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SOL DYNAMCS
SOL DYNAMCS
Dynamics Soil
Dynamics Soil
Properties
Properties
Derin N. Ural
Derin N. Ural
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Dynamic Soil Properties
Dynamic Soil Properties
Measurement of properties through field tests: Measurement of properties through field tests:
1.
1.
Low Strain Tests
Low Strain Tests
These tests have shear strains < 0.001%
These tests have shear strains < 0.001%
Based on theory of linear materials
Based on theory of linear materials
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Dynamic Soil Properties
Dynamic Soil Properties
1. LOW STRAIN TESTS 1. LOW STRAIN TESTS
A) Seismic Reflection Test A) Seismic Reflection Test
B) B) Seismic Refraction Test Seismic Refraction Test
C) C) Suspension Logging Test Suspension Logging Test
D) D) Steady Steady- -State Vibration Test State Vibration Test
E) E) Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave Test (SASW) Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave Test (SASW)
F) F) Seismic Cross Seismic Cross- -Hole Test Hole Test
G) G) Seismic Down Seismic Down- -Hole Test Hole Test
H) H) Seismic Cone Test Seismic Cone Test
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A
A
)
)
Seismic
Seismic
Reflection
Reflection
Method:
Method:
source source
reciever reciever
2i 2i H H
x x
v v
p1 p1
v v
p2 p2
From source to reciever, From source to reciever,
t t
direct direct
= x/ v = x/ v
p1 p1
i = tan i = tan
- -1 1
( x/2H) ( x/2H)
Find t Find t
reflected reflected
& H & H
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
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Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
B
B
)
)
Seismic Refraction Method:
Seismic Refraction Method:
Seismic waves have different velocities in different types Seismic waves have different velocities in different types
of soil. Waves are generated either by explosives, or striking of soil. Waves are generated either by explosives, or striking
a metal plate with a hammer (geophone & seismograph ). a metal plate with a hammer (geophone & seismograph ).

Two types of stress waves:

Two types of stress waves:
P Waves P Waves : plane waves : plane waves
200 m/s in sands to 2500 m/s in clays 200 m/s in sands to 2500 m/s in clays
S Waves S Waves : shear waves : shear waves
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7
Seismic Refraction Method
Seismic Refraction Method
-
-
continued:
continued:
Principle Principle: :
A) Longitudinal waves travel in straight lines in a A) Longitudinal waves travel in straight lines in a
medium of constant density. medium of constant density.
B) Waves are reflected when they come in contact with B) Waves are reflected when they come in contact with
soil strata of different density. soil strata of different density.
C) Determine seismic velocities & compare with known C) Determine seismic velocities & compare with known
values. values.
Dynamic Soil Properties
Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS
LOW STRAIN TESTS
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Seismic Refraction Method
Seismic Refraction Method
-
-
continued:
continued:
P
P
-
-
wave velocity:
wave velocity:

p p
= E /(
= E /(

/g) *
/g) *

(1
(1
-
-

)/((1
)/((1
-
-
2
2

)(1+
)(1+

))
))
:
:
T
T
R R
<T
<T
S S
First arrival time to detectors are determined :
First arrival time to detectors are determined :
V
V
soil soil
= L
= L
0 0
/ T
/ T
0 0
V
V
rock rock
= (L
= (L
3 3
-
-
L
L
1 1
) / (T
) / (T
3 3
-
-
T
T
1 1
)
)
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
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C) Suspension Logging Test
C) Suspension Logging Test
Used commonly in petroleum exploration tests,
Used commonly in petroleum exploration tests,
An impulsive pressure wave is generated in a
An impulsive pressure wave is generated in a
borehole filled with water.
borehole filled with water.
It is effective at great depths (up to 2 km!)
It is effective at great depths (up to 2 km!)
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
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D) Steady State Vibration Test
D) Steady State Vibration Test
(Rayleigh Wave Test)
(Rayleigh Wave Test)
Rayleigh wave phase velocity = V
Rayleigh wave phase velocity = V
R R
V
V
R R
= 2
= 2

R R
= f
= f

R R
(Use fig. 5.10 to estimate V (Use fig. 5.10 to estimate V
R R
) )
For many soils, V For many soils, V
S S
= 1.09 V = 1.09 V
R R
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
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E) Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave Test (SASW)
E) Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave Test (SASW)

Shallow Seismic Exploration

Shallow Seismic Exploration

Quick, no borehole required

Quick, no borehole required

up to 100m depth
up to 100m depth

Impulse or random noise source

Impulse or random noise source

output recorded
output recorded
and transformed to frequency domain by FFT
and transformed to frequency domain by FFT

Rayleigh phase velocity vs. Wavelength is obtained

Rayleigh phase velocity vs. Wavelength is obtained
source source
reciever reciever reciever reciever
d d
1 1
d d
2 2
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
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F
F
)
)
Cross Hole
Cross Hole
Test
Test
:
:
Two holes are drilled a distance, L, apart. A vertical
Two holes are drilled a distance, L, apart. A vertical
impulse is created at the bottom of one of the
impulse is created at the bottom of one of the
boreholes by an impulse. The shear waves generated
boreholes by an impulse. The shear waves generated
are recorded by a transducer at the other borehole.
are recorded by a transducer at the other borehole.
Method
Method
Shear wave velocity:
Shear wave velocity:
Vs = L / t
Vs = L / t
Shear modulus
Shear modulus
: G=V
: G=V
s s
2 2

/ g
/ g
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
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F
F
)
)
Down
Down
/or Up
/or Up
Hole
Hole
Test
Test
:
:
One
One
holes
holes
is
is
drilled. A vertical impulse is created at
drilled. A vertical impulse is created at
the bottom
the bottom
/or top
/or top
of one of the boreholes by an
of one of the boreholes by an
impulse. The shear waves generated are recorded
impulse. The shear waves generated are recorded
by a transducer at the
by a transducer at the
top
top
/or bottom
/or bottom
of the
of the
borehole.
borehole.
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
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G
G
)
)
Seismic Cone
Seismic Cone
Test
Test
:
:

Down
Down
-
-
hole test
hole test
without
without
the
the
borehole.
borehole.

Cone penetrometer has an accelerometer just

Cone penetrometer has an accelerometer just
above the friction sleeve.
above the friction sleeve.
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
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2
2
)
)
High Strain Tests
High Strain Tests
:
:
Soil strength is determined.
Soil strength is determined.
A)
A)
Standard Penetration Test
Standard Penetration Test
B)
B)
Cone Penetration Test
Cone Penetration Test
C)
C)
Dilatometer Test
Dilatometer Test
D)
D)
Pressuremeter Test
Pressuremeter Test
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
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A) Standard Penetration Test
A) Standard Penetration Test
Used for sandy soils
Used for sandy soils
(N
(N
1 1
)
)
60 60
= N C
= N C
N N
(E
(E
m m
/ 0.6 E
/ 0.6 E
ff ff
)
)
Where :
Where :
N : in N : in- -situ SP Number situ SP Number
C C
N N
: overburden correction : overburden correction
Em : Hammer energy Em : Hammer energy
E E
ff ff
: theoretical free : theoretical free- -fall hammer energy fall hammer energy
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
HIGH STRAIN TESTS HIGH STRAIN TESTS
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B) B) CONE PENETRATION TEST CONE PENETRATION TEST
The end resistance of the cone at any depth
The end resistance of the cone at any depth
called the
called the

cone penetration resistance

cone penetration resistance
is (q
is (q
c c
)
)
measured. q
measured. q
c c
is the force required to advance the
is the force required to advance the
cone divided by the end area. Unlike the SPT, soil
cone divided by the end area. Unlike the SPT, soil
samples cannot be recovered during the CPT.
samples cannot be recovered during the CPT.
Applicable Not Applicable
Soft clays Very stiff clays
Fine to medium course
sands
Hard clays
gravels


Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
HIGH STRAIN TESTS HIGH STRAIN TESTS
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B) B) CONE PENETRATION TEST CONE PENETRATION TEST (contd) (contd)
Types of cones:
Types of cones:
Mechanical Cone (Dutch Cone Mechanical Cone (Dutch Cone - - reading every reading every
200 mm) 200 mm)
Electrical Cone (constant readings) Electrical Cone (constant readings)
Electrical Electrical Piezocone Piezocone
Friction Ratio :
Friction Ratio :
F
F
R R
=
=
q
q
S S
/q
/q
c c
*100 (%)
*100 (%)
F F
R R
< < 1% :sands, 1% :sands,
F F
R R
> > 5% :clays 5% :clays
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
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B) B) CONE PENETRATION TEST CONE PENETRATION TEST (contd) (contd)
q
q
C C
q
q
S S
F
F
R R
u
u
( (Mpa Mpa) (kPa) (%) ) (kPa) (%) (kPa) (kPa)
Data collected during electrical CPT Data collected during electrical CPT
Note:
Note:
q
q
C C
can be correlated to :
can be correlated to :

,D
,D
r r
,C
,C
U U
, N
, N
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
HIGH STRAIN TESTS HIGH STRAIN TESTS
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25
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C)
C)
THE
THE
DILATO
DILATO
METER TEST
METER TEST
At 10 to 20 cm, test is stopped and membrane is inflated by At 10 to 20 cm, test is stopped and membrane is inflated by
pressurized gas. Pressure where membrane moves 0.05 mm pressurized gas. Pressure where membrane moves 0.05 mm
(p (p
o o
) and center moves 1.1 mm (p ) and center moves 1.1 mm (p
1 1
) is recorded. ) is recorded.
Parameters obtained: Parameters obtained:
Material index : Material index : I I
D D
= = (p (p
1 1
p p
0 0
) ) / (p / (p
1 1
u u
0 0
) )
Horizontal Stress index : Horizontal Stress index : K K
D D
= = (p (p
0 0
u u
0 0
) / ) /
V0 V0
Dilatometer Index : Dilatometer Index : E E
D D
= 34.7 (p = 34.7 (p
1 1
p p
0 0
) )
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
HIGH STRAIN TESTS HIGH STRAIN TESTS
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D)
D)
THE PRESSUREMETER TEST
THE PRESSUREMETER TEST
The The Pressuremeter Pressuremeter test is an in test is an in- -situ test developed by situ test developed by
Menard in 1956. Applicable for : Menard in 1956. Applicable for : soft clay soft clay , , fine to fine to medium medium
sands sands. The device consists of three parts . The device consists of three parts (top, (top, cell and cell and
bottom) as shown below: bottom) as shown below:
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
HIGH STRAIN TESTS HIGH STRAIN TESTS
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D)
D)
THE PRESSUREMETER TEST
THE PRESSUREMETER TEST
Also, the relationship between E and G is given by Also, the relationship between E and G is given by
E=2(1+
E=2(1+

)G
)G

G=V
G=V
0 0

p/
p/

V
V
Pressuremeter Pressuremeter test results can also be used to test results can also be used to
determine the determine the at rest earth pressure coefficient at rest earth pressure coefficient : :
K
K
0 0
=p
=p
0 0
/
/

Note:In France, shallow and deep foundation design is all Note:In France, shallow and deep foundation design is all
based on based on pressuremeter pressuremeter tests. tests.
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
HIGH STRAIN TESTS HIGH STRAIN TESTS
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Other:
Other:
Geotomography:
Geotomography:

In
In
-
-
situ density
situ density

Low strain stiffness

Low strain stiffness
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
1.
1.
Low Strain Element Tests
Low Strain Element Tests
A)
A)
Resonant Column Test
Resonant Column Test
B)
B)
Ultrasonic Pulse Test
Ultrasonic Pulse Test
C)
C)
Piezoelectric Bender Element Test
Piezoelectric Bender Element Test
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
A)
A)
Resonant Column Test
Resonant Column Test
Torsional or axial loading
Torsional or axial loading
Frequency and amplitude are controlled
Frequency and amplitude are controlled
T = GJ d
T = GJ d

/dz, I/I
/dz, I/I
o o
=
=
n n
h/ h/v v
s s
tan ( w tan ( w
n n
h/ h/v v
s s
) )
h: specimen height h: specimen height
I: mass moment of inertia I: mass moment of inertia
J: Polar moment of inertia J: Polar moment of inertia
Example! Example!
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
B) Ultrasonic Pulse Test
B) Ultrasonic Pulse Test

Wave propogation velocities measured

Wave propogation velocities measured

Good for soft soils

Good for soft soils
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
C) Piezoelectric Bender Element Test
C) Piezoelectric Bender Element Test

Vs measured
Vs measured
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
LOW STRAIN TESTS LOW STRAIN TESTS
+voltage -voltage
Direction
of wave
t : between pulses
x: distance between
bender elements
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
2. High Strain Element Tests
2. High Strain Element Tests
A)
A)
Cyclic Triaxial Test
Cyclic Triaxial Test
B)
B)
Cyclic Direct Simple Shear Test
Cyclic Direct Simple Shear Test
C)
C)
Cyclic Torsional Shear Test
Cyclic Torsional Shear Test
D)
D)
Model Tests
Model Tests
i) Shaking Table Tests
i) Shaking Table Tests
ii) Centrifuge Tests
ii) Centrifuge Tests
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
A)
A)
Cyclic Triaxial Test
Cyclic Triaxial Test

Measures dynamic soil properties,

Measures dynamic soil properties,

Axial stress is cycled at 1 Hz

Axial stress is cycled at 1 Hz
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
High Strain Tests High Strain Tests
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
B) Cyclic Direct Simple Shear Test
B) Cyclic Direct Simple Shear Test

Better & more accurate representation of

Better & more accurate representation of
earthquake loading than cyclic triaxial
earthquake loading than cyclic triaxial
tests
tests
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
High Strain Tests High Strain Tests
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
C) Cyclic Torsional Shear Test
C) Cyclic Torsional Shear Test

Cylindrical soil specimens are loaded in

Cylindrical soil specimens are loaded in
torsion
torsion
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
High Strain Tests High Strain Tests
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
D)
D)
Model Tests
Model Tests
Prototype structures are cyclically loaded.
Prototype structures are cyclically loaded.
(i) Up to 1g acceleration: SHAKING TABLE
(i) Up to 1g acceleration: SHAKING TABLE
(ii) Increased Gravitational Fields: CENTRIFUGE
(ii) Increased Gravitational Fields: CENTRIFUGE
Challenges: Similitude & boundary effects
Challenges: Similitude & boundary effects
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
High Strain Tests High Strain Tests
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
D)
D)
Model Tests
Model Tests
(i)
(i)
SHAKING TABLE
SHAKING TABLE

MDOF
MDOF

Driven by servohydraulic actuators whose

Driven by servohydraulic actuators whose
dynamic loading capacities are controlled by
dynamic loading capacities are controlled by
hydraulic pumps
hydraulic pumps
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
High Strain Tests High Strain Tests
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LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TEST
TEST
S
S
D)
D)
Model Tests
Model Tests
(ii) CENTRIFUGE
(ii) CENTRIFUGE

1/N scale model located at distance,r, from axis

1/N scale model located at distance,r, from axis
of centrifuge is rotated at
of centrifuge is rotated at
=
=

(
(
N/r)
N/r)

Acceleration is raised N times gracity

Acceleration is raised N times gracity

Overall behavior of prototype (displ/stress)

Overall behavior of prototype (displ/stress)
should be same as full
should be same as full
-
-
scale model
scale model
i.e., 30 m dam will be 30 cm, and since size 1/100, acceleration i.e., 30 m dam will be 30 cm, and since size 1/100, acceleration : 100g! : 100g!
Dynamic Soil Properties Dynamic Soil Properties
High Strain Tests High Strain Tests