T I

11
I I
I _I
For AnchorDge Requirement
Only.
a
(a)
113
_ Compression
--- Tension
Truss model to ~ r r y
heavy concentrpted
lopd near the support
(b) Truss model to carry loads out on span
Fig. 4.8 Truss analogies for dapped end bepms
114
concentrated load near the support region. This second truss system is
needed even in the case where the h ~ v y concentrated load is not present
in order to provide for an orderly transfer of depth. Several other
truss models could be used. In Fig. 4.8a the additional truss system is
shown in heavy dotted and solid lines. In this particular situation due
to the proximity of the heavy concentrated load to the support, similar
to the case of brackets, vertical reinforcement is not effective in
carying the heavy concentrated load to the support. However, closely
spaced stirrups are necessary at the end region of the members to
provide hanger support for the diagonal compression strut"C" shown in
Fig. 4.8b. Because of the change in depth of the member outside the
support region, the diagonal compression strut "c" of the main truss
system would not have an effective support to bear against if closely
spaced vertical stirrups were not provided in the end region of the full
depth section. These stirrups then support the diagonal compression
strut "c" and prevent the type of failure shown in Fig. 4.9.
The proposed truss systems shown in Fig. 4.8 consist of a strut
and tie system. In thi s case the geometry of the member together with
the load i ng cond i tion at the end reg ion dictate the geometry of the
truss model. If the ratio a/z1 shown in Fig. 4.8a is less than 0.5,
then ductility and crack control are better served by distributing the
horizontal ties over the entire depth z1.
Similar to the case of brackets the controlling failure
mechanisms would be either crushing of the concrete diagonal struts in
compression or yielding of the longitudinal tension reinforcement
For Anchorage Requirement Only
, \
Fig. 4 _ 9 Failure due to inadequate support of the
diagonal compression strut "e"
115
116
assuming that adequate anchorage of the longitudinal steel used as
tension ties is provided.
The first failure mechanism is prevented by limiting the
stresses in the diagonal strut to less than 30Jfti, Then, a ductile
type failure due to yielding of the longitudinal tension ties would be
achieved by adequately detailing this reinforcement,
Once the truss model is chosen, the design procedure is similar
to the one suggested in the previous cases.
4.2.5 Box Girder Bridge with Cantilever Overhang. Figure 4.10
shows the case of a box girder bridge with canti1iver overhangs subject
to combined torsion-bending-shear. The same basic concepts applied in
the previous section are valid in this case to determine an adequate
tr us s analogy.
Due to the presence of a torsional moment, which as previously
explained is assumed to produce a constant shear flow "qft around the
cross section, the truss model becomes a space truss model. However,
the design of each of the walls forming the truss model representation
of the box section remains the same one presented in the previous
sections. The direction of the compression diagonals in the space truss
depends upon the relative magnitudes of the shear flows due to shear and
torsion present on each of the walls.
Figure 4.11 b sho ws the resu1 tant shear flows due to shear and
torsion on each of the side walls of the box section for the span 1 of
the box girder bridge. Assume counterclockwise shearing flows as
positive. As can be seen from Fig. 4.11b, the inclination of the