Thermal & Torsion stresses

Daniel D. Dasig, Jr.

Thermal stresses
Temperature causes bodies to expand or contract.
Change in length due to increase in temperature
can be expressed as

L= L..t

Where, L is the length, (/
o
C) is the coefficient of
linear expansion, and t (
o
C) is the temperature
change.
When the temperature deformation is
prevented, thermal stress developed due to
temperature change can be given as:

= E..t

Example 1
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25
in
2
is stretched between two fixed points. The
tensile load at 70F is 1200 lb. What will be
the stress at 0F? At what temperature will the
stress be zero? Assume = 6.5 10
-6
in/(inF)
and E = 29 10
6
psi.
For the stress at 0F:
For the temperature that causes zero stress

Example 2
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid
walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N at
20C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed
130 MPa at -20C, what is the minimum
diameter of the rod? Assume =
11.7 m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.
Solution
TORSION
TORSIONAL SHEARING
STRESS,
For a solid or hollow circular shaft
subject to a twisting moment T, the
torsional shearing stress at a
distance from the center of the shaft
is




where J is the polar moment of inertia
of the section and r is the outer radius.
For solid cylindrical shaft
For hollow cylindrical shaft
ANGLE OF TWIST
The angle through which the bar length L will twist is



where
T= is the torque in Nmm,
L= is the length of shaft in mm,
G= is shear modulus in MPa,
J= is the polar moment of inertia in mm
4
,
D and d = are diameter in mm, and
r= is the radius in mm.
POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE SHAFT
A shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity (in radians per
second) is being acted by a twisting moment T. The power
transmitted by the shaft is


Where
T= is the torque in Nm
f= is the number of revolutions per second, and
P= is the power in watts.
Example 1
A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a
diameter of 4 in is subjected to a
torque of 15 kipft. Determine the
maximum shearing stress and the
angle of twist. Use G = 12 10
6
psi.
Example 2
A steel marine propeller shaft 14 in. in
diameter and 18 ft long is used to
transmit 5000 hp at 189 rpm. If G = 12
10
6
psi, determine the maximum
shearing stress.
QUIZ 2
1. A copper rod of 15 mm diameter, 800 mm
long is heated through 50C. (a) What is its
extension when free to expand? (b) Suppose
the expansion is prevented by gripping it at
both ends, find the stress, its nature and the
force applied by the grips when one grip yields
back by 0.5 mm.