By 1834 around 30.000 Anglos and only 7800 Mexicans in Texas
Anglos had to learn Spanish
As protestants, did not like government support for catholic church
State government not like US state government
According to land grants, Anglos expected to produce corn, grain beef for sale in Mexico
but cotton for export to Britain more profitable
Cotton production required slave labor and slavery illegal in Mexico, but almost 5000 slaves
in Texas by 1836
1830Mexican government also became unhappy with Anglos
Prohibits further US immigration into Texas
Cancelled settlers 10 year tax exemption, raised tariffs on goods imported from US
Ordered Anglos to obey law banning slavery
Anglos petition Mexican government to cancel 1830 laws and make Texas a separate
Mexican stateunsuccessful
New President 1833, General Antonio Lape de Santa Anna begins to enforce laws in Texas.
More soldiers in Texas
Texans make plans for a revolt
First clash in October 1835win several other confrontations with Mexican forces through
end of year
Organize a government Sam Huston
In Mexico, Santa Anna makes preparations to put down revolt
Declares rebels will be treated like piratessubject to immediate execution
Mexicans win several encounters with Texans
1836Mexicans captured 300 Texans at Goliod?
23 February 1836Santa Anna reaches San Antonio with 1500 soldiers
Raises red flag and begins 13 day siege
The Alamo
All Texans defenders of Alamo killed in battle or executed later
Included famous figures like James Bowieremember Alamo became slogan
Texan army retreat towards Louisiana
Mexican forces in 3 columns looking for Texans
Sam Huston looking for suitable battle ground
Santa Anna learns Texans are nearly-quickly moves part of his army to confront them
1200 Mexicans confront 300 Texans
2 April 1836Battle of San Tacinto?
Sam Huston launch surprise afternoon attack on Santa Anna
In 18 minutes, Santa Annas forces captured
Santa Anna capturedforced to sign a treaty recognizing Texans independence
Mexican government never recognizes treaty
September 1836Texans write a constitution and declare territory the Republican of Texas,
but most want to join US
1837President Von Buren cautious about admitting a new slave state and problems with
Mexicodecides not to admit Texas as a state
Between 1836-45 Texas is an independent country
1838Texans move to establish diplomatic relation with Europe, now they have the USs
attention
1844Polk negotiates a treaty with Texas
1845TEXAS annexed and became a state
REFORM MOVEMENTS
1820s-1860snumerous reform movements in US
Prisons, asylums , temperance, womens rights, public education, communal society
One reform issue will become the most controversialabolition!
Prior to 1830, almost only supporters of immediate abolition were free blacks.
Whites who supported abolition generally called gradual emancipation with some form of
compensation for slave owners
Whites feared social impact of an immediate end to slavery
Frederic Douglassson of slave mother and white father, purchased his freedom and
become one the opponents of slavery
Both anti and pro slavery groups created
Anti-slaveryundemocraticthreat to free white laborimmoralunchristiancruel
Pro-slaveryblacks inferior to whitescursed in bibleslavery not condemned in bible
existed throughout historyfreed the superior class to pursue art, cultureslaves better off
than free factory workers
WESTWARD EXPANSION
Emergence of manifest destinyAmericas destiny to extend its civilization and democratic
form of government across the continent to pacific ocean
This belief leads to conflict with Mexico and Britain
Oregon
Claimed by both US and Britain
1814joint rule of territory
Late 1830s, early 1840s large scale immigration by Americans along Oregon Trail
Border finally established in 1846 by treaty
California
first settled in 18
th
century by Spanish who established missions along pacific coast
1834Mexican government confiscates church lands
1820s 1830s first Americans begin to come, usually in coastal settlements
Americans begin to see California as base for trade with Orient
Utah and Mormons
1830joseph Smith establishes Mormon faith in upstate NY
Claims angel guided him to buried scriptures and aided in translation
Mormons became unpopular due to their beliefs
Move from NY to Ohio, Missouri and Nauvoo, Illinois in 1839
1843smith institutes unlimited polygamycreates greater conflict with non-Mormons
1844smith killed by a mob in Nauvoo
Leadership of Mormons passes to Brigham Young
1847Brigham Young leads Mormons to Great Salt lake Basin in Utah
Effectively Beyond US government control
They will create a thriving city and communitywill oppose Federal Authority
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
1840Martin Von Buren loses election to him
Becomes president on 4 march 1841 and dies 32 days later form pneumonia
Shortest term of any US president
John Taylorvice president becomes president
Served only one term
JAMED K. POLK
1844Polk electedhad run on expansionist platformcalled for annexing Texas and
Oregon as soon as possible
1845 makes Texas a state
MEXICAN WAR
Disagreement over borderUS claimed at Rio Grande, Mexico claimed border at Rio
Nueces, 240 km further north
Mexicans united in rejecting US annexation of Texas
However, Mexican government very unstablepresidency changed hands four times
Polk sends a delegate to Mexico city to negotiate with Mexico
Offered 25 million dollar for Rio Grande border for Texas and territories of California
and Nuevo Mexico
Mexico rejects the offer
Polk orders General Zachary Taylor
13 May 1846congress declares war on Mexico
Initial fighting took place in southern Texas and Ft. Texas. Mexican forces defeated
Afterwards war will be carried out in 3 different areas:
1. South Texas, North Mexicogeneral Zachary wins battle
2. New Mexico, CaliforniaAmerican settlers revolt against Mexico
3. Central Mexico12 day siege18 April 1847 8500 US troops defeated
12000 Mexicans
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
ISSUE of SLAVERY
Most believed Congress did not have right to regulate slavery in territories
Congresss authority to regulate slavery in states is very uncertain
Popular sovereignty: let residents of territories decide issue of slavery


EVETNS LEADING TO WAR 1850-1860
COMPROMISE of 1850
CALIFORNIA (GOLD RUSH)
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
UNCLE TOMS CABIN 1582
KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT of 1854
BLEEDING KANSAS 1856
DRED SCOTT CASE 1857
HARPERS FERRY 1859 (John Brown died)
ELECTION of 1860 (A. LINCOLN)
SECESSION 7 MARCH 1861 (Seven States)
12 APRIL 1861FIRST SHOT of CIVIL WARConfederates fires Fort Sumter