RFID Based

Vehicle Parking System

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
G. Shiva Vamsi, G. Satyendra, G. BalaKrishna
04/05/2014
Guide:
Mr. M.Sreenivasulu,
Assistant Professor,
Department of ECE,
sreenivasulu.mamilla@gvpce.ac.in
G.V.P. College of Engineering,
Visakhapatnam.
Center for Innovation, GV Colle!e of "n!ineerin!#$%
!"D # $ase% Vehicle Parking S&stem
G. Shiva Vamsi
ECE, gvpcoe
shivavamsi.gu%iva%a@gmail.com
G. Sat&en%ra
ECE, gvpcoe
ramk.sat&en%ra@gmail.com
G. $ala'rishna
ECE, gvpcoe
gou%u(alu))*@gmail.com
Abstract this overview gives a basic concept, defines the
terms used in RFID-Based Vehice !ar"ing #$stem and its
appications% It describes the wor"ing and gives an overview of
the circuit%
Keywords RFID; RF tags; RF reader; (Electronic Product
Code) EPC tags; limitations;
". "+,-D.C,"-+
,he main aim of this pro/ect is to provi%e secure%
an% human free parking s&stem. 0hen a vehicle e1uippe%
2ith !"D tag enters the area, the information carrie% on
!"D tags 2ill (e rea%. Comman% soft2are 2ill %etermine the
legitimac& of the tag an% give the relevant or%ers to the control
su(3s&stem. ,he amount 2ill (e %e%ucte% automaticall& an%
the remaining (alance 2ill (e %ispla&e% on the 4CD.
Moreover, the 4CD also %ispla&s the num(er of vehicles
present insi%e so that it (ecomes eas& to %etermine the
availa(le spaces for further parking.
,he parking fee management pla&s a vital role at places
2hich are heavil& cro2%e% such as malls5theatres. Apart from
parking fee management, securit& also pla&s a ma/or role. 0ith
the continuing %evelopment of a%io !re1uenc& "%entification
,echnolog&, !"D has (een use% more an% more 2i%el& in
areas 2hich re1uire automation an% securit&.
"". EASE -! .SE
a%io3fre1uenc& i%entification 6!"D7 is the 2ireless
non3contact use of ra%io3fre1uenc& electromagnetic fiel%s to
transfer %ata, for the purposes of automaticall& i%entif&ing an%
tracking tags attache% to o(/ects. ,he tags contain
electronicall& store% information. Some tags are po2ere% (&
an% rea% at short ranges 6a fe2 meters7 via magnetic fiel%s
6electromagnetic in%uction7. -thers use a local po2er source
such as a (atter&, or else have no (atter& (ut collect energ&
from the interrogating EM fiel%, an% then act as a passive
transpon%er to emit micro2aves or .8! ra%io 2aves
6i.e., electromagnetic ra%iation at high fre1uencies7. $atter&
po2ere% tags ma& operate at hun%re%s of meters. .nlike a (ar
co%e, the tag %oes not necessaril& nee% to (e 2ithin line of
sight of the rea%er, an% ma& (e em(e%%e% in the tracke%
o(/ect.
a%io fre1uenc& i%entification 6!"D7 is part of the famil&
of Automatic "%entification an% Data Capture 6A"DC7
technologies that inclu%es 9D an% *D (ar co%es. !"D uses an
electronic chip, usuall& applie% to a su(strate to form a la(el
that is affi:e% to a pro%uct, case, pallet or other package. ,he
information it contains ma& (e rea%, recor%e%, or re2ritten.
A. RFID System
$asicall&, an !"D s&stem consists of
9. antenna or coil,
*. a transceiver 62ith %eco%er7 an%
;. a transpon%er 6! tag7
"t is electronicall& programme% 2ith uni1ue
information. ,here are man& %ifferent t&pes of !"D s&stems
in the market. ,hese are categori<e% on the (asis of their
fre1uenc& ranges. Some of the most commonl& use% !"D
kits are=
9. 4o23fre1uenc& 6;> 3 ?>> k8<7
*. Mi%3fre1uenc& 6@>> k8<3 9?>> M8<7 an%
;. 8igh3fre1uenc& 6*.) 3 *.? G8<7.
i. RFID antenna.
!ig.9 internal %iagtram of t&pical !"D antenna
!ig. 9 sho2s the internal %iagram of a t&pical !"D
antenna. ,he antenna emits ra%io signals to activate the tag
an% rea%52rite %ata from5to it. "t is the con%uit (et2een the tag
an% the transceiver, 2hich controls the s&stemAs %ata
ac1uisition an% communication. Antennae are availa(le in a
variet& of shapes an% si<es. ,hese can (e (uilt into a %oor
frame to receive tag %ata from persons or things passing
through the %oor, or mounte% on an inter3state toll(ooth to
monitor the traffic passing (& on a free2a&. -ften the antenna
is package% 2ith a transceiver an% %eco%er to act as a rea%er
6interrogator7, 2hich can (e configure% either as a han%hel% or
a fi:e%3mount %evice. ,he rea%er emits ra%io 2aves in the
range of *.? cm to ;> metres or more, %epen%ing upon its
po2er output an% the ra%io fre1uenc& use%. 0hen an !"D tag
passes through the electromagnetic <one, it %etects the rea%erAs
activation signal. ,he rea%er %eco%es the %ata enco%e% in the
tagAs integrate% circuit 6silicon chip7 an% communicates to the
host computer for processing.
Center for "nnovation, GVP College of Engineering 6A7
ii. Tags (transponders).
!ig.* internal %iagtram of t&pical !"D tag
!ig. * sho2s the internal structure of a t&pical !"D
tag. An !"D tag is an o(/ect that can (e applie% to or
incorporate% into a pro%uct, animal, or person for the purpose
of i%entification an% tracking using ra%io 2aves. Some tags
can (e rea% from several meters a2a& an% (e&on% the line of
sight of the rea%er. "t comprises a microchip containing
i%entif&ing information a(out the item an% an antenna that
transmits this %ata 2irelessl& to the rea%er. At its most (asic,
the chip contains a seriali<e% i%entifier or license plate num(er
that uni1uel& i%entifies that item 6similar to (ar co%es7. A ke&
%ifference, ho2ever, is that !"D tags have a higher %ata
capacit& than their (ar co%e counterparts. ,his increases the
options for the t&pe of information that can (e enco%e% on the
tagB it ma& inclu%e the manufacturerAs name, (atch or lot
num(er, 2eight, o2nership, %estination an% histor& 6such as
the temperature range to 2hich an item has (een e:pose%7. "n
fact, an unlimite% list of other t&pes of information can (e
store% on !"D tags, %epen%ing on the applicationAs
re1uirements. !"D tag can (e place% on in%ivi%ual items,
cases or pallets for i%entification purposes, as 2ell as fi:e%
assets such as trailers, containers an% totes. ,here are %ifferent
t&pes of tags 2ith var&ing capa(ilities=
9. ea%3onl& tags contain such %ata as a serialise% tracking
num(er, 2hich is pre32ritten onto these (& the tag
manufacturer or %istri(utor. ,hese are generall& the least
e:pensive tags as no a%%itional information can (e
inclu%e% 2hen the& move through the suppl& chain. An&
up%ate to the information has to (e maintaine% in the
application soft2are that tracks the stock3keeping unitAs
movement an% activit&.
*. 0rite3once tags ena(le the user to 2rite %ata once in the
pro%uction or %istri(ution process. ,he %ata ma& inclu%e a
serial num(er or lot or (atch num(er.
;. !ull rea%30rite tags allo2 ne2 %ata to (e 2ritten to the
tagCeven over the original %ataC2hen nee%e%.
E:amples inclu%e the time an% %ate of o2nership transfer
or up%ating the repair histor& of a fi:e% asset. 0hile these
are the most costl& of the three tag t&pes an% impractical
for tracking ine:pensive items, future stan%ar%s for
electronic pro%uct co%es 6EPCs7 appear to (e hea%e% in
this %irection.
-ther features of the tag inclu%e=
Data capacity. ,he capacit& of %ata storage on a tag can
var& from 9D (its to several thousan% (its. -f course, the
greater the storage capacit&, the higher the price of the tag.
Form factor. ,he tag an% antenna structure can come in a
variet& of ph&sical form factors an% can either (e self3
containe% or em(e%%e% as part of a tra%itional la(el structure
6terme% as Esmart la(el,A it has the tag insi%e 2hat looks like a
regular (ar co%e la(el7.
Electronic product code (EPC) tags. EPC is an emerging
specification for !"D tags, rea%ers an% (usiness applications.
"t represents a specific approach to item i%entification,
inclu%ing an emerging stan%ar% for the tagsC2ith (oth the
%ata content of the tag an% open 2ireless communication
protocols.
Center for "nnovation, GVP College of Engineering 6A7
iii. RF transceier
! transceiver is the source of ! energ& use% to activate
an% po2er the passive !"D tags. "t ma& (e enclose% in the
same ca(inet as the rea%er or it ma& (e a separate piece of
e1uipment. 0hen provi%e% as a separate piece of e1uipment,
the transceiver is commonl& referre% to as an ! mo%ule. !
transceiver controls an% mo%ulates the ra%io fre1uencies that
the antenna transmits an% receives. ,he transceiver filters an%
amplifies the (ackscatter signal from a passive !"D tag.
!. Applications
!"D can (e use% in a variet& of applications such as=
Access management.
,racking of goo%s.
,racking of persons an% animals.
,oll collection an% contactless pa&ment.
Machine rea%a(le travel %ocuments.
Smart %ust 6for massivel& %istri(ute% sensor
net2orks7.
,racking sports memora(ilia to verif& authenticit&.
Airport (aggage tracking logistics.
""". 8-0 ,8"S VE8"C4E PA'"+G SFS,EM 0-'S
!ig.; (lock %iagram of !"D3(ase% vehicle parking s&stem
!ig. ; sho2s the (lock %iagram of the !"D3(ase%
vehicle parking s&stem. ,o get starte% 2ith !"D3(ase%
automatic vehicle parking s&stem, the vehicle o2ner has to
first register the vehicle 2ith the parking o2ner an% get the
!"D tag. 0hen the car has to (e parke%, the !"D tag is
place% near the !"D rea%er, 2hich is installe% near the entr&
gate of the parking lot. As soon as the !"D tag is rea% (& the
rea%er, the s&stem automaticall& %e%ucts the specifie% amount
from the !"D tag an% the entr& gate (oomer opens to allo2
the car insi%e the parking area. At the same time, the parking
counter increments (& one. Similarl&, the %oor is opene% at the
e:it gate an% the parking counter %ecremente%. ,he s&stem
also offers the facilit& to recharge the amount for each !"D
tag. +o manual processing is involve%. "n a%%ition, the s&stem
provi%es securit&.
"V. C"C.", D"SC"P,"-+
!ig. ) sho2s the circuit of the !"D3$ase% Vehicle
Parking S&stem. ,he circuit can (e %ivi%e% into %ifferent
sections=
Power suly! Connector C-+9, %io%es D9 through
D), capacitor C9, an% voltage regulator "Cs GH>? 6"C97 an%
GH9* 6"C*7 form the po2er suppl& section of the automatic
vehicle parking s&stem. C-+9 is a three3pin connector that
provi%es 9?V AC or DC po2er suppl& to the circuit. "n case of
9?V AC, %io%es D9 through D) form a (ri%ge rectifier to
rectif& the AC suppl&. Capacitor C9 filters out the ripples from
the rectifie% output. "Cs GH>? an% GH9* provi%e regulate% I?V
an% I9*V, respectivel&, to the circuit. I?V is use% to operate
the microcontroller, 4CD, !"D an% " sensor circuit an%
I9*V operates the motor.
A"#$%&' microcontroller! A,H@S?* is a lo23po2er,
high3performance CM-S H3(it microcontroller 2ith Hk$
!lash memor&. "t is compati(le 2ith the in%ustr&3stan%ar%
H>C?9 instruction set an% pin3out. ,he on3chip !lash allo2s
the program memor& to (e reprogramme% in3s&stem or (& a
conventional non3volatile memor& programmer. -ther features
inclu%e *?D (&tes of AM, ;* input5output lines, 2atch%og
timer, t2o %ata pointers, three 9D3(it timers5 counters, a si:3
vector t2o3level interrupt architecture, a full3%uple: serial
port, on3chip oscillator an% clock circuitr&.
Connectors C()' t*roug* C()+!C-+* an% C-+;
are t2o3pin connectors that connect the 9*V DC motors to the
circuit for controlling the entr& an% e:it gate (oomers. C-+)
is a tenpin %ual3in3line female connector that connects the
!"D rea%er mo%ule to the circuit.
,'$-D motor dri.er! 83(ri%ge DC motor %river
4*@;D 6"C?7 operates the DC motors to open the %oor or
(arrier for entr& into an% e:it from the parking lot. ,2o high3
current motor %rivers can (e use% in place of 4*@;D an% 9*V
DC motors to control the entr& an% e:it gates, respectivel&.
,/-&# o0am! Dual3operational amplifier 4M;?H
6"C)7 is use% as a voltage Comparator to compare the output
of the " sensors 2ith a fi:e% threshol% voltage in or%er to
kno2 2hether the " (eam is interrupte% or not.
IR transmitter and recei.er! ,2o " transmitter3
receiver pairs are use%. ,he " 4EDs are connecte% in
for2ar%3(iase% con%ition to the I?V po2er suppl& through
**>3ohm resistors. ,hese emit " light, 2hich is interrupte%
2hen an o(/ect comes into its 2a& to the " receiver. ,he "
receiving photo%io%es are connecte% in reverse3(iase%
con%ition to I?V po2er suppl& through 93mega3ohm resistors.
0hen the " light falls on the photo%io%es, their resistance
changes an% so %oes their output. ,his output is compare%
2ith a fi:e% voltage to give a %igital output to the
microcontroller in or%er to /u%ge the entr& an% e:it of the
vehicles.
Center for "nnovation, GVP College of Engineering 6A7
!ig.) circuit of !"D3(ase% Vehicle Parking S&stem
,CD dislay! 4CD9 is a t2o3line, 9D3character,
alpha3numeric li1ui% cr&stal %ispla&. Data lines D> through DG
of the 4CD are connecte% to port * of A,H@S?* 6"C;7. eset
6S7 an% ena(le 6E7 control lines are connecte% to port pins
P;.D an% P;.G, respectivel&. Control lines control %ata flo2
from the microcontroller to 4CD9. 0hen po2er is s2itche%
on, 4ED9 glo2s to in%icate the presence of po2er in the
circuit an% 4ED* glo2s to in%icate the presence of !"D
rea%er. Simultaneousl&, the EAutomatic !"D Car ParkingA
message is %ispla&e% on 4CD9 along 2ith a short (eep from
pie<o (u<<er PJ9. ,ransistor $C?)G %rives the (u<<er.
0hen a car crosses the " 4ED93 D9 pair installe% at
the entr& gate, the gate (oomer %oes not open until an !"D
tag is place% near the !"D rea%er. After the tag is place% near
the rea%er, the gate (oomer opens for three secon%s an% closes
automaticall&. "f the initial recharge amount 2as s. @>>, the
4CD %ispla& sho2s EVehicle9 AmountA in the first line an%
EDe%ucte% 9>>A in the secon% line, follo2e% (& E$alance
AmountA in the first line an% EH>>A in the secon% line. "t is then
follo2e% (& %ispla& of E+um(er of CarsA in the first line an%
E>>9A in the secon% line. "f the parking lot is full, the message
KParking is !ull, Sorr& for "nconvenienceL is %ispla&e% on
4CD9. 0hen a car leaves the parking area an% crosses the "
(eam (et2een " 4ED* an% D* at the e:it gate, the vehicle
count %ecreases (& one. ,he 4CD sho2s the num(er of cars in
the parking lot along 2ith K,hanks for VisitingL message.
V. 4"M",A,"-+S
,hough !"D technolog& has alrea%& (een applie%
effectivel&, it has certain technological (arriers that still nee%
to (e overcome to optimi<e its application. ,hese lacunas are
high investment, lack of securit& an% privac&, an% some
relate% to the technolog& of !"D.
&% 'ost
Active !"D tags contain a chip an% a po2er source
2hile passive tags get their po2er from the scanner ra%io
2aves an% are less costl&. $oth are more e:pensive than (ar
co%es. ,he cost is /ustifie% if sensors have to rea% hi%%en or
o(scure% tags, (ut for tags that are in line3of3sight for rea%ers,
(ar co%es an% image "D are much less e:pensive alternatives.
"mage "D scanners, 2hich rea% a colore% %ot or other image,
can scan a 2hole pallet in secon%s as long as the images are
visi(le from the outsi%e.
(% #ecurit$
0hile an !"D tag can encr&pt its %ata that a%%s to the
alrea%& high cost. 0ithout encr&ption, a compan&Ms
competitors or other unfrien%l& organi<ations can rea% the tags
2hen the material is in transit an% o(tain sensitive or
confi%ential information. "mage "D s&stems re1uire line3of3
sight scanning like (ar co%es (ut use non3%irectional images.
Each image enco%es a uni1ue "D that the s&stem uses to call
up in%ivi%ual pro%uct %ata from a %ata(ase. 0ithout access to
the %ata(ase, the "D has no sensitive information an% the %ata
remains secure.
)% !rivac$
0hen manufacturers insert !"D tags in pro%ucts, the
tag is often integrate% permanentl&. After a sale, the tag
continues to carr& its "D. Consumers 2ho purchase such a
pro%uct run the risk of (eing tracke%. Stores or other
organi<ations coul% theoreticall& place !"D rea%ers at their
entrances an% i%entif& visitors an% some of their past
purchases. $ar3co%e rea%ers %o not have the range to scan at a
%istance an% are more privac&3frien%l& in that respect.
*% Reiabiit$
!"D tags have pro(lems common to all ra%io3
fre1uenc& transmissions an% the tags themselves ma& cause
errors. Metal reflects an% (locks ra%io 2aves, an% some
fre1uencies suffer from interference. More than one tag ma&
repl& at one time, causing reception errors. "f all tag messages
%onMt get through, the totals for pallets or inventories contain
mistakes. "mage "D s&stems %onMt suffer from the same
pro(lems. As long as the scanner can see the images, it can
rea% them.
+% ,echnoog$
As the !"D is (ase% on the concept of a%io
!re1uenc&, it can (e interfere% 2ith other ra%io
transmissions, metals, li1ui%s, etc. ,he %egree of
interference %epen%s upon the fre1uenc& of the tag an% the
usage environment.
-% .ac" of standardisation
!"D is at the infanc& stage an% there are man& hur%les
ahea% of it. ,here are man& versions of !"D that operate at
%ifferent fre1uencies an% nee% %ifferent soft2are an% rea%ers.
So the nee% is to (e agree% upon one or group of fre1uencies
to have interopera(ilit& (et2een the manufacturers, retailers
an% %istri(utors.
C-+C4.S"-+
,he propose% !"D3$ase% Vehicle Parking S&stem
can i%entif& the vehicle 2ith no tag an% invali% tag an% restrict
the entr& of that vehicle. "t also ena(les the user to access the
availa(ilit& of parking space an% 2ill give 2ait signal until the
space is not availa(le for parking.
,he process of accessing the vehicle "D 2ill take
time in microsecon%s. 8ence this is a less time consuming
techni1ue. ,he propose% s&stem results a relia(le parking
solution in (ig cities 2here less space availa(le for parking.
,his s&stem can replace the conventional parking along the
si%es of streets 2ith a multi3stor& parking solution. 8ence the
pro(lems like traffic /am, less securit& etc. %uring parking can
(e minimi<e%.
!uture research 2ork 2oul% (e the e:tension of this
s&stem (& calculating the %uration of sta& of a vehicle in a
parking lot as 2ell as %e%uction of the parking charges on the
(asis of time spent. ,he tag 2ill (e recharge% 2ith a certain
amount an% this amount 2ill (e %e%ucte% at each visit. !or
reali<ation of this a time recor%ing techni1ue is to (e use%. $&
using this kin% of s&stem the manual 2ork 2ill (e minimi<e at
a great e:tent.
Center for "nnovation, GVP College of Engineering 6A7
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