81

members was made. As a result it was shown that all of those procedures
have the variable angle truss model as the fundamental design model.
However, in the codification of these procedures, the simplicity and
fundamental truss approach has been hidden. The Swiss Code and CEB
Refined Recommendations are expressed in straightforward equations which
are easy to use for familiar beam cases but give little guidance for
more complex cases. The proposed Canadian recommendations contain very
complex requirements for serv ice load checks, are overly influenced by
torsion considerations, and distort the limits on the angles of
inclination to permit indirect inclusion of a Vc term. This approach
does not seem suitable for codification if the goal is to make the
designer more aware of the use of truss models so that he can apply the
general truss concept in less familiar design situations. More emphasis
should be given to the basic application of the truss model and to the
proper detail ing requirements for struts, ties and the nodes at which
they join (41,42,43,44).
An examination of the truss model shows that for the sake of
simplicity in the design approach, not all of the mechanisms that may
transmit shear or torsion in a beam at failure are directly considered
in the truss model. In this chapter, it was shown how these mechanisms
which are not directly considered in the truss model may be indirectly
introduced in the design approach either through limits on the geometry
of the truss model (compression strut angle), or by allowing an
addi tional concrete contribution (V c-Term) with values which depend on
the failure state of the member.
82
Finally, the general outline for shear and torsion design
recommendations for reinforced and prestressed concrete one-way members
was presented. These recommendations have the space truss model with
variable angle of inclination of the diagonal compression struts as the
fundamental design model. In the next chapter, a proposed text based on
these design recommendations for revised AASHTO Design Specifications in
this area is formulated. These design recommendations stress the
general assumptions and limitations of the space truss model and present
the basic model as the fundamental approach. A deliberate attempt is
made to parallel the general approach for combined axial load and
flexure, where the Code or Specification contains general principles and
relegates specific application equations to commentaries, textbooks, or
design aids. In the long run this should greatly simplify the design
process, since designers will be able to readily envision how the
different components of the members resist the applied shear force
and/or torsional moment. Such a better understanding should lead to a
simpler and more rational design process when the designer becomes
familiar with the approach.
C HAP T E R 3
PROPOSED DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Recommended AASHTO Design Specifications
for Shear and Torsion in Reinforced and
Prestressed Concrete One-Way Members
with Web Reinforcement
The design recommendations presented in this section are given
in specification format and apply only to the ultimate strength design
of reinforced and prestressed concrete one-way flexural members
subjected to shear and/or torsion.
These proposed recommend ations are to replace Secs. 1.5.10
(A),(B),(C), 1.5.13 (B)(3), 1.5.21 (B)(3), 1.5.21 (C) and (E), 1.5.35
(A),(B),(C), and Secs. 1.6.13 (A),(B),(C), in the current AASHTO
Standard Specifications (12,13,14,15,16,17).
The sections in the current AASHTO Standard Specifications
dealing with the shear-friction design as well as the design for two-way
shear in slabs and footings would have to be added to these proposed
recommendations (Secs. 1.5.35 (D),(E),(F)).
1.0 Notation
NOTATION
a = shear span, distance between concentrated load and face of
support.
As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, sq.in.
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, sq. in.
83
84
b
= area enclosed by the centroids of the longitudinal chords of the
space truss model resisting the applied ultimate torsional
moment and shear force, sq.in.
= area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting torsion wi thin a
distance s, sq.in.
= total area of longitudinal reinforcement to be terminated at
given section, sq. in.
= width of compression face of the member, in.
= effective web width of the member resisting the torsional shear
stresses, in.
= effective web width of the member resisting the applied shear
force, in.
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement, in.
dd = diameter of prestressing duct, in.
fb = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi.
JF:. =
c
=
=
=
=
square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, psi.
specified yield strength of the nonprestressed reinforcement,
psi.
compression stress at the neutral axis of the section due to
applied axial forces (including effective prestressing), or at
junction of web and flange when the centroid lies within the
flange, psi.
specified yield strength of prestressing tendons, psi.
[1 +
ld = anchorage length required to develop yielding of the bar, in.
q
R
= additional embedment length beyond theoretical cut-off point,
in.
= shear flow due to shear and/or torsion, lb/in.
= diameter of the largest inscribed circle in the cross section,
in.
Ro = diameter of the largest inscribed circle in the area A
o
' in.