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D isinfection
Summary
Disinfection is an important step in ensuring that water is safe to drink. Water systems
add disinfectants to destroy microorganisms that can cause disease in humans. The
Surface Water Treatment Rule requires public water systems to disinfect water obtained
from surface water supplies or groundwater sources under the influence of surface water.
Primary methods of disinfection are chlorination, chloramines, ozone, and ultraviolet
light. Other disinfection methods include chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate,
and nanofiltration. Since certain forms of chlorine react with organic material naturally
present in many water sources to form harmful chemical by-products, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed maximum levels for these contaminants.
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OF FOUR
PAGE
EQUIPMENT
CHEMICALS
All chlorine added to drinking water must meet American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), and NSF International, formerly the National Sanitation
Foundation (NSF) standards. ANSI/NSF Standard 60: Drinking Water
ChemicalsHealth Effects covers water treatment chemicals.
CHEMICALS
PROCESS
PAGE
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ADVANTAGES
CHEMICALS
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
LIMITATIONS
Chlorination (Solid
calcium hypochlorite)
LIMITATIONS
ADVANTAGES
PROCESS
PROCESS
hypochlorite solution)
LIMITATIONS
ADVANTAGES
Chlorination (Sodium
Chlorination (Gas)
Comparing Disinfectants:
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
PROCESS
LIMITATIONS
PROCESS
EQUIPMENT
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OF FOUR
CHEMICALS
EQUIPMENT
PAGE
CHEMICALS
EQUIPMENT
PROCESS
LIMITATIONS
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Ozonation
Chloramine
Diagram B
OUTLET
GERMICIDAL LAMP
IN QUARTZ SLEEVE
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
SIGHT PORT
OW
FL
STAINLESS STEEL
CHAMBER
OW
WIPER ROD
WIPER KNOB
FL
ELECTRICAL ENCLOSURE
KE
WIPER LOCK
R
ST
DRAIN
Cylinder-Mounted Chlorinator
Diagram A
OUTLET
CONNECTION
VENT VALVE
YOKE
CLAMP
REGULATING
DIAPHRAGM
ASSEMBLY
CYLINDER
OF FOUR
VACUUM
LINE
RATE INDICATOR
INLET
FILTER
GAS
RATE VALVE
INLET
SAFETY
VALVE
CYLINDER
VALVE
VACUUM SEAL
O RING
LEAD
GASKET
TO VENT
EJECTOR AND
CHECK VALVE
ASSEMBLY
WATER
SUPPLY
CHLORINE
SOLUTION
LIQUID
PAGE
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Reprinted with permission from Capital Controls Company, Inc.