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Hard, Corrosion and Oxidation Resistant

Coatings
Thin films and surfaces - basics for materials research and industrial applications

by Boris Navinsek and Peter Panjan
Part of the R&D team of the Thin Films and
Surfaces Department: Dr Peter Panjan
(research fellow) Prof! Dr "oris #a$inse%
(head of the Department) and &os%o Fiser
(technician)!
The activities of the Department of Thin Films and Surfaces are basic and applied
research of thin film technologies, one of the most promising areas of materials
science. Many areas of modern technology are directly affected by thin film science.
For example, silicon integrated circuits form the basis for the computing and
telecommunications industries; oxide thin film multilayer structures are used in optics
and electrooptics; ceramic thin films are very important as wear, corrosion and
oxidation resistant coatings, etc.
n !"#$, we started to use sputtering techni%ues for preparing a wide spectrum of
metal thin films and their nitrides, oxides and carbides in the form of single and
multilayer structures. This deposition techni%ue, also called &hysical 'apour
Deposition (&'D), or reactive plasma deposition, is still today the basic technology
for world wide applications of thin films in microelectronics, electronic component
manufacturing, in optics and optoelectronics, information technologies and tribology.
This last field of research has been a ma*or high+tech area from the industrial
application point of view in the last !, years, and is generally -nown in .urope as
/&lasma and on Surface .ngineering0 (&S.).
1ur research in electronics and microelectronics has included deposition and
characteri2ation of various thin film resistors (3i4r, Ta53, 3i4r6l), transparent
conductive ndium Tin 1xide (T1) films, metalli2ation structures for '7S circuits
(8Si9+TiSi5:Ti3:6l), transition metal silicides and aluminides (e.g. TiSi5, ;rSi5,
4oSi5, 4rSi5, 3i6l), ferroelectric 7iTa1< thin films, high temperature
superconducting films type =>a4u1 and superconducting multilayer systems type
=>a4u1:3i1 and =>a4u1:;r15. ?ecently, =ttrium Stabili2ed ;irconia (=S;) thin
films, to be used in fuel cells, have also been studied and developed.
Prof! Dr "oris #a$inse% 'ead
of (&S Department of Thin
Films and Surfaces
!, years ago our Department started systematically to study and develop various types
of hard, wear, corrosion and oxidation resistant coatings. The following four research
area are included within this program, which is also a part of .uropean *oint &S. and
41ST ,!, pro*ects,@
A on and plasma interactions with solid surfaces, including the study of interactions
during ion etching and thermal annealing.
A Synthesis of new wear, oxidation and corrosion resistant coatings (metallurgical
coatings).
A Study of interface interaction in bi+ and multilayer structures during thermal
annealing and preparation of Standard ?eference Materials (S?M) in the form of
multilayer structures, to be used for depth profile analysis in surface physics.
A Development and industrial application of new &'D /clean technologies0, which
will be used very soon to replace traditional galvanic coatings.
A Be have the most modern deposition e%uipments, measuring techni%ues and
analytical instruments for all these research programs. There is also a Card 4oating
4enter within the Department, where hard protective coatings are developed for
industrial applications.

HARD AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS
The selection of optimum tooling is the most important activity in todayDs successful
development of machine wor- in all industries, especially where metal cutting, cold
forming and forging processes are involved. 6 remar-able tool life improvement,
better surface %uality of products and higher productivity has been obtained by using
hard and protective &'D coatings.
Titanium nitride (Ti3) coating, 5+, mm thic-, with a microhardness of 5$$$ C'$.$5,,
was the first generation of &'D coatings. t was introduced in !"E$, and has been
used all around the world ever since. 6t our Department we also developed our own
Ti3 technology, -nown as F1STi3 (the trademar- is registered in 5< countries, and it
is produced in >6 G<$ and >6 G<$M >al2ers e%uipment in our Card 4oating 4enter
in Dom2ale.
) $iew of the 'ard *oatin+ *enter (Dom,ale)-
one of the low $olta+e plasma beam apparatus
")( ./01 ("al,ers) for production of hard
protecti$e coatin+s e2uipped with the Plasma
Process 1onitor PP1345 ("al,ers) to be used
for plasma dia+nostics!
The second generation includes titanium carbonitride (Ti43), chromium nitride (4r3)
and titanium+aluminium nitride (Ti6l3). >ecause of their high hardness, of <$$$
C'$.$5,, Ti43 and Ti6l3 are regarded as very high wear and abrasion resistant
coatings, while 4r3 and Ti6l3 are the only high temperature resistant coatings that
can be used up to a wor-ing temperature of G$$+E,$H4.
The 4r3 coating has also been investigated extensively in the last five years in our
Department. Many results of the novel applications in practice show that 4r3 is
accepted today as a hard and protective coating, which is successfully applied not only
for selected tribo+systems, but also as an excellent corrosion and high wear protection.
Be have recently also developed a Ti6l3 coating, and the first tests in hot forging of
steel parts have already been completed. This process, hot forging (parts with
!!,$H4), will be one of the most complicated in practice for any improvement of
moulds. Duplex coatings + a combination of plasma nitriding and Ti6l3 coating +
could be a solution.
Ti# coated hi+h speed steel
('SS) cuttin+ tools used for
perforation of drums in a
washin+ machine 6orenje
7elenje!
Finally, the third generation of &'D coatings includes new fields of research and
applications in &'D hard coatings, such as diamond and diamond li-e carbon (D74)
coatings, to be used for the machining of e.g. graphite, glassfaser, woods and soft
materials, multilayered and multicomponent coatings (e.g. Ti4r3, Ti;r3, Ti'3,
4r6l3, Ti6l'3 etc.) and polycrystalline superlattice coatings (for special machining
operations). Ti3:4r3, Ti3:Ti:Ti3, ;r3:;r:;r3 and Ti3:;r3 multilayered coating
have been studied and characteri2ed in our Department. 6ll these multilayered
coatings show unexpectedly high microhardness and new physical, chemical,
corrosion and oxidation properties. Be should also mention the double coatings
Ti3I4r3, which have already shown very high wear and abrasive resistance in
practice.
Ti# coated cold formin+
tools and products used
in the manufacturin+ of
components in (s%ra
)$toele%tri%a #o$a
6orica
LOW TEMPERATURE PVD COATINGS
4onventional &'D coatings are deposited at temperatures between J$$ and JE$H4.
These temperatures are ideal for the ma*ority of industrial applications, whereby
optimal microstructural and functional coating characteristics can be obtained. For
many standard tool materials, which are sensitive to temperatures higher than 5,$H4
(e.g. 6S D5 or D<), the usual temperature of deposition is too high. For those
materials, a low temperature &'D process has been developed, using our plasma
beam sputtering machine S&KT?13 D4:?F. The development of low temperature
coatings with good functional characteristic is not easy, since a reduction of the
coating temperature normally results in unhomogeneous coatings and reduced coating
adhesion. Be discovered that the 4r3 coating is characteri2ed by its fine grained and
low internal stress structure, which permits deposition of the most uncomplicated
coating system of all four coatings (Ti3, Ti43, 4r3, Ti6l3). This technology allows
us to deposit coatings with much larger thic-nesses than conventional &'D coatings
of a few Lm. n various novel industrial applications, we have shown that 4r3 has
successful adhesion to steel substrate as well as excellent corrosion and oxidation
resistance. 6dhesion to tool steel substrate (and also to other inexpensive construction
steels) was improved by the deposition of a $.!+$., Lm thic- 4r intermediate layer,
which helps to form an optimum width of the interface, as was clearly observed by
6.S, M&S and ND1S depth profile analysis. The technology of 4r3 coating
preparation has been patented by our department. The thic-ness of 4r3 coatings for
industrial application depend on the tribo+system and could be between <+!$ Lm.
4r3 coating have been used in Slovenia for selected applications such as wear and
corrosion protection of tools in cold forming and cutting copper in commutator
manufacturing, in forming aluminum and steel components in automotive production
and for surface improvement of moulds in 6l+Si die casting under pressure.
The lowest obtainable temperature of !J$H4 in the S&KT?13 apparatus gave a 4r3
coating of high %uality for practical use. These coatings were used to protect
electrodeposited and electropolished 3i moulds for artificial teeth production.
Double Ti3I4r3 coatings are also regularly used as a highly abrasive and wear
resistant coating in the production of rotors in the Slovenian electromotor industry.
The low temperature hard coatings are also used for protection of easily machined and
cheap low temperature substrates, as substitute products for more expensive
components and for decorative purposes on substrates such as chrome+plated brass
and die+cast 2inc parts.
*uttin+ and
formin+ tools
coated with Ti#
hard protecti$e
coatin+
(&8STi#&R96)
COMPLEX CHARACTERIZATION OF COATINGS
Study of metallurgical coatings is a typical multidisciplinary field of research
involving the physics of thin films and surfaces, plasma physics, material science,
chemistry and corrosion, metallurgy, machine engineering and tribology. From a
tribological point of view, the most important properties of hard coating are
microhardness, adhesion, oxidation and corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and
the friction coefficient of the tool material vs. wor-piece material. 6ll these properties
are closely related to the basic material properties. So a complete characteri2ation of
hard coatings is necessary. Such study includes complex characteri2ation methods
which are available in our Department and also in the 4eramics Department and
Department of physical and organic chemistry at the Fo2ef Stefan nstitute@
A Determination of basic physical properties of films and coatings@ microstructure,
lattice parameters, surface morphology, microhardness, adhesion, friction and
scratching coefficient, electrical and optical properties.
A Study of corrosion and passivisation behaviour of coatings by electrochemical and
surface analytical techni%ues M&S, S.M and 6.S.
A nvestigation of oxidation mechanisms of hard coatings by measuring oxidation
resistance and activation energy of oxidation.
A &erformance tests in industrial conditions show improvement of tool life at room and
at elevated temperatures (up to E$$H4), surface %uality of products, and optimi2ation
of tribo+systems in various industrial manufacturing.
*ross:sectional transmission electron
micro+raph of multilayered #i;*r;*r48/
Standard Reference 1aterial (SR1)
deposited onto polished silicon wafer
de$eloped at the re2uest of "odenseewer%
Per%in 6mb' (1unich)
INTERFACIAL INTERACTION IN THIN FILM STRUCTURES
>asic research has been concentrated for more than 5$ years on the development and
characteri2ation of sputtered thin films and their interaction with various substrate
materials. n addition to the general properties of thin films, we have also studied
interface interactions during annealing of various bilayers and multilayers, using
different experimental techni%ues (6.S, T.M, TDS).
1wing to the dise%uilibrium condition of the technological procedure of preparation,
thin films and multilayer structures contain a high concentration of structural defects.
n practice, they are also operated at high current density (e.g. very large scale
integrated circuits), radiation load (e.g. laser and sinchrotron mirrors), and very high
temperature and mechanical load (e.g. hard coatings). So such systems try to obtain
the e%uilibrium stage by transport of materials and chemical reactions between
discrete layers or phases. From the application point of view, it is very important to
predict the thermal stability of such a structure.
The solid+phase reactions of thin films in multilayer structures during thermal
annealing are generally detrimental, but on the other hand, such reaction can very
often be beneficial, while this is the easiest method of preparation of some
compounds, such as transition metal silicides and various intermetallic phases. 1wing
to the many interfaces, the interfacial reaction in multilayer structures is faster than in
bilayer and the new phase can be prepared at a lower annealing temperature. >y
controlling the experimental parameters, material scientists can prepare specific
phases with desirable properties. n cooperation with the research groups of the
nstitute for Surface .ngineering and 1ptoelectronics (7*ubl*ana) and the Max+&lanc-
nstitut fOr Metallforschung (Stuttgart, Nermany) we have been investigating the
interfacial reactions in various Me:Si and Me:Me bi+ and multilayer structures@ 3i:Si,
6l:Si, 4r:Si, 4o:Si, B:Si, Mo:Si, 3b:Si, 3i:4r, 3i:4r: :4r51<, 3i1:4r51<, Fe:6l,
3i:6l. Ksing different experimental techni%ues we investigated@ (a) the phase
formation se%uence, (b) the -inetics of phase formation and (c) the main migrating
elements of the reactions.
)dhesion tester
()utomatic scratcher
tester *S1S
Re$etest #euchatel
Schwit,erland)
STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS
For the last !, years, we have also been investigating various multilayered structures
(M7S) appropriate as standard reference materials (S?M) for surface analytical
techni%ues. Be need such standards for calibration a sputter time scale of depth profile
techni%ues, as well as for the optimi2ation of conditions of analysis. M7S appropriate
for such standard must as far as possible fulfil the following structural re%uirements@
a) films must have an amorphous or very fine microstructure, b) film density must be
close to bul- density, c) impurities content at interfaces and in the films must be as
low as possible and e) the interface must be as smooth as possible.
6t the re%uest of 3ST (3>S), Bashington, in !"EJ+!"E# we developed,
manufactured and characteri2ed the standard reference materials S?M 5!<, and S?M
5!<# for surface analysis in the form of a 3i+4r and 4r:4r51< multilayer on Si(!$$)
wafers. 6 similar S?M in the form of a 4r:3i:4r51<:4r:3i multilayer structure was
also made at the re%uest of >odenseewer- &er-in+.lmer NmbC (Munich). n
cooperation with the research groups of the nstitute for Surface .ngineering and
1ptoelectronics (7*ubl*ana) and the Max+&lanc- nstitut fOr Metallforschung
(Stuttgart, Nermany) we also investigated the influence of diffusion, segregation,
reaction at the interface and sputter parameters on depth resolution of 6.S, M&S and
secondary ion mass (SMS) depth profile techni%ues. Three years ago, an
interlaboratory comparison (round robin experiment) of depth profiling results for
3i:4r multilayer using 6.S, M&S and SMS was organi2ed between four laboratories.
The two standards are the only available multilayers in the world which are still in use
for the calibration of depth profile analysis in 6.S, SMS and M&S surface
characteri2ation. Be also develop and characteri2e new S?M for hard coatings, using
an 6.S depth profile techni%ue, ?utherford bac-scattering spectrometry (?>S) and
cross sectional transmission electron microscopy.

REPLACEMENT OF GALVANIC COATINGS WITH PVD COATINGS
Be recently introduced the first research in Slovenia on an extremely important
industrial application of thin films and coatings, also -nown as /replacement of
galvanic coatings with plasma (&'D) metallic and ceramics coatings0. .lectroplated
and electroless coatings are commonly used to protect surfaces from corrosion and
wear, as well as for decorative purposes. Cowever, both traditional techni%ues are also
a ma*or source of environmental pollution. So the development of alternative clean
technologies in all spheres of industrial manufacturing is a worthwhile tas- today in
industrially well developed countries in the world. 1wing to ma*or ecological
problems, the situation has changed dramatically in recent years. There is no doubt
that in the next < to ,, or at the least !$ years, many galvanic coating processes will
not be allowed in most industrial manufacturing. n the last five years, &'D metallic
and ceramic hard protective coatings have already been used for the replacement of
galvanic coatings in some specific applications. ?eplacing such traditional technology
re%uires far more than simply demonstrating that modern alternatives can perform as
well or even better. Today, it loo-s at first sight impossible to compare prices of
galvanic coatings against &'D coatings. The only reason now is low production
volume. >ut if production costs are calculated on the basis of the same production
volume, and all relevant costs are properly ta-en into account for the entire production
process (including finishing), modern &'D methods are fre%uently competitive with
older electroplating methods, or even less expensive, especially if one ta-es into
account large mass production and improved performance of alternative coatings.
Cowever, ecology is already today dictating the prices of many manufacturing
processes. n some countries, regional environmental ordinances have become so
strict that industry will be forced to replace electroless and electrodeposited coatings,
such as 3i, ;n, 4d, 4r, 6u and many metals and alloys. Cowever, there are still many
problems with &'D technologies that coater designers and manufacturers must solve
in the near future. Some of them are@
A the %uantity of parts and components to be coated is large@ from a few !$$,$$$ to a
few millions, made of the same material and having the same si2e,
A the si2e (and not simple geometry) of the parts and components varies from a few
mm to a few hundred cm,
A &'D coatings re%uire a cleaner surface than galvanic processes (plasma cleaning is
needed),
A the &'D coatings to be used for replacement of galvanic coatings are %uite
complicated and not easily incorporated into many production environments. They are
available in a new coating centers and the price will depend on the future arrangement
of specially designed flexible, high+output or on+line systems.
The Department of Thin Films and Surfaces, together with s-ra 6vtoele-tri-a, the
largest Slovenian manufacturer of starters and alternators, as a partner from industry,
and >all2ers 6.N., 7iechtenstein, has already completed the first phase of a new clean
technology replacing nic-el and hard chrome with &'D coating, sputtered nic-el and
4r3 coating, respectively. >oth tests in production conditions were positive. Be now
plan to build a 4enter of alternative &'D technologies, using high output sputtering
e%uipment.
Recently the first phase of the project
<Replacement of +al$anic nic%el and hard
chrome with P7D coatin+s= was completed in
cooperation with (s%ra )$toele%tri%a and "al,ers
>iechtenstein! The photo+raph shows the
coolin+ bodies of diodes part of an automoti$e
alternator coated with P7D nic%el to assure +ood
solderin+!
APPLIED RESEARCH
6pplied research is a very important activity of the FS Department of Thin Films and
Surfaces. 1ur department includes also the Card 4oatings 4enter (Dom2ale),
established in !"E, in cooperation with SM.7T, 7*ubl*ana and >al2ers 6N Bear
&rotection, from 7iechtenstein, to develop new metallurgical coatings for industrial
applications and to serve industrial needs. n the last ten years, more than J,$$$,$$$
pieces of tools and machine parts for machine, electrical, wood and other industries
have been protected with Ti3 and 4r3 hard, corrosion and oxidation resistant
coatings.
Tools and machine parts have been coated for more than <$$ manufacturers in
Slovenia, as well as abroad. Systematic analysis of performance tests in industry has
been performed using tools protected with our Ti3 (F1STi3P?.N) technology and
4r3 coatings in the Slovenian machine, electrical and wood industry. &roduction
experts have improved the productivity of these coatings and the %uality of the final
products. These new technologies have also brought to Slovenia better business and
the advantages that are re%uired from international institutions giving S1 "$$!
certificates to our industrial manufacturers.
The or+ani,ation of educational courses for
technical personnel from industry is also a $ery
important acti$ity of our Department! 1ore than
5?0 participants from industry and institutes
attend speciali,ed seminars or+ani,ed e$ery 3
years!
Keras , korosi dan oksidasi Coatings Tahan
Film tipis dan permukaan - dasar-dasar untuk bahan penelitian dan aplikasi industri

oleh Boris Navinsek dan Peter Panjan

Bagian dari tim R & dari Thin Film dan Permukaan epartemen ! r Peter Panjan
" resear#h $ello% & , Pro$ r Boris Navinsek " kepala epartemen & dan 'osko Fisir
" teknisi & (
Kegiatan epartemen Film Tipis dan Permukaan penelitian dasar dan terapan
teknologi )lm tipis , salah satu daerah *ang paling menjanjikan dari ilmu material (
Ban*ak bidang teknologi modern se#ara langsung dipengaruhi oleh ilmu
pengetahuan )lm tipis ( +isaln*a, silikon sirkuit terpadu membentuk dasar untuk
komputasi dan telekomunikasi industri , oksida tipis struktur multila*er )lm *ang
digunakan dalam optik dan ele#troopti#s , )lm tipis keramik sangat penting sebagai
pelapis tahan aus , korosi dan oksidasi , dll
Pada tahun -./0 , kami mulai menggunakan teknik sputtering untuk
mempersiapkan spektrum *ang luas dari )lm logam tipis dan nitrida mereka ,
oksida dan karbida dalam bentuk struktur tunggal dan multila*er ( Teknik ini
deposisi , juga disebut Ph*si#al 1apour eposition " P1 & , atau deposisi plasma
reakti$ , masih hari ini teknologi dasar untuk aplikasi di seluruh dunia dari )lm tipis
dalam mikroelektronik , manu$aktur komponen elektronik , di optik dan
2ptoelektronik , teknologi in$ormasi dan tribolog* ( Bidang ini terakhir penelitian
telah menjadi daerah berteknologi tinggi utama dari sudut pandang aplikasi industri
pandang dalam -3 tahun terakhir , dan umumn*a dikenal di 4ropa sebagai 5 Plasma
6on dan Permukaan 4ngineering5 " Pise & (
Penelitian kami dalam elektronika dan mikroelektronika sudah termasuk deposisi
dan karakterisasi berbagai resistor )lm tipis " NiCr , Ta7N , NiCr8l & , transparan
kondukti$ 6ndium Tin 29ide " 6T2 & )lm , struktur metalisasi untuk sirkuit 1:;6 " <;i=
-Ti;i7>TiN>8l & , silisida logam transisi dan 8luminides " misaln*a Ti;i7 , ?r;i7 ,
Co;i7 , Cr;i7 , Nial & , :iTa2@ $eroelektrik )lm tipis , suhu tinggi )lm superkonduktor
tipe ABaCu2 dan sistem multila*er superkonduktor tipe ABaCu2 > Ni2 dan
ABaCu2>?r27 ( Baru-baru ini , Attrium ;tabiliBed ?ir#onia " A;? & )lm tipis , untuk
digunakan dalam sel bahan bakar , juga telah dipelajari dan dikembangkan (
Pro$ r Boris Navinsek , Kepala 6'; epartemen Film Tipis dan Permukaan
-3 tahun *ang lalu epartemen kami mulai sistematis untuk mempelajari dan
mengembangkan berbagai jenis keras , pakai , pelapis tahan korosi dan oksidasi (
Berikut ini empat daerah penelitian termasuk dalam program ini , *ang juga
merupakan bagian dari 4ropa bersama Pise dan B68A8 3-3 pro*ek , !
C 6on dan interaksi plasma dengan permukaan padat , termasuk studi tentang
interaksi selama etsa ion dan anil termal (
C ;intesis memakai baru , oksidasi dan korosi lapisan tahan " pelapis metalurgi & (
C ;tudi interaksi antarmuka dalam struktur bi - dan multila*er selama anil termal
dan pen*usunan ;tandard +aterial Re$erensi " ;R+ & dalam bentuk struktur
multila*er , *ang akan digunakan untuk analisis pro)l kedalaman dalam )sika
permukaan (
C Pengembangan dan penerapan industri P1 baru 5 teknologi bersih 5 , *ang akan
digunakan segera untuk menggantikan lapisan galvanik tradisional (
C Kami memiliki paling peralatan modern deposisi , teknik pengukuran dan
instrumen analitis untuk semua program penelitian ini ( 8da juga Coating Pusat
keras dalam epartemen , di mana lapisan pelindung keras *ang dikembangkan
untuk aplikasi industri (

Pelapisan K4R8; 8N P4:6NDNE
Pemilihan perkakas optimal adalah kegiatan *ang paling penting dalam
keberhasilan pengembangan saat ini mesin bekerja di semua industri , terutama di
mana pemotongan logam , membentuk dingin dan penempaan proses *ang
terlibat ( ;ebuah kehidupan perbaikan alat *ang luar biasa , kualitas permukaan
*ang lebih baik dari produk dan produktivitas *ang lebih tinggi telah diperoleh
dengan menggunakan keras dan #oating P1 pelindung (
Titanium nitrida " TiN & #oating , 7-3 mm , dengan mi#rohardness 7000 F10(073 ,
adalah generasi pertama dari lapisan P1 ( ;aat itu diperkenalkan pada tahun -.G0
, dan telah digunakan di seluruh dunia sejak saat itu( Pada epartemen kami, kami
juga mengembangkan teknologi TiN kita sendiri , *ang dikenal sebagai '2;TiN
" merek dagang terda$tar di 7@ negara , dan diproduksi di B86 B86 H@0 dan H@0+
BalBers peralatan kami Coating Pusat Keras di omBale (

8 vie% o$ Fard Coating Pusat " omBale & , salah satu tegangan rendah plasma
beam aparat B86 H@0+ " BalBers & untuk produksi lapisan pelindung keras dilengkapi
dengan Proses Plasma monitor PP+I7- " BalBers & *ang akan digunakan untuk
diagnosa plasma (
Eenerasi kedua meliputi titanium #arbonitride " TiCN & , kromium nitrida " CRN & dan
titanium - aluminium nitrida " Ti8lN & ( Karena kekerasann*a tinggi , dari @000
F10(073 , TiCN dan Ti8lN dianggap sebagai pakaian *ang sangat tinggi dan abrasi
lapisan tahan , sementara CRN dan Ti8lN adalah satu-satun*a suhu tinggi pelapis
tahan *ang dapat digunakan sampai suhu kerja H00-G30 J C(
The CRN pelapis juga telah diteliti se#ara ekstensi$ dalam lima tahun terakhir di
epartemen kami ( Ban*ak hasil aplikasi baru dalam praktek menunjukkan bah%a
CRN diterima hari ini sebagai lapisan keras dan pelindung , *ang berhasil diterapkan
tidak han*a untuk tribo - sistem *ang dipilih , tetapi juga sebagai korosi *ang sangat
baik dan perlindungan aus *ang tinggi ( Kami baru-baru ini juga mengembangkan
sebuah lapisan Ti8lN , dan tes pertama di panas penempaan bagian baja telah
selesai ( Proses ini , penempaan panas " bagian dengan --30 J C & , akan menjadi
salah satu *ang paling rumit dalam praktek untuk perbaikan #etakan ( Pelapis
uple9 - kombinasi dari plasma nitridasi dan pelapisan Ti8lN - bisa menjadi solusi (
TiN dilapisi baja ke#epatan tinggi " F;; & alat *ang digunakan untuk per$orasi drum
di mesin #u#i , Eorenje , 1elenje pemotongan (
8khirn*a , generasi ketiga dari lapisan P1 meliputi bidang baru penelitian dan
aplikasi dalam P1 pelapis keras , seperti berlian dan berlian seperti karbon " :C &
#oating , *ang akan digunakan untuk mesin dari misaln*a gra)t , glass$aser , ka*u
dan bahan lembut , pelapis berlapis-lapis dan multikomponen " misaln*a TiCrN ,
Ti?rN , Ti1N , Cr8lN , Ti8l1N dll & dan #oating polikristalin superlatti#e " untuk
operasi mesin khusus & ( TiN > CRN , TiN > Ti > TiN , ?RN > ?r > ?RN dan TiN > ?RN
lapisan berlapis-lapis telah diteliti dan ditandai di epartemen kami ( ;emua lapisan
ini berlapis-lapis menunjukkan mi#rohardness tiba-tiba tinggi dan )sik, kimia , korosi
dan oksidasi si$at baru ( Kita juga harus men*ebutkan lapisan ganda TiN K CRN ,
*ang telah menunjukkan keausan sangat tinggi dan ketahanan abrasi dalam
praktek (
TiN dilapisi dingin membentuk alat dan produk , *ang digunakan dalam pembuatan
komponen dalam 6skra 8vtoelektrika , Nova Eori#a
Pelapisan ;DFD R4N8F P1
Coating P1 konvensional disimpan pada suhu antara I00 dan IG0 J C( ;uhu ini
sangat ideal untuk sebagian besar aplikasi industri , dimana optimal mikrostruktur
dan $ungsional karakteristik #oating dapat diperoleh ( Bagi ban*ak bahan alat
standar , *ang sensiti$ terhadap suhu *ang lebih tinggi dari 730 J C " misaln*a 86;6
7 atau @ & , suhu biasa deposisi terlalu tinggi ( Dntuk bahan-bahan , proses P1
suhu rendah telah dikembangkan , menggunakan sinar plasma mesin sputtering
kami ;PDTR2N C > RF ( Perkembangan #oating suhu rendah dengan karakteristik
$ungsional *ang baik tidak mudah , karena penurunan suhu lapisan biasan*a
menghasilkan pelapis unhomogeneous dan mengurangi adhesi lapisan ( Kami
menemukan bah%a lapisan CRN ditandai dengan struktur berbutir halus dan rendah
internal *ang stres , *ang memungkinkan pengendapan sistem pelapisan *ang
paling rumit dari semua empat lapisan " TiN , TiCN , CRN , Ti8lN & ( Teknologi ini
memungkinkan kita untuk deposit lapisan dengan ketebalan lebih besar dari lapisan
P1 konvensional beberapa p+ ( alam berbagai aplikasi industri baru , kami telah
menunjukkan bah%a CRN memiliki adhesi *ang sukses untuk substrat baja serta
korosi *ang sangat baik dan ketahanan oksidasi ( 8dhesi ke alat substrat baja " dan
juga untuk baja konstruksi murah lainn*a & ditingkatkan oleh pengendapan dari 0,--
0,3 p+ tebal lapisan menengah Cr , *ang membantu untuk membentuk lebar
optimal dari antarmuka , seperti *ang jelas diamati oleh 84; , LP; dan E2;
analisis pro)l mendalam ( Teknologi CRN lapisan persiapan telah dipatenkan oleh
departemen kami ( Ketebalan CRN pelapis untuk aplikasi industri tergantung pada
tribo - sistem dan bisa antara @--0 m (
CRN #oating telah digunakan di ;lovenia untuk aplikasi *ang dipilih seperti pakaian
dan perlindungan korosi alat dalam dingin membentuk dan memotong tembaga di
bidang manu$aktur komutator , dalam membentuk aluminium dan baja komponen
dalam produksi otomoti$ dan untuk perbaikan permukaan #etakan di 8l - ;i die
#asting di ba%ah tekanan(
;uhu terendah diperoleh dari -I0 J C dalam aparatus ;PDTR2N memberikan lapisan
CRN berkualitas tinggi untuk penggunaan praktis ( :apisan ini digunakan untuk
melindungi 4lektrodeposisi dan ele#tropolished #etakan Ni untuk produksi gigi
buatan(
Pelapis ganda TiN K CRN juga teratur digunakan sebagai lapisan tahan *ang sangat
abrasi$ dan memakai dalam produksi rotor dalam industri motor listrik ;lovenia (
;uhu keras lapisan rendah juga digunakan untuk perlindungan substrat suhu mudah
dan murah mesin rendah, karena produk-produk pengganti komponen lebih mahal
dan untuk tujuan dekorati$ pada substrat seperti berlapis krom kuningan dan seng
bagian die-#ast (
Pemotongan dan membentuk alat dilapisi dengan TiN lapisan keras pelindung
" '2;TiN & R4E &
K8R8KT4R6;8;6 K2+P:4K; Pelapisan
;tudi pelapis metalurgi merupakan bidang multidisiplin khas penelitian *ang
melibatkan )sika dari )lm tipis dan permukaan , )sika plasma , ilmu material , kimia
dan korosi , metalurgi , teknik mesin dan tribolog* ( ari sudut pandang tribologi#al
pandang , si$at *ang paling penting dari lapisan keras *ang mi#rohardness , adhesi ,
oksidasi dan ketahanan korosi , konduktivitas termal dan koe)sien gesek dari bahan
alat vs bahan benda kerja ( ;emua si$at ini berhubungan erat dengan si$at bahan
baku ( 'adi karakterisasi lengkap pelapis keras diperlukan ( ;tudi tersebut men#akup
metode karakterisasi kompleks *ang tersedia dalam epartemen kami dan juga di
epartemen Keramik dan epartemen kimia )sika dan organik di 'oBe$ ;te$an
6nstitute !
C Penentuan si$at )sik dasar )lm dan #oating ! mikro , parameter kisi , mor$ologi
permukaan , mi#rohardness , adhesi , gesekan dan koe)sien menggaruk , listrik dan
si$at optik (
C ;tudi korosi dan perilaku passivisation pelapis dengan elektrokimia dan
permukaan teknik analisis LP; , ;4+ dan 84; (
C 6nvestigasi mekanisme oksidasi pelapis keras dengan mengukur ketahanan
oksidasi dan energi aktivasi oksidasi (
C Tes Kinerja dalam kondisi industri menunjukkan peningkatan kehidupan alat di
kamar dan pada suhu *ang tinggi " sampai G00 J C & , kualitas permukaan produk ,
dan optimalisasi tribo - sistem di berbagai industri manu$aktur (

Cross- se#tional transmisi elektron mikrogra$ dari berlapis-lapis Ni>Cr>Cr72@
;tandard Re$eren#e +aterial " ;R+ & disimpan ke dipoles %a$er silikon , *ang
dikembangkan atas permintaan Bodensee%erk Perkin EmbF " +uni#h &
6NT4R8K;6 antarmuka 8:8+ ;TRDKTDR F6:+ T6P6;
asar penelitian telah terkonsentrasi selama lebih dari 70 tahun pada
pengembangan dan karakterisasi )lm tipis tergagap dan interaksi mereka dengan
berbagai bahan substrat ( ;elain si$at-si$at umum dari )lm tipis , kami juga
mempelajari interaksi antarmuka selama anil berbagai bila*ers dan multila*ers ,
dengan menggunakan teknik eksperimental *ang berbeda " 84; , T4+ , T; & (
Karena kondisi disekuilibrium prosedur teknologi persiapan , )lm tipis dan struktur
multila*er mengandung konsentrasi tinggi #a#at struktural ( alam praktekn*a ,
mereka juga dioperasikan pada kepadatan tinggi saat ini " misaln*a sirkuit terpadu
skala *ang sangat besar & , beban radiasi " misaln*a #ermin laser dan sin#hrotron & ,
dan suhu *ang sangat tinggi dan beban mekanik " misaln*a pelapis keras & ( 'adi
sistem seperti men#oba untuk mendapatkan tahap kesetimbangan dengan
transportasi bahan dan reaksi kimia antara lapisan diskrit atau $ase ( ari sudut
pandang aplikasi , sangat penting untuk memprediksi stabilitas termal struktur
seperti itu (
Reaksi $ase padat )lm tipis dalam struktur multila*er selama anil termal umumn*a
merugikan , tetapi di sisi lain , reaksi tersebut bisa sangat sering berman$aat,
sementara ini #ara termudah pen*usunan beberapa sen*a%a , seperti silisida logam
transisi dan berbagai tahapan intermetalik ( Karena ban*ak inter$a#e , reaksi antar
muka dalam struktur multila*er lebih #epat daripada di bila*er dan $ase baru dapat
disiapkan pada suhu anil *ang lebih rendah ( engan mengontrol parameter
eksperimental , ilmu%an material dapat mempersiapkan $ase khusus dengan si$at
*ang diinginkan ( alam kerjasama dengan kelompok penelitian dari 6nstitut Teknik
Permukaan dan 2ptoelektronik " :jubljana & dan +a9 -Plan#k 6nstitut $Mr
+etall$ors#hung " ;tuttgart , 'erman & kami telah men*elidiki reaksi antarmuka di
berbagai +e > ;i dan +e > +e bi - dan multila*er struktur ! Ni > ;i , 8l > ;i , Cr > ;i , Co
> ;i , N > ;i , +o > ;i , Nb > ;i , Ni > Cr , Ni > Cr > > Cr72@ , Ni2>Cr72@ , Fe > 8l , Ni > 8l (
+enggunakan teknik eksperimental *ang berbeda kita diselidiki ! " a& urutan $ase
pembentukan , " b & kinetika pembentukan $asa dan " # & elemen migrasi utama dari
reaksi (
8dhesi tester "8utomati# penggaruk tester , C;+; Revetest , Neu#hOtel ,
;#h%itBerland &
B8F8N R4F4R4N;6 ;T8N8R
;elama -3 tahun terakhir , kami juga telah men*elidiki berbagai struktur berlapis-
lapis " +:; & tepat sebagai bahan a#uan standar " ;R+ & untuk permukaan teknik
analisis ( Kita perlu standar tersebut untuk kalibrasi skala %aktu menggerutu teknik
pro)l kedalaman , serta untuk optimalisasi kondisi analisis ( +:; sesuai untuk
standar tersebut harus sejauh mungkin memenuhi pers*aratan struktur sebagai
berikut ! a& )lm harus memiliki mikro amor$ atau sangat baik , b & densitas )lm
harus dekat dengan bulk densit* , # & kotoran konten di antarmuka dan dalam )lm
harus serendah mungkin dan e & antarmuka harus sehalus mungkin (
8tas permintaan N6;T " NB; & , Nashington , pada -.GI--.G/ kami
mengembangkan , diproduksi dan ditandai standar bahan re$erensi ;R+ 7-@3 dan
;R+ 7-@/ untuk analisis permukaan dalam bentuk Ni - Cr dan Cr>Cr72@ multila*er
pada ;i " -00 & %a$er ( ;ebuah ;R+ serupa dalam bentuk struktur multila*er
Cr>Ni>Cr72@>Cr>Ni juga dibuat atas permintaan Bodensee%erk Perkin -4lmer EmbF
" +uni#h & ( alam kerjasama dengan kelompok penelitian dari 6nstitut Teknik
Permukaan dan 2ptoelektronik " :jubljana & dan +a9 -Plan#k 6nstitut $Mr
+etall$ors#hung " ;tuttgart , 'erman & kami juga meneliti pengaruh di$usi , segregasi
, reaksi pada antarmuka dan menggerutu parameter pada resolusi kedalaman 84; ,
LP; dan massa ion sekunder " ;6+; & teknik pro)l kedalaman ( Tiga tahun *ang
lalu , sebuah perbandingan antar laboratorium " eksperimen robin round & dari hasil
pro)ling mendalam untuk Ni > Cr multila*er menggunakan 84; , LP; dan ;6+;
diselenggarakan antara empat laboratorium (
ua standar adalah satu-satun*a multila*ers tersedia di dunia *ang masih
digunakan untuk kalibrasi analisis pro)l kedalaman di 84; , ;6+; dan karakterisasi
permukaan LP; ( Kami juga mengembangkan dan #iri ;R+ baru untuk pelapis
keras , menggunakan teknik pro)l kedalaman 84; , Ruther$ord spektrometri
hamburan balik " RB; & dan #ross se#tional mikroskop elektron transmisi (

P4NEE8NT68N Pelapisan galvanis dengan Pelapisan P1
Kami baru-baru ini memperkenalkan penelitian pertama di ;lovenia pada aplikasi
industri *ang sangat penting dari )lm tipis dan #oating , juga dikenal sebagai 5
pengganti pelapis galvanik dengan plasma " P1 & logam dan keramik #oating 5 (
Pelapisan dan ele#troless biasan*a digunakan untuk melindungi permukaan dari
korosi dan keausan , serta untuk tujuan dekorati$ ( Namun, kedua teknik tradisional
juga merupakan sumber utama pen#emaran lingkungan ( 'adi pengembangan
teknologi bersih alternati$ dalam semua bidang industri manu$aktur adalah tugas
berharga hari ini di negara-negara industri berkembang dengan baik di dunia(
Karena masalah ekologi utama , situasi telah berubah se#ara dramatis dalam
beberapa tahun terakhir ( Tidak ada keraguan bah%a dalam @ sampai 3 , atau
setidakn*a -0 tahun ke depan , ban*ak proses pelapisan galvanis tidak akan
diiBinkan di sebagian besar industri manu$aktur ( alam lima tahun terakhir , P1
logam dan keramik lapisan pelindung keras telah digunakan untuk penggantian
lapisan galvanik dalam beberapa aplikasi tertentu ( +engganti teknologi tradisional
seperti membutuhkan jauh lebih dari sekedar menunjukkan bah%a alternati$
modern dapat melakukan serta atau bahkan lebih baik ( Fari ini, tampak pada
pandangan pertama mungkin untuk membandingkan harga pelapis galvanik
terhadap #oating P1 ( ;atu-satun*a alasan saat ini volume produksi rendah( Tetapi
jika bia*a produksi dihitung berdasarkan volume produksi *ang sama , dan semua
bia*a *ang relevan dengan benar diperhitungkan untuk seluruh proses produksi
" termasuk akhir & , metode P1 modern sering kompetiti$ dengan metode
ele#troplating *ang lebih tua , atau bahkan lebih murah , terutama jika salah satu
memperhitungkan produksi massal *ang besar dan peningkatan kinerja pelapis
alternati$ ( Namun, ekologi sudah hari mendikte harga berbagai proses manu$aktur (
i beberapa negara , tata lingkungan regional telah menjadi begitu ketat bah%a
industri akan dipaksa untuk mengganti tanpa listrik dan 4lektrodeposisi pelapis ,
seperti Ni , ?n , Cd , Cr , 8u dan ban*ak logam dan paduan ( Namun, masih ban*ak
masalah dengan teknologi P1 *ang desainer #oater dan produsen harus
men*elesaikan dalam %aktu dekat ( Beberapa di antaran*a adalah !
C jumlah suku #adang dan komponen *ang akan dilapisi besar ! dari beberapa
-00(000 hingga beberapa juta , terbuat dari bahan *ang sama dan memiliki ukuran
*ang sama ,
C ukuran " dan bukan geometri sederhana & dari bagian-bagian dan komponen
bervariasi dari beberapa mm sampai beberapa ratus #m ,
C #oating P1 memerlukan permukaan bersih daripada proses galvanik
"pembersihan plasma diperlukan & ,
C lapisan P1 *ang akan digunakan untuk penggantian pelapis galvanik *ang #ukup
rumit dan tidak mudah dimasukkan ke dalam ban*ak lingkungan produksi ( +ereka
tersedia di pusat-pusat lapisan baru dan harga akan tergantung pada pengaturan
masa depan *ang diran#ang khusus Peksibel , tinggi -output atau on-line sistem (
epartemen Film Tipis dan Permukaan , bersama-sama dengan 6skra 8vtoelektrika ,
produsen ;lovenia terbesar starter dan alternator , sebagai mitra dari industri , dan
BallBers 8E , :ie#htenstein , telah men*elesaikan tahap pertama dari teknologi
bersih baru menggantikan nikel dan krom keras dengan lapisan P1 , tergagap nikel
dan CRN #oating , masing-masing( Kedua tes dalam kondisi produksi *ang positi$ (
Kami sekarang beren#ana untuk membangun Pusat teknologi P1 alternati$ ,
menggunakan peralatan output tinggi sputtering (

Baru-baru ini , tahap pertama dari pro*ek 5 Penggantian nikel galvanik dan hard
#hrome dengan #oating P1 5 telah selesai bekerjasama dengan 6skra 8vtoelektrika
dan BalBers , :ie#htenstein ( Foto menunjukkan tubuh pendinginan dioda , bagian
dari alternator otomoti$ dilapisi dengan nikel P1 untuk menjamin solder *ang baik (
P4N4:6T68N 8PP:64
Penelitian terapan merupakan kegiatan *ang sangat penting dari 6'; epartemen
Film Tipis dan Permukaan ( epartemen kami meliputi juga Fard Coatings Pusat
" omBale & , didirikan pada tahun -.G3 bekerjasama dengan +4NC6D+ , :jubljana
dan BalBers 8E Near Prote#tion , dari :ie#htenstein , untuk mengembangkan
pelapis metalurgi baru untuk aplikasi industri dan untuk mela*ani kebutuhan
industri ( alam sepuluh tahun terakhir , lebih dari I(000(000 buah alat dan bagian-
bagian mesin untuk mesin , listrik , ka*u dan industri lainn*a telah dilindungi
dengan TiN dan CRN keras , pelapis tahan korosi dan oksidasi (
Peralatan dan bagian-bagian mesin telah dilapisi untuk lebih dari @00 produsen di
;lovenia , maupun di luar negeri ( 8nalisis sistematis tes kinerja dalam industri telah
dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat *ang dilindungi dengan kami TiN " '2;TiN &
R4E & teknologi dan #oating CRN dalam mesin ;lovenia , listrik dan industri ka*u (
8hli produksi telah meningkatkan produktivitas pelapis dan kualitas produk akhir (
Teknologi-teknologi baru ini juga telah diba%a ke bisnis ;lovenia lebih baik dan
keuntungan *ang diperlukan dari lembaga-lembaga internasional memberikan
serti)kat 6;2 .00- untuk produsen industri kami (

2rganisasi program pendidikan untuk tenaga teknis dari industri juga merupakan
kegiatan *ang sangat penting dari epartemen kami ( :ebih dari -30 peserta dari
industri dan lembaga menghadiri seminar khusus , *ang diselenggarakan setiap I
tahun

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