Simulation Analysis of 100kw Integrated Segmented Energy Storage For Grid Connected PV System

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- September (2012), IAEME

164

SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF 100KW INTEGRATED SEGMENTED
ENERGY STORAGE FOR GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM

M.Sujith
(1)
, R.Mohan
(2)
, P.Sundravadivel
(3)

(1)
Assistant professor, Vidyaa Vikas College of Engineering and
Technology,Tiruchengode-637214 Email ID: msujitheee@yahoo.co.in
(2)
Assistant professor, Vidyaa Vikas College of Engineering and
Technology,Tiruchengode-637214 Email ID: mohanraju@yahoo.co.in
(3)
Assistant professor, K.S.R. College of Engineering,Tiruchengode-637214
Email ID: sundarkmp@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The present a single-phase photovoltaic (PV) system integrating segmented
energy storage (SES) using cascaded multilevel inverter. The system is designed to
coordinate power allocation among PV, SES, and utility grid, mitigate the overvoltage at
the Point of common point (PCC), and achieve wide range reactive power compensation.
The power allocation principle between PV and SES is described by a vector diagram.
An appropriate reactive power allocation coefficient (RPAC) is designed to avoid duty
cycle saturation and over modulation so that wide range reactive power compensation
and good power quality can be achieved simultaneously. The self-regulating power
allocation control system integrating the preferred RPAC and an advanced active power
control algorithm are developed to achieve the aforesaid objective. Simulation results are
provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed cascaded PV system
integrating SES.

Key Words : Photovolatic, Segmented Energy Storage, Reactive power Allocation
Coefficient, Point of common Point

I INTRODUCTION

Energy Storage (ES) elements such as batteries ES have been applied to grid-
connected residential PV systems for peak power shavings and backup power. Recently,
it is being looked at as a possible solution for improvement of the power quality of the
grid. Research in proves that integration of small energy storage can effectively reduce
the overvoltage caused by reverse power flow. Moreover, battery-integrated PV systems
can improve grid quality by introducing reactive power compensation and harmonics
cancellation.
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ISSN 0976 6545(Print)
ISSN 0976 6553(Online)
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International Journal of Electrical
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July

Traditionally, two kinds of system configurations have been used in battery
integrated PV systems: ac-link system and dc
separate dc/ac converters for the PV array and battery. The
dc/ac converter for the PV array and battery. Although each configuration has its own
advantages, they both require two conversion stages, i.e., dc/dc and dc/ac stage, between
the battery and the grid. However, it is reported t
conditioning system with ES is 8% lower than the traditional PV system without ES.
Another disadvantage is that high switching frequency must be implemented for all the
converters in order to achieve lower voltage total

II PV-GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM

The configuration of a single phase grid connected PV system is illustrated in
Fig.1. It consists of solar PV array, input capacitor, single phase inverter, and low pass
output filter and grid voltage source. The solar PV modules are connected in a
parallel configuration to match the required solar voltage and power rating. The direct
current (DC) link capacitor maintains the solar PV array voltage at a certain level for the
voltage source inverter. The single phase inverter with the output filter converts the DC
input voltage into AC sinusoidal voltage by means of appropriate switch signals and then
the filter output pass through an isolation step up transformer to setup the filter output
voltage to 220 VRMS required by the electric utility grid and load. The system also
consists of a battery bank for supplying the electrical loads of the clinic in case of electric
grid failure.
Photovoltaic power systems are generally classified according
and operational requirements, their component configurations, and how the equipment is
connected to other power sources and electrical loads. The two principal classifications
are grid-connected or utility-interactive systems and stand

Fig.1 Schematic Diagram of PV
(a) CIRCUIT OPERATION
The PV module is connected to the grid through an H
devices are integrated through cascaded H
in stand-alone and grid-connected mode through a static transfer switch (STS). Although
the cascaded multilevel inverter is usually adopted for high
6553(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- September (2012), IAEME
165
Traditionally, two kinds of system configurations have been used in battery
link system and dc-link system. The ac-link system has
separate dc/ac converters for the PV array and battery. The dc-link system has a common
the battery and the grid. However, it is reported that the efficiency of current power
converters in order to achieve lower voltage total harmonic distortion (THD).
GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM
. It consists of solar PV array, input capacitor, single phase inverter, and low pass
voltage source. The solar PV modules are connected in a
e inverter. The single phase inverter with the output filter converts the DC
Photovoltaic power systems are generally classified according to their functional
interactive systems and stand-alone systems.
Schematic Diagram of PV-Grid System

The PV module is connected to the grid through an H-bridge inverter. The ES
devices are integrated through cascaded H-bridge cells. The proposed system can operate
connected mode through a static transfer switch (STS). Although
cascaded multilevel inverter is usually adopted for high-power and high
Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976
September (2012), IAEME
Traditionally, two kinds of system configurations have been used in battery-
link system has
link system has a common
hat the efficiency of current power

. It consists of solar PV array, input capacitor, single phase inverter, and low pass
voltage source. The solar PV modules are connected in a series-
e inverter. The single phase inverter with the output filter converts the DC
to their functional
bridge inverter. The ES
bridge cells. The proposed system can operate
connected mode through a static transfer switch (STS). Although
power and high-voltage

166

applications, this research revealed the following advantages of applying this topology.
First, the cascaded multilevel converter with separate dc source is ideal for connecting
PV and SES. The SES can be controlled and maintained individually which improves the
system reliability. Second, this topology integrates ES charge/discharge control and dc/ac
power conversion. Therefore, there is only one conversion stage from ES to grid, which
leads to higher efficiency, lower cost, and lighter weight. Third, the wide range reactive
power compensation and proper active power allocation can be achieved simultaneously
to improve power quality.
In the proposed topology, the power allocation strategy between PV and SES
plays the key role since the power allocation and output voltage generation are coupled
with each other. An RPAC is then selected by plot analysis under different conditions.
The self-regulating power allocation control system is developed to achieve active power
control between PV and SES, and wide range reactive power compensation.
(b) Battery Active Power Control Algorithm
The battery active power control algorithm includes battery active power
reference generation and active power control. Depending on the system operation
conditions, the active power dispatch among PV, load, grid, and batteries may come into
five operation states as follows.
Operation state 1:if P_main<P_load and SOC >0.2,no power will be delivered to
grid. Batteries will provide power to meet the load requirement. Each battery is
controlled to provide half of (P_loadP_main) power.
Operation state 2: if P_main<P_load and SOC <0.2,grid will provide power with
(P_loadP_main) to load. In this case, batteries are not allowed to release energy.
Operation state 3: if P_main>P_load and Vpcc is not over the upper limit Vpcc limit,
the excess active power from PV will be delivered to grid, that is (P_grid =
P_mainP_load). In this case, there is no batteries energy exchange. So, P_auxi1_ref
andP_auxi2_ref are zero.
Operation state 4: if P_main>P_load, Vpcc>Vpcc limit and SOC <0.9, the excess
active power from PV will be delivered to grid and batteries. P_grid is limited to the
upper power limit P_grid_limit. Each battery is controlled to absorb half of
[P_grid_limit (P_mainP_load)] power.
Operation state 5: if P_main>P_load, Vpcc>Vpcc limit, but SOC >0.9, the MPPT
for PV module cannot be achieved. P_main is limited to the upper power limit
P_main_limit. P_grid is limited to the upper power limitP_grid_limit. Batteries are not
allowed to absorb power.

(c) Power Allocation Analysis
The flexible active and reactive power allocation among PV, SES (ES1 and ES2),
and utility grid. In this paper, a battery is used as SES. Due to the PV power variation
under different operation conditions, SES will be charged or discharged to meet the
load/grid requirement so as to improve power quality and maintain system stability. In
addition, the low-order harmonic voltages being included in the quasi-square-wave of the
main inverter output voltage can be cancelled by the equivalent negative harmonic
voltage generated from auxiliary inverters. The proposed PV system with SES is able to
operate in both stand-alone mode and grid-connected mode through an STS.


III SIMULATION ANALYSIS
It is a detailed model of a 100
converter and a three-phase three
Tracking (MPPT) is implemented in the boost converter by means of a Simulink model using the
Incremental Conductance + Integral Regulator technique.
The detailed model contains:
PV array delivering a maximum of 100 kW at 1000 W/m2 sun irradiance.
5-kHz boost converter (orange blocks) increasing voltage from PV natural voltage (272 V
DC at maximum power) to 500 V DC. Switching duty cycle is optimized by the MPPT
controller that uses the Incremental Conductance + Integral Regulator technique.
1980-Hz (33*60) 3-level 3
260 V AC and keeps unity power factor.
10-kvar capacitor bank filtering harmonics produced by VSC
100-kVA 260V/25kV three
Utility grid model (25-kV distribution feeder + 120 kV equivalent transmission systems).
In the average model the boost and VSC converters are represented by equivalent voltage
sources generating the AC voltage averaged over one cycle of the switching frequency. Such a
model does not represent harmonics, but the dynamics resulting from control
system interaction is preserved. This model allows using much larger time steps (50 microsecs),
resulting in a much faster simulation.
Note that in the average model the two PV
loops are required to get an iterative and accurate solution of the PV models when large sample
times are used. These algebraic loops are easily solved by Simulink.
(a) PV Array
The 100-kW PV array of the detailed model uses 330 Sun Power modules (SPR
consists of 66 strings of 5 series-
kW). Open the PV-array block menu and look at model parameters. Manu
for one module are:
Number of series-connected cells : 96
Open-circuit voltage: Voc= 64.2 V
Short-circuit current: Isc = 5.96 A
Voltage and current at maximum power: Vmp =54.7 V, Imp= 5.58 A
The PV array block menu allows you t
module and for the whole array. The characteristics of the SunPower
reproduced below.

167
III SIMULATION ANALYSIS
It is a detailed model of a 100-kW array connected to a 25-kV grid via a DC
phase three-level Voltage Source Converter (VSC). Maximum Power Point
Incremental Conductance + Integral Regulator technique.
PV array delivering a maximum of 100 kW at 1000 W/m2 sun irradiance.
kHz boost converter (orange blocks) increasing voltage from PV natural voltage (272 V
that uses the Incremental Conductance + Integral Regulator technique.
level 3-phase VSC (blue blocks). The VSC converts the 500 V DC to
260 V AC and keeps unity power factor.
kvar capacitor bank filtering harmonics produced by VSC.
kVA 260V/25kV three-phase coupling transformer.
kV distribution feeder + 120 kV equivalent transmission systems).
model does not represent harmonics, but the dynamics resulting from control system and power
resulting in a much faster simulation.
Note that in the average model the two PV-array models contain an algebraic loop. Algebraic
required to get an iterative and accurate solution of the PV models when large sample
times are used. These algebraic loops are easily solved by Simulink.
kW PV array of the detailed model uses 330 Sun Power modules (SPR-305). The array
-connected modules connected in parallel (66*5*305.2 W= 100.7
array block menu and look at model parameters. Manufacturer specifications
connected cells : 96
circuit voltage: Voc= 64.2 V
circuit current: Isc = 5.96 A
Voltage and current at maximum power: Vmp =54.7 V, Imp= 5.58 A
The PV array block menu allows you to plot the I-V and P-V characteristics for one
module and for the whole array. The characteristics of the SunPower-SPR305 array are

kV grid via a DC-DC boost
level Voltage Source Converter (VSC). Maximum Power Point
kHz boost converter (orange blocks) increasing voltage from PV natural voltage (272 V
that uses the Incremental Conductance + Integral Regulator technique.
phase VSC (blue blocks). The VSC converts the 500 V DC to
kV distribution feeder + 120 kV equivalent transmission systems).
system and power
array models contain an algebraic loop. Algebraic
required to get an iterative and accurate solution of the PV models when large sample
305). The array
connected modules connected in parallel (66*5*305.2 W= 100.7
facturer specifications

SPR305 array are

Fig.2 I-
Red dots on blue curves indicate module manufacturer s
Imp) under standard test conditions (25 degrees Celsius, 1000 W/m2).

(b) Boost converter
In the detailed model, the boost converter (orange blocks) boosts DC voltage from
273.5 V to 500V. This converter uses a MPPT system which
duty cycle in order to generate the required voltage to extract maximum power.
Look under the mask of the Boost Converter Control block to see how the MPPT
algorithm is implemented. For details on various MPPT techniques, refer t
paper:
Moacyr A. G. de Brito, Leonardo P. Sampaio, Luigi G. Jr., Guilherme A. e Melo,
Carlos A. Canesin Comparative Analysis of MPPT Techniques for PV Applications,
2011 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP).

(c) VSC converter
The three-level VSC (blue blocks) regulates DC bus voltage at 500 V and keeps
unity power factor. The control system uses two control loops: an external control loop
which regulates DC link voltage to +/
Id and Iq grid currents (active and reactive current components).
Id current reference is the output of the DC voltage external controller. Iq current
reference is set to zero in order to maintain unity power factor. Vd and Vq voltage
outputs of the current controller are converted to three modulating signals Uref_abc used
by the PWM three-level pulse generator.
The control system uses a sample time of 100
controllers as well as for the PLL synchronization unit. In the deta
generators of Boost and VSC converters use a fast sample time of 1
appropriate resolution of PWM waveforms.

1. Run the photo.mdl for 3 seconds and observe the following sequence of events on
Scopes.
From t=0 sec to t= 0.05 sec, pulses to Boost and VSC converters are blocked. PV
voltage corresponds to open
trace on Scope Boost). The three
link capacitors are charged above 5
168
-V and P-V characteristics of PV array
Red dots on blue curves indicate module manufacturer specifications (Voc, Isc, Vmp,
Imp) under standard test conditions (25 degrees Celsius, 1000 W/m2).
273.5 V to 500V. This converter uses a MPPT system which automatically varies the
algorithm is implemented. For details on various MPPT techniques, refer to the following
2011 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP).
level VSC (blue blocks) regulates DC bus voltage at 500 V and keeps
which regulates DC link voltage to +/- 250 V and an internal control loop which reg
Id and Iq grid currents (active and reactive current components).
current controller are converted to three modulating signals Uref_abc used
level pulse generator.
The control system uses a sample time of 100 ms for voltage and current
controllers as well as for the PLL synchronization unit. In the detailed model, pulse
generators of Boost and VSC converters use a fast sample time of 1ms in order to get an
appropriate resolution of PWM waveforms.
t= 0.05 sec, pulses to Boost and VSC converters are blocked. PV
voltage corresponds to open-circuit voltage (Nser*Voc=5*64.2=321 V, see V
trace on Scope Boost). The three-level bridge operates as a diode rectifier and DC
link capacitors are charged above 500 V (see Vdc_meas trace on Scope VSC).
pecifications (Voc, Isc, Vmp,
automatically varies the
o the following
level VSC (blue blocks) regulates DC bus voltage at 500 V and keeps
250 V and an internal control loop which regulates
current controller are converted to three modulating signals Uref_abc used
s for voltage and current
iled model, pulse
s in order to get an
t= 0.05 sec, pulses to Boost and VSC converters are blocked. PV
circuit voltage (Nser*Voc=5*64.2=321 V, see V
level bridge operates as a diode rectifier and DC
00 V (see Vdc_meas trace on Scope VSC).

At t=0.05 sec, Boost and VSC converters are de
regulated at Vdc=500V. Duty cycle of boost converter is fixed (D= 0.5 as shown
on Scope Boost) and sun irradiance is set to 1000 W/m2. Steady
at t=0.25 sec. Resulting PV voltage is therefore V_PV = (1
0.5)*500=250 V (see V trace on Scope Boost). The PV array output power is 96
kW (see Pmean trace on Scope Boost) whereas maximum power with a 1000
W/m2 irradiance is 10
current at 25 kV bus are in phase (unity power factor).
At t=0.4 sec MPPT is enabled. The MPPT regulator starts regulating PV voltage
by varying duty cycle in order to extract maximum power. Maximum po
(100.7 kW) is obtained when duty cycle is D=0.453. At t=0.6 sec, PV mean
voltage =274 V as expected from PV module specifications (Nser*Vmp=5*54.7=
273.5 V).
From t=0.7 sec to t=1.2 sec, sun irradiance is ramped down from 1000 W/m2 to
250 W/m2. MPPT continues tracking maximum power. At t=1.2 sec when
irradiance has decreased to 250 W/m2, duty cycle is D=0.485. Corresponding PV
voltage and power are Vmean= 255 V and Pmean=22.6 kW. Note that the MMPT
continues tracking maximum power during this fast irrad
From t=1.5 sec to 3 sec various irradiance changes are applied in order to
illustrate the good performance of the MPPT controller.

Fig. 3 Simulation Diagram for 100KW Grid Connected PV Array

169
At t=0.05 sec, Boost and VSC converters are de-blocked. DC link voltage is
on Scope Boost) and sun irradiance is set to 1000 W/m2. Steady state is reached
at t=0.25 sec. Resulting PV voltage is therefore V_PV = (1-D)*Vdc= (1
W/m2 irradiance is 100.7 kW. Observe on Scope Grid that phase a voltage and
current at 25 kV bus are in phase (unity power factor).
by varying duty cycle in order to extract maximum power. Maximum po
ntinues tracking maximum power. At t=1.2 sec when
continues tracking maximum power during this fast irradiance change.
illustrate the good performance of the MPPT controller.
Simulation Diagram for 100KW Grid Connected PV Array
blocked. DC link voltage is
state is reached
D)*Vdc= (1-
0.7 kW. Observe on Scope Grid that phase a voltage and
by varying duty cycle in order to extract maximum power. Maximum power
ntinues tracking maximum power. At t=1.2 sec when
iance change.
Simulation Diagram for 100KW Grid Connected PV Array

170

Fig.4. Waveforms of Boost Converter

Fig.5. Waveform for Modulation Index and Inverter


171

Fig.6. Response of Voltage Source Converter

Fig.7. Synchronized Grid Power


172

Fig. 8. Grid Voltage and Current

IV CONCLUSION

This paper has addressed the development of the cascaded PV system integrating
SES. The proposed PV system can provide enhanced active power smoothing and
expanded reactive power compensation. A developed dual-stage DFT PLL method was
verified to be able to achieve the active and reactive power separation and improve the
dynamic performance of the PV system. A coordinated power allocation strategy based
on the proposed dual-stage DFT PLL can effectively allocate the active and reactive
power between PV and SES. An appropriate reactive power allocation coefficient k2 was
derived from RPAC analysis under different conditions to achieve wide range reactive
power compensation without degrading power quality. The particular battery active
power control algorithm was conducted to deduce the active power allocation coefficient
k1 and improve the system stability and reliability. Overvoltage of PCC caused by
reverse power flow is eliminated by appropriately dispatching PV power to SES. The
simulation results confirmed the validity of the proposed power allocation control.

V REFERENCES

1. Dr P.S. Bimbhra (2012) Power Electronics, Khanna publishers, Fourth edition,
pp.127-198.
2. Moacyr A. G. de Brito, Leonardo P. Sampaio, Luigi G. Jr., Guilherme A. e Melo,
Carlos A. Canesin Comparative Analysis of MPPT Techniques for PV
Applications, 2011 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP).
3. Gopal k. Dubey (2007) Fundamentals of Electric Drives, Narosa publishing
house, Second edition, pp.385-397.

173

4. Juan Manuel Carrasco, et. al, Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration
of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey, IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics,
Vol. 53, No. 4, 2006, pp. 1002- 1016.
5. Kjaer SB, Pedersen JK, Blaabjerg F., A review of singlephase grid-connected
inverters for photovoltaic modules. IEEE Trans Ind Appl Sep./Oct.
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6. M. Liserre, A. DellAquila, and F. Blaabjerg, Stability improvement of an LCL-
filter based three-phase active rectifier, in Proc. Power Electronics Specialist
Conference, vol.3, pp. 1195-1201, 2002.
7. S. R. Bull, Renewable energy today and tomorrow, Proc. IEEE, vol. 89, no. 8,
pp. 12161226, Aug. 2001.
8. Maish, Defining requirements for improved photovoltaic system reliability,
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