Chapter 1: Rate of Reactions

List of PEKA experiments:

1. Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction
2. Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction
3. Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
4. Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
5. Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction
6. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction

Number Laboratory Work 1.2
Pg. 3
Title Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of
reaction
Aim To determine the average rate of reaction and the
instantaneous rate of reaction
Apparatus 50 cm
3
beaker
Test tube
Spatula
Material Marble chip
2.0 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
0.1 mol dm
-3
sodium thiosulphate,
Na
2
S
2
O
3
solution
1.0 mol dm
-3
lead(II) nitrate solution
.
Number Experiment 1.1
Pg. 6
Title Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction
Aim To investigate the effect of total surface area of the
reactant on the rate of reaction
Problem
Statement
How does the total exposed surface area of a solid
reactant affect the rate of reaction?
Hypothesis When the total surface area of marble chips
increases, the rate of reaction increases. / The
smaller the size of the reactant particles, that is, the
larger the total surface area of the reactant
particles, the higher the rate of reaction.
Apparatus 50 cm
3
measuring cylinder
150 cm
3
conical flask
Stopper with delivery tube
Basin
Burette
Spatula
Electronic balance
Stopwatch
Material 0.5 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
2 g large marble chips
2 g small marble chips
Water
Variables Manipulated variable: Total surface area of
marble chips
Responding variable: Rate of reaction
Controlled / Fixed variable: Mass of marble
chips, volume and concentration of
hydrochloric acid (HCl), temperature
Operational
Definition
1. Smaller marble chips have a larger total
surface area than larger marble chips of the
same mass.
2. For the graph of the volume of gas released
against time, the curve with higher initial
gradient indicates a higher initial rate of
reaction.
.
Number Experiment 1.2
Pg. 10
Title Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
Aim To investigate the effect of concentration on the
rate of reaction
Problem
Statement
How does the concentration of a reactant affect the
rate of reaction? / Does high concentration of
sodium thiosulphate Na
2
S
2
O
3
solution decrease the
time taken for the mark X to disappear from
sight?
Hypothesis When the concentration of sodium thiosulphate,
Na
2
S
2
O
3
solution increases, the rate of reaction
increases. / The higher the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate Na
2
S
2
O
3
solution, the shorter the time
taken for the mark X to disappear from sight.
Apparatus 150 cm
3
conical flask
50 cm
3
measuring cylinder
10 cm
3
measuring cylinder
Stopwatch
Material 0.2 mol dm
-3
sodium thiosulphate solution
1.0 mol dm
-3
sulphuric acid
Distilled water
White paper marked X at the centre
Variables Manipulated variable: Concentration of
sodium thiosulphate, Na
2
S
2
O
3
solution
Responding variable: Rate of reaction
Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration,
volume and initial temperature of sulphuric
acid, H
2
SO
4
. Total volume of reactants
Operational
Definition
Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the
time taken for the the mark X to disappear from
sight
.
Number Experiment 1.3
Pg. 13
Title Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
Aim To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate
of reaction
Problem
Statement
How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?
Hypothesis An increase in temperature will increase the rate of
reaction.
Apparatus 150 cm
3
conical flask
50 cm
3
measuring cylinder
10 cm
3
measuring cylinder
Stopwatch
Thermometer
Bunsen burner
Tripod stand
Wire gauze
Material 0.2 mol dm
-3
sodium thiosulphate solution
1.0 mol dm
-3
sulphuric acid
White paper marked X at the centre
Variables Manipulated variable: Temperature of sodium
thiosulphate, Na
2
S
2
O
3
solution
Responding variable: The time taken for the
cross X to disappear
Controlled / Fixed variable: volume and
concentration of sodium thiosulphate
Na
2
S
2
O
3
solution, volume and concentration of
sulphuric acid, size of conical flask
Operational
Definition
Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the
time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight
.
Number Experiment 1.4
Pg. 15
Title Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction
Aim To investigate the effect of a catalyst on the rate of
reaction
Problem
Statement
How does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction? /
How do catalysts affect the rate of decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide?
Hypothesis The presence of a catalyst increases the rate of
reaction. / Manganese(IV) oxide increases the rate
of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Apparatus Test tube
Test tube rack
Spatula
Wooden splinter
Retort stand and clamp
10 cm
3
measuring cylinder
Electronic balance
Weighing bottle
Material 20-volume hydrogen peroxide, H
2
O
2
solution
1.0 g Manganese(IV) oxide powder
Variables Manipulated variable: Presence or absence of a
catalyst
Responding variable: The release of oxygen
gas / Rate of reaction
Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and
concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
)
solution, temperature
Operational
Definition
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is
fast if the glowing wooden splinter rekindles
brightly and rapidly.
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is
slow if the glowing wooden splinter glows
dimly and slowly.
.
Number Experiment 1.5
Pg. 17
Title Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of
reaction
Aim To investigate the effect of the amount of catalyst
on the rate of reaction.
Problem
Statement
How does the amount of a catalyst affect the rate of
reaction? / Does higher amount of catalysts
increases the rate of reaction?
Hypothesis When the amount of a catalyst used increases, the
rate of reaction increases. / The higher the amount
of the catalysts, the higher the rate of reaction.
Apparatus 50 cm
3
measuring cylinder
150 cm
3
conical flask
Stopper with delivery tube
Burette
Retort stand and clamp
Basin
Stopwatch
Electronic balance
Spatula
Weighing bottle
Beakers
Material 2-volume hydrogen peroxide solution
1.0 g manganese(IV) oxide powder
Variables Manipulated variable: amount / mass of
catalyst
Responding variable: Rate of reaction
Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature,
volume and concentration of hydrogen
peroxide solution
Operational
Definition
The curves for the graph of volume of gas liberated
against time a higher gradient indicated a higher
rate of reaction.