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circumstances should the corner bar diameter be less than either 1/16 of
the stirrup spacing or that of a 03 bar.
Due to the overall lengthening effect in the member caused by
the torsional moment, the longitudinal reinforcement for torsion acts as
tension ties between the ends of the member. Therefore, it is necessary
to provide it with adequate end anchorage and splices to allow it to
develop its full yield strength everywhere along the length subjected to
the torsional moment.
Since torsion produces cracking on all sides of the beam, the
transverse reinforcement must be provided in the form of closed hoops.
Because of the torsionally induced tensile stresses acting on the outer
shell of the section, it is expected that at high torsional stresses the
outer shell of concrete will spall off. Thus, in order for the stirrup
to be properly detailed it is recommended that the free ends must be
bent into the concrete contained within the stirrups with at least a 105
degree bend. (see Sec. 2.4.1 of Report 248-3). Furt hermore, so that
truss like behavior exists and to prevent the compression diagonals from
breaking out between the stirrups, it is necessary to limit the maximum
spacing of closed hoops "s" to a value smax h2/2 but no more than 8
in., where h2 is the shortest dimension of the cross section.
2.4.6.2 Shear. As explained in Report 248-3, detailing for
shear strength also requires that both the longitudinal and the
transverse reinforcement be properly anchored to allow the development
of their full yield strength. Required anchorage can be provided by
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means of adequate straight embedment length, standard hooks or even
mechanical anchorage.
In Sec. 2.4.2 of Report 248-3, it was shown that the
longitudinal steel acts as a tension chord as required for flexure and
at the same time balances the horizontal components of the diagonal
compression struts. In addition, it must provide adequate end support
for the stirrup reinforcement. In the truss model the longitudinal
tension chords must tie the beam together along its longi tud inal axis
and be properly anchored at the ends.
In Sec. 2.4.2 of Report 248-3, the adequate anchorage of the
longitudinal steel in the end region of simply supported beams where the
reaction induces compression was examined. It was established that the
tensionchord requires an anchorage length such that a force equal to
V*cota/2 is adequately developed. The question of curtailment of the
longitudinal tension reinforcement was also examined. As a result of
this study, it is recommended that the longitudinal tension steel should
be extended a distance Is beyond the point at which it is no longer
required for flexure. The distance Is is given by
(2.52)
for the case of concentrated loads "ld" is the anchorage length required
to develop yielding, of the bar, "V" is the shear force at the section,
and ~ l is the area of longitudinal steel to be terminated. This
equation is also applicable when detailing positive moment tension
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reinforcement at points of inflection and simple supports. For the case
of distributed loading "Is" is given as
1
s
(2.53)
where "w" is the uniformly distributed load, "V" is the shear at the
theoretical cut-off point, O'is the chosen angle of inclination of the
diagonal strut, and "Is" represents the supplemental length required
beyond the teoretical cut-off point.
As explained in Sec. 2.4.2 of Report 248-3 the transverse
reinforcement provides the vertical tension ties to resist the vertical
component of the diagonal compression struts. All stirrups must be
properly anchored in the compression and tension zones of the member.
The cracking of the concrete in the tension zone demands that the
stirrup be continuous throughout this zone. No splicing of stirrups
should be permitted.
The hooks of stirrups should be anchored around large
longitudinal bars in order to distribute the concentrated force in the
stirrups. A highly desirable recommended practice is to always bend
stirrups around longitudinal bars, and terminate them only in the
compression zone with always at least a 135 degree hook at the ends.
In the case of members having large web widths, and where more
than two longitudinal bars are used to resist flexure it is recommended
that multiple stirrup legs be used. In the case of members subjected to
shear streses in excess of 6.ffic, it is suggested that the transverse
spacing of stirrup legs should not exceed 1.5 inches. In the case of
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members with smaller nominal shear stresses it is suggested that the
transverse spacing of stirrup legs can be as much as 18 inches but
should not exceed the effective depth z of the truss model (see Sec.
2.4.2 of Report 248-3).
An upper limit on the maximum longitudinal stirrup spacing must
be imposed to avoid the concentration of large compression forces at the
joints between the stirrups' and the longitudinal chords and to ensure
that all the compression struts have effective reactions to bear
against. The space truss model assumes a uniform distribution of the
diagonal compression struts over the length of the beam. With overly
large stirrup spacings these inclined struts react almost exclusively at
the stirrup locations. These local concentrations may induce premature
failures due to crushing of the diagonal strut or bulging out of the
corner longitudinal bars. Furthermore, since in reinforced concrete
members first diagonal cracking generally occurs at 45 degrees, there
could be the possibility that if the member had been designed using the
lower limit of 25 degrees, the initial diagonal crack would not be
crossed by a single stirrup. Therefore, it is recommended that the
maximum stirrup spacing be limited to a value of smax z/2 but no more
than 12 inches, and for members with nominal shearing stresses in excess
of 6.ff'c a value of smax z/4 but no more than 12 in. is suggested.
2.5 Summary
In Chapter 2, an overall review of some of the other current
design procedures for reinforced and prestressed concrete one-way