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ASTRO 200
t oM. t 0M ss8 r naNscEr vER
WI TX OVER 4O, OOO FREOU ENCY
SYNTHES I Z EO CHANI i ELS
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Wel come t o t he ranks of A-qTRO 2OO owners!
This manual has been prepared
to help you
get
t he most pl easure
f rom your
t ranscei ver.
I t cont ai ns i nf ormat i on
about operat i ng
procedures,
t echni cal speci f i cat i ons,
t heory
of operat i on and i nst ruct i ons
f or cari brat i on,
servi ce and repai r. We urge you
t o read i t
from cover to cover before applying power
to
t hi s t r anscei ver .
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OWNERI S OPERATION MANUAL
FOR THE
ASTRO 2OO SSB TRANSCEIVER
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APRTL 1977
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by crR rNDUsrRrEs, rNc.
CIR INDUSTRIES, INC.
1648 North Magnol i a Avenue
El Caj on, Cal i f or ni a 92020
TELEPHONE:
(714)
449-7633 TELEX: 69-7989
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Introducti on
Operati on
AOOHz Narrohr Band Filter Option
Opti onal Accessori es
1 . 1
L . 2
1 . 3
1 . 4
5 . 1
5 . 2
5 . 3
5 . 4
Page
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2 . O
3 . 0
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5 . 0
4 . 1
4 . 2
4 . 3
4 . 4
4 . 5
4 . 6
4 . 7
4 . 8
4 . 9
,
4 . 1 0
4 . 1 1
4 . L 2
TECHNICAI SPECIFICATIONS
2. I Gener al Speci f i cat i ons
2. 2 l Ypi cal Recei ver Speci f i cat i ons
2. 3 gpi cal Tr ansmi t t er Speci f i cat i ons
THEORY OT OPERATION
3. 1 Gener al Descr i pt i on
3. 2 Di gi t al Synt hesi zer
3. 3 Recei ver
3. 4 Tr ansmi t t er
CALIBR,ATION, SERVICE AIID REPAIR
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4 . 0
Carri er Osci l l ator Frequency Al i gnment
Ref er ence Osci l l at or Cal i br at i on
Recei ver Del ay Adj ustnent
VOX Tri p & Anti -Tri p Adj ustnents
Synt hesi zer Not es
Power Meter, Refl ected Power Meter Adj ustments
AGC Set
ALC Meter Sensi ti vi ty
ALC Set
Si det one Level Set
AGC Setti ng
Component Repl acement and Repai r Notes
OPERATING NOTES
I 8
I 8
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1 9
19
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20
20
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Ext er nal Local Osci l l at or
Synt hesi zer
Groundi ng
:
Mobi l e Oper at i on
6 . O SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS AND CIRCUIT BOARD
(In
Encl osed Envel ope)
LAYOUTS
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LIMITED WARRANTY
CI R I NDUSTRI ES, I NC. war r ant s t o t he or i gi nal
pur chaser
t hat t hi s pr oduct shal l be
f r ee f r om def ect s i n mat er i al
( except
RF out put t r ansi st or s) and wor kmanshi p under
nor mal use and ser vi ce f or 6 mont hs f r om t he dat e of r et ai l pur chase. CI R wi l l ,
f r ee of char ge, r epai r or r epl ace, at i t s opt i on, dDy par t ( s) whi ch ar e f ound t o
have become def ect i ve t hr ough nor mal use, pr ovi ded t hat t he t r anscei ver i s r et ur ned
pr epai d wi t hi n 6 mont hs f r om dat e of pur chase t o: CI R I NDUSTRI ES, I NC. , 1648 Nor t h
Magnol i a Avenue, El Caj on, Cal i f or ni a, 92O2O, At t ent i on: Cust omer Ser vi ce
To obt ai n such war r ant y ser vi ce, t he or i gi nal pur chaser must r et ur n t he appr opr i at e
\ " r ar r ant y car d t o Cf R wi t hi n 10 days af t er
pur chase, or send wi t h your t r anscei ver
a copy of pr oof of
pur chase ( sal es
r ecei pt ) . Tr anscei ver s r et ur ned wi t hout
pr oof
of pur chase, and wi t h no war r ant y car d on f i l e, wi J- l be ser vi ced
" Out
of War r ant y"
at our pr evai l i ng ser vi ce r at es
Thi s war r ant y does not appl y t o any ar t i cLe whi ch has been subj ect t o mi suse,
negl ect or acci dent , or a t r anscei ver t hat has been ser vi ced by anyone ot her t han
CI R. Thi s war r ant y cont ai ns t he ent i r e obl i gat i on of CI R and no ot her war r ant i es
expr essed or i mpl i ed or st at ut or y ar e gi ven. I n no event shal l CI R be l i abl e f or
consequent i al damages.
OUT OF WARRANTY SERVICE
I f t he t r anscei ver f ai l s t o oper at e sat i sf act or i l y beyond t he 6 mont h war r ant i /
per i od, CI R wi l l r epai r and r et ur n t he t r anscei ver t o you at our or evai l i nq
ser vi ce r at es.
WARNING NOTE
DO NOT APPLY POWER TO THTS TRANSCEIVER
UNTIL THIS MANUAI, IS READ AND UNDERSTOOD!
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PROPRIETARY STATEMENT
Tl e i nf or mat i on cont ai ned i n t hi s document i s t he pr oper t y of CI R i n con- j unct i on wj - t h
oper at i ng and mai nt ai ni ng t he ASTRO 200 t r anscei ver . . Thi s i nf or mat i on may not be
copi ed, r epr i nt ed, or di scl osed t o a t hi r d par t y, ei t her whol l y or i n par t , wi t hout
t he wr i t t en consent of Cr R I NDUSTRI ES, r Nc.
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1. 0 GENERAL DESCRI PTI ON
I
l - . 1 f nt r oduct i on
, The Asr Ro 2oO i s a di gi t al l y t uned 80M- I 0M ssB t r anscei ver . The bui l t - i n di gi t al
synt hesi zer wi t h LED r eadout pr ovi des
over 40, OOO cr yst al cont r ol l ed channel s wr t h
l OOHz r esol - ut i on. By pr essi ng
a moment ar y swi t ch, t he oper at or t unes t he t r ans_
'
cei ver wi t hout di al movi ng par t s.
The f r equency accur acy can be cal i br at ed t o
! ' wwV wi t h t he bui l t - i n l OMHz I r M r ecei ver . No cr yst al caLi br at i on i s necessar y.
. Tot al RF bandpass f i l t er i ng i s bui l t - i n t o pr ovi de maxi mum pr , r t ect i on f or wr
and har moni c suppr essi on. sel ect abl e usB or LSB al ong wi t h ext ended band cover agl e
of f er s addi t i onal f l exi bi l i t y. Excel l ent sel ect i vi t y i s achi eved wi t h an
g
pol e
cr yst al f i l t er i n t he f F ci r cui t r y, CVI oper at i on f eat ur es i ncl _ude semi br eak_r n
CW wi t h adj ust abl e del ay and si det one. Vox, noi se bl anker , squel ch, and var 1abl e
speech pr ocessi ng
ci r cui t r y compl et e t he t ot al l i ne of bui l t - i n oper at i onaL
capabi l i t y .
I . 2 Oper at i on
I . 2. I Fr ont Pane. L Cont r o] s and Funct i ons
Each f r ont panel cont r ol and f unct i on i s descr i bed her ei n t o assi st t he oper at or
i n under st andi ng t he oper at i on of t he t r anscei ver .
FAST Moment ar y t oggl e swi t ch f or f r equency t uni ng. when t he swi t ch i s pushed
uP, t he car r i er f r equency i s i ncr eased t owar d t he t op of t he band.
gl hen
t he
swi t ch i s pushed down, t he car r i er f r eguency i - s decr eased t owar d 1he bot t om of
t he band- The r at e of f r equency change i s appr oxi mat er y 2okl r z. sec-
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SLOW Moment ar y t oggl e
sane manner as t he FAST
si nql - e 100H2 st eps car i
of t hi s s wi t c h. '
swi t ch f or f r equency t uni ng. Thi s swr t r : h oper at es i n t he
swi t ch, except at a r at e of about OOHz/ sec. Tuni ng i n
be accompl i shed by a
" push
and r el ease" moment ar y act i on
DI GTTAL READOUT A si x di gi t LED r eadout gi ves
t he car r i er f r equency i n kHz t o
f f i z . T h i s f r e q u e n c y i n d i c a t i o n i s t h e c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c y w h e n t h e
FI NE. and, RI T cont r oLs ar e st r ai ght up.
( zer o posi t i on) .
FI NE Thi s cont r ol moves t he oper at i ng car r i er f r equency t o qr eat er
t han +5OHz
f r om t he di gi t al l y i ndi cat ed LED f r equency. Thi s aI l - ows oper ar i on i n bet wJen
t he l 00Hz s t eps of t he di gi t al s y nt hes i z er . A c l oc k wi s e r ot at i on i nc r eas es t he
f r equency whi l e a count cr - cl ockwi se
r ot at i on dccr casc, . s t he oper at i nq f r equency.
RI T Thi s cont r ol moves t he r ecei ver car r i er f r equencv f r om t her t r ansmi t t i no
car r i er f r equency by gr eat er
t han +5OHz.
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KEY/ MI C St andar d
Mi cr ophone i nput
or VOX oper aLi on.
l / 4" phone j ack ( 3
connect or ) f or CW key or mi cr ophone.
i s desi gned f or hi gh i moedance mi cr ophone wi t h
push- t o- t al - k
Ref er t o Fi gur e L. 2. I . 1 f or KEY/ MI C pl ug connect i ons.
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F I GURE I . 2 . I . 1
SQUELCH Thi s cont r ol - i s bot h noi se bl anker and squel ch. The r ot at i on of t he
cont r ol set s t he squeJ- ch l evel of t he r ecei ver . When t he knob i s pul l ed out ,
t he noi se bl anker ci r cui t i s act i vat ed.
l ' l BTER Sel ect s t he i nf or mat i on t o be i ndi cat ed on t he met er . I n nor mal oper at i ng
mode, t he swi t ch woul d be i n t he ALC posi t i on. I n t hi s mode, whi l e r ecei vi ng, t he
met er wi l l i ndi cat e si gnal st r engt h t o S- 9 and 20, 4Q, and 5OdB over . REF
( r ef l ect ed)
and FWD
( f or war d)
r el - at i ve power i ndi cat i on posi t i ons may be used t o
det er mi ne VSWR and power out put dur i ng t r ansmi t oper at i on of t he t r anscei ver .
The met er i s f act or y cal i br at ed t o r ead l - 00 Wat t s out put f ul l scaLe i nt o a 50
Ohm non- r eact i ve l oad when t he met er i s set t o t he FWD posi t i on. VSWR
( REF)
r eadi ngs on t he met er ar e r el at i ve t o a f ul L scal e power r eadi ng i n t - he FWD
pos i t i on.
AF GAI N Set s t he audi o l evel t o t he ext er nal speaker .
MI C GAI N I n SSB mode, t hi s cont r ol set s t he audi o l - evel t o t he t r ansmi t t er .
Si nce ALC set s t he maxi mum power out put , any i ncr ease i n t he MI C gai n beyond a
nomi nal mi d- poi nt f eadi ng on peak modul at i on
( af . C
met er set t i ng) wi f f i ncr eas:
t he voi ce compr essi on, i . e. an i ncr ease i n t he MI C GAI N posi t i on i ncr eases
t he voi ce compr essi on, al l owi ng oper at or cont r ol of speech pr ocessi ng. Thr s, i l '
t ur n, wi l - l i ncr ease t he aver age power out put l evel . I n CW mode, t he MI C GAI N
r
set t i ng al l ows a var i abl e por , r er out put cont r ol . As t he MI C GAI N cont r ol - i s
t ur ned cl " ockwi se, RI ' out put i s decr eased. Wi t h CW key down and met er i n FWD
pbsi t i on, t he power out put can be set t o desi r ed out put wi t h MI C GAI N cont r ol .
FUNCTI ON Sel ect s mode of oper at i on. USB
( upper
si deband) , LSB
( l ower
si deband) ,
CWw
( CI , I
wi deband wi t h 2. 1kHz f i l t er ) , CwN
( CW
nar r owband wi t h opt i onal 4OOHz f i l - t er ) ,
WWV
( ] OMl { z
WI . I V r ecei vc on} y) . CWN posi t i on i s i nopcr at i - vc whcn 400l l z opt i onal f i l t er
i s not i ns t al l ed. WWV i s oper at j - v e r egar dl es s of band s wi t c h pos i t i - on.
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PTT/ VOX
push- t o- t al k
and VOX ci r cui t r y ar e st andar d f eat ur es. Thi s t o99I e swi t ch
sel ect s t he mode of oPer at i on.
RF ATTN RF at t enuat i on of a nomi nal l 6dB may be swi t ched i n f or st r ong si gnal
'T---'--.-:
r ecepE] - on.
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The DI M posi t i on r educes t he di gi t al di spl ay i nt ensi t y f or use i r r l ow ambi ent
i j " ght l evel condi t i ons.
: 4 .
ON, / POWER Tur ns on DC power t o t he t r anscei ver wi t h t he except i on of t he RF
power
ont p" t t r ansmi t ci r cui t r y.
( The
RF pcwer amp DC buss i s connect ed t o t he DC i nput
connect or and i s not swi t ched i n t he r adi o. )
L. 2. 2 Oper at i ng Not es on Al l - El ect r oni c Tuni ng Techni ques
Al l - el ect r oni c t uni ng of di gi t al l y synt hesi zed HF t r anscei ver s i s a new st at e- of -
t he- ar t t echnol ogy whi ch of f er s many advant ages over t he o1der , mor e convent i onal
knob VFO conf i gur at i on. These advant ages i ncl - ude pr eci se f r equency set t i ng, no
backl ash, no mechani cal i nt er - connect i ons, and, of cour se, a mor e
pr eci se t uni ng
met hod of f i ndi ng r hose si gnal s down i n t he noi se. By ut i - l i zat i on of t he cr yst al
r ef er enced
phase l ocked l oop f r equency synt hesi s, t he I ong t er m st abi l i t l z i s an
or der of magni t ude bet t er t han VFO equi pment .
I n or der t o ut i l i ze t he f ul t
pot ent i al of al l - el ect r oni c t uni ng and r eal i ze, t he
many advant ages over t he convent i onal met hods, t he oper at or must under st and not
onl y what i s t aki ng
pl ace i n t he t uni ng oper at i on, but he must l ear n t he easy
oper at i ng t echni ques of such a r evol ut i onar y devel opment i n or der t o make use of
t hese i nher ent advant ages.
The ASTRO 2OO has t wo t ogql e t uni ng swi t ches f or f r equency sel ect i on. FuncLi onal l y,
t hey oper at e i n t he f ol l cl wi ng manner -
The FAST t oggl e swi t ch i s f or r api d f r equency t uni ng. When t hi s swi t ch i s
pusi r t : cl
up, t he car r i er f r equency i s i ncr eased t owar d t he t op of t he band. I f t he swi t ch
i s hel d up t hr ough t he maxi mum f r equency, t he synt hesi zer l oops back t o a f r equency
bel ow t he t op band edge' and agai n cont i nues t o i ncr ease. When t he swi t ch i s
pi . r shed
' ' down,
t he car r i er f r equency i s decr eased t owar d t he bot t om of t he band'
When t he swi t ch i s hel d d<>wn t hr ouqh t he l ow end of t he band, t he synt hesi zer l i ol ds
f he
car r i er f r equency t o t he l owest f r equency i n t he band'
i ! - L - . . ^ ^ ^ !
The SLOW moment ar ) , swi t ch oper at es
j n
t hr - : samc' manner as t he F' AST swi t ch excepL
, at a much sl ower t unr ng r at e. The SLObI t unc r at e i s set so t h. r t t he oper at or wi l l
not mi ss hear i ng a t hr r : shol d t evel , CW si gnal i n t he 4OOHz nar r owband mode as he
t unes t hr ouqh t he s i qnal .
i r
I
Ther e i s some bui l t - i n del ay when t he oper at or f i r st act i vat es t hese swi t ches
befoi e the up,/down ci rcui ts are enabl ed. Thi s del ay ena.bl es the operator to
have posi ti ve
control over channel tuni ng to an anti ci pated parti cul ar
spot i n
t he band.
Af t er acqui r i ng mi ni mal oper at or exper i ence, one I ear ns when t o r el ease t he
pr essur e
as a si gnal i s appr oached. Then i f desi r ed, a. si ngl e push up or down
al l ows the synthesi zer to move the carri er frequency up or down i n onl y tOOHz
st ePs - a t r ul y di f f i cul t accompl i shment f or knob t uni ng t echni ques.
q.
1. 2. 3 Rear Panel Cont r ol s and Funct i ons
Fi gur e L. 2. 3 i l l ust r at es t he r ear panel
and t he l ocat i on of t he connect or s and
t hei r f unct i ons.
1. 3
_aOOHz
Nar r ow eand f i ( NBF- 2OO)
Thi s opt i onal i t em i s a sol der - i n 8 pol e cr yst al f i l t er whi ch may be i nst al l ed
i n t he ASTRO 200 t r anscei ver at any t i me.
Ref er t o Fi qur e 3. r . 2 f or t he l ocat i on of t he 4ooHz f i l t er on
L. 4 Opt i onal Accessor i es
1. 4. 1 Mobi l e Mount i ng Br acket ( BI L- 2OO)
I . 4. 2 St at i on Oper at i ng Consol e
( SOC- 2OO)
I . 4. 3 Speaker i n Encl osur e ( SpR- 2OO)
L. 4. 4 Mobi l e Mi cr ophone i ncl udi ng connect or ( MI C- BI L)
1. 4. 5 St at i on Desk Mi cr ophone i ncl udi ng connect or ( Mr c- sr A)
1. 4. 6 AC Power Suppl y
( BpS- 200)
or
( pSI 2- 20)
L. 4. 7 Ext er nal Syn\ hesi zer ( SyN- 200)
2. O TECHNI CAL' SPECTFTCATI ONS ( r ypi cal )
2. L Genej al Speci f i cat i ons
Fr equency Cover age
( I n
I OOHz St eps)
3. 5OO0 MHz t o 3 . 9999 Wr z
7. 0000 MHz t o 7. 4999 t { l l r z
. I 4, . pOoO MHz t o 14 . 4999 wl z
21. OOOO MHz t o 21. 4999 MHz
27. . 0000 MHz t o 27. 9999 MI t z
( r ecei ve
onl y)
28, 0OOO MHz t o 29. 9999 ! { f i . z
I
the recei ver board.
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Freq' uencY Control
St abl e di gi t al f r equency synt hesi zer wi t h cr yst al r ef er ence osci l l at or , l oOHz
di qi t al r eadout r esol ut i on.
<2OHz dr i f t , af t er war m- up- Fr equency accur acy
'
cal i brati on equal to wwv. Addi ti onal FINE adj ust control al l ows
>+50H2 for
'
conti nuous band coverage.
;
. External Frequency Control
i ' Rear socket f or ext er nal \ t FO or synt hesi zer i nput f or cr ossband oper at i qg'
;
fr"quency i nput coverage same as that wi th bui l t-i n synthesi zer.
l .todes of Operati on
SSB wi th sel ectabl e si deband. Cff h' i th automati c l Kttz offset on transmi t'
semi break-i n wi th adj ustabl e del ay and si detone i s standard.
Po$ter InPut Requi red
L2-L4 VpC negai i ve
ground onl y.
(l l o
damage 1OV-I5VDC.)
20 Ampere
peak current.
El ect r omagnet i c I nt er f er ence
Transmi t
a. 3 el ement TVI l ow
pass f i l t er at ant enna connect or .
b. 3 el ement l ow
pass f i l t er f or each band'
Recei ve
a. 2 pol e, bandpass f i l t er f or each band.
b. 3 el ement 1O met er l ow pass f i l t er at ant enna connect or .
Di mensi ons
2 . 8 " H x 9 . 5 " W x 1 2 . 1 " D
( 7. 2qt x 24. I 3c m x 30. 8c m)
Wei ght
r
8 I bs .
( 3. 6Kq)
Rear Panel Connect or s
Auxi l . i ar y f unct i ons:
Ext er nal L. O. I n '
13. 6VDC Out Put
. Gro,und
Cont r ol Vol t age Out f or Opt i onai Ext er nal Synt hesi zer
. Ex t . , L. O.
Gat e I n f or Opt i onal Ex t er nal Sy nt hes i z er
'
Ext . Mod. f n
cur r ent si nk I n Tr ansmi t f or Dr i vi ng Ext er nal ci r cui t s
ALC I n, Posi t i ve Goi ng 0- 8V nomi nal
Audi o Out , I ohms, I Wat t nomi nal
Power : 12- I 4VDC I nPut
f;F:
UHF AYPe
Audi o: RCA I YPe, 8 ohms, I Wat t nomi nal
' i
r r l
l /
I
f
2 . 2
Ci rcui t Desi gn:
Di rectt conversi on
to 5.6yl l l z rF usi ng doubl e bal anced mi xer. Excepti onal
i rumrni ty
to overl oad and cross modul atj .on.
Sensi t i vi t y:
O. : UV f or l Odg
S+N
N
serecti vi ty:
crystal l adder 8 pol e fi l ter.
Bandwi dth 27ooHz
@ 6dB down, 49oofi z
e 6OdB down. 1.9 shape factor.
1.
f mage Rej ect i on: >5OdB
8OM-I 5M, >4OdB
I OM
rnternal l v
Generated
spuri ous
Response: <o.5uv
egui val ent i nput si gnal
AGC: <6dB
change i n audi o l evel 0ver i nput range of o.5uv to >.r.v (1ogd8)
Audi o output! 1 !{att avai l abl e
@ <l ot
di storti on,
300-3000H2, g
ohns
I rf et er: S-Uni t f rom 1-9, 20, 40, and 50dB over S_9.
2 . 3
ci rcui t Desi gn: Broadband
desi gn t o el i mi nat e
t he need f or t uni ng. Excel l ent
harmoni c and T\/r suppressi on.
ALc vswR protecti on. provi si on
for externar ALC
i nput , posi t i ve goi ng.
Frequency
control : By synthesi zer
wi th 5 di gi t readout to l 0oHz. F,i ne tuni ng
adj ustment
al l ows +>50H2
frorn i ndi cated freqrl en"y.
Power rnput : 200 wat t s
pEp
i nput and cw i nput at r3. 6vDc i nput .
Power out put : 100 wat t PEP and cw i nt o 50 ohm non-react i ve
l oad at t 3. 6vDc i npuL.
An i deal power
,outPut
l evel from dri vi ng most grounded gri d l i near ampl i fi ers.
unwant ed si deband Rej ect i on: >5odB
down at roOoHz audi o.
Hanpni c
out put : >45dB
bel ow peak power
1evel
goM-l sM,
>3odB
berow peak power
Ieve' l l OM.
Carri er Sutrpressj -on: >50d8
down
c' w Transmi t : semi break-i n wi t h si det one st andard. Aut omat i c l KHz of f set on
transmi t frequency.
t
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:wffill
Spuri ous Output:
>45d8
bel ow peak power l evel .
Transmi t Control for SSB: PTf and VOX standard.
Mi crophone fnput: Cerami c or crystal , hi gh i mpedance.
Audi o Response: 300 to 3O000Hz +6dg
Meter:. Reads ALC on transmi t, or for*rard and refl ected povrer. Ful l scal e equal s IOOI{
output i nto 50 Ohm non-reacti ve l oad i n forward power posi ti on.
Li near Ampl i f i er Cont rol : Auxi l i ary socket on rear provi des f or keyi ng of l i near
anrpl i f i er.
Cool i ng: Large capaci ty heat si nk fi ns suppl i ed. For SSTV, RTTY, and semi -conti nuous
transmi t, f,orced ai r cool i ng such as a smal l mtrffi n fan on heat si nk fi ns reconmended.
+
I
3. O IIIEORY OF OPER,ATION
3. I General Descri pt i on
The ASTRO 200 t ranscei ver i s const ruct ed of essent i al l y pl ug-i n ci rcui t boards
provi di ng easy access t o al l key si gnal and t est poi nt s
Fi gur e 3. I . 1 shows t he f unct i onal bl ock di agr am of t he ASTRO 20O i l l ust r at i ng si ghal
pat h f l ow. The t ranscei ver ut i l i zes general l y separat e recei ver and t ransmi t t er
ci rcui t ry f or opt i mum perf ormance. The recei ver i s si ngl e conversi on wi t h PI N di odt r
AGC t o achi eve great er t han l O0dB dynami c range. An act i ve RF st ep at t cnuat or
i ncreases the recei ,ver dynami c range to more than 12odB.
)
.
The t ransmi t t er ut i l i zes broadband ci rcui t s t hroughout t o el i mi nat e al i gnment probl cms.
Bandpass f i l t e. rs f or each band and a doubl e bal anced t ransmi t t er mi xer assure f t eedort
f rom T\ t I and band spl at t er. The bal anced npdul at or gi ves great er t han 50dB cari i er
suptrressi on..
Fi gur e 3. . 1. 2 i s a t op i nsi de vi ew of t he ASTRO 2C0, i l l ust r at i ng t he l ocat i on of
f unct i onal ci rcui t s and cont rol s on t he t op si de of t he t ranscei ver.
3. 2 Di gi t al Svnt hesi zer
i
,
.:t..
The di gi t al synt hesi zer i s t he heart of t he versat i l i t y of t he ASTRO 2O0 t ranscei ver.
Bef ore descri bi ng t he operat i on of t hi s part i cul ar synt hesi -zer, i t i s i nf ormat i ve t o
revi ew t he f undament al operat i . on of a basi c phase l ocked l oop. Fi gure 3. 2. L
i l l ustrates a si npl e form of, a phase }ocked l oop i n a bl ock di agran form.
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BASIC PHASE LOCKED IOOP
Si gr ur e 3. 2. 1
CrystaI
Reference
Oscillator
Low Pa
Fi l ter
Voltage
Controlled
Osci l l ator
4 6
L Z
The desi r ed out put f r equency i s phased l ocked, i . e. phase st abl e, t o a cr yst al
r ef er ence osci l l at or . I n t hi s exampl e l oop, t he desi r ed out put f r equency has t he
l ong t er m st abi l i t y char act er i st i cs of t i r e st abl e r ef er ence osci l - l at or
-
hence,
cr yst al st abi l i t y f or al l f r equenci es over t he ent i r e VCO band of oper at i on.
The Xo i s sel ect ed t o oper at e at a f r equency t hat
f r equency scheme of t he r adi o, and opt i mum as f ar
f r equency i s concer ned.
appl i cabl e t o t he par t i cul ar
a st abl e oper at i ng cr yst al
I S
AS
The out put of t he r ef er ence osci l l at or i s di vi ded by some number N such t hat t he
r ef er ence f r equency F. i s compat i bl e wi t h t he phase det ect or and t he df vi ded f r equency
f r om t he voJ. t age cont r ol , l ed osci l l at or
( Vco) .
Thi s r ef er ence f r equency Fy al so
det er mi nes t he di qi t al f r equency st ep r esol ut i on of t , he synt hesi zer , i . e. f or a l OOFt z
Fp t he synt hesi zer can pr oduce phase l ocked out put f r equenci es i n l 00Hz st eps.
The VCo oper at es over a band of desi r ed out put f r equenci es. The f r equency of t he VCO
i s det er mi ned by a DC cont r ol - vol t age. One of t he out put s of t he VCO i s t he desi r ed
out put f r equency. A second out put i s di vi ded by some number M, and F" i s f ed t o t he
Phase
det ect or .
I f Fs
=
Fr , t he out put of t he ph. r se det ect or wi l l be some DC vol t age, and f or
r l i s c us s i on pur pos es , l c t ' s s ay z er o v ol t s . I f t he VCO out put f r equenc y t nc r eas es ,
t hc l oo1r f r c quenc y , Fs , wi l l . i nc r c as e, and t he phas e det ec t or s ees an i ner eas i ng phas e
wi . t h r espcct , t o i t s st abl c r ef er ence Fr . The out put of t he phase cl et ect or wi l l be a
DC vol t aqe t hat i s f i l t er ed t hr ough a Low pass f i l t er whi ch dr i ves t he VCO t o t he
t ' xact f r c. quency such t hat Fr
=
Fs and t hus
" f ocks, '
t he l oop. I f t he VCO out put
f r equor r cy decr easet s, t he phase det ect or DC out put i s of t he opposi t e pol ar i t y ar ; t i
t hc' DC cont r ol vol t aqe dr i ves t he VCO i n t he opposi t e dr r ect i on t o r egai n Fs
=
Fr . '
Aqai n, f ot di s c us s i on
l . r ur pos es ,
l c t ' s as s ume a I OMHz r ef er enc e os c i . l l at or f r equenc y
ar r d N i s 100, 000. Thi s e. s t abl . i - s hc . : Fr =
I O0Hz . Now, I et , s as s umc t hat we des i r e a
s t abl e 5MHz out put f r equenr : 1' . I f M
j . s
50, 000, t hen Fs
=
I QOHz and t he phas e Ce+- c c t or
. r nd f i l t er wi l l kqep zer o vol , t acr e appl i ed t o t he VCo, or wi L1 cor r ect t he f r : quency
t o zer a er { or wi t h t he pr oper DC er r or vol t age. Thi s act i on phase i . t cks t he 5} 1Hz
out put t o t he l Ol 4Hz r ef er ence osci l l at or .
i l
Now, l et ' s say we want t o change our desj . r ed out put f r equency t o 5. 5MHz. We need
onl y t o change t he pr oqr ammabl e
di vi der M t o 55, OOO, t hen t he F"
=
I OOHz f or a
' ' 5. 51' 1Hz
desi r ed out put f r equency and t he l oop wi r r acqui r e phase 1ock.
I t i s now cl ear t hat by mer el ychar . gi ngM, t he pr ogr amr nabl e di vi der , a compl et e spect r um
of gut put f r equenci es may be dcr i ved, each phase l ocked t o t he cr yst al st . bl e r ef er -
ence osci l l at or . One f ur t her not e, t he out put of t he phase det ect or coul , d be any
r easonabl e DC vol t age r ange or phase l ock compat i bl e t o t he VCO desi gn
( not
necessar i l y cent er ed ar ound zer o vol t s) and an i ncr ease i n t he zer o
" er r or "
or cont r of
vol t age f r or n i - t s zer o er r or r ef er , j nce wi l l dr i ve t he VCO i n t he opposi t e di r ect i on.
r n each case, t he er r or vol t age dr i ves t he VCO out put f r equency such t hat F, wr J- I
equal F. .
1 3
The f r equency synt hesi zer i n t he ASTRO 200 ut i l i zes t hese f undament al
pr i nci pl es
i n
a
t wo phase l ocked l oop desi gn.
Fi gur e 3. 2. L i s a pi ct ur e of t he i nsi de bot t om of t he t r anscei ver i l l ust r at i ng t he
] ocat i on of t he synt hesi zer ci r cui t boar ds of t he ASTRO 200.
The f r equency synt hesi zer gener at es cr yst al cont r ol l ed f r equenci es i n l 00Hz st eps
.
f or al l amat eur bands 80- 10 met er s. Fi gur e 3. 2. 2 i s a bl ock di agr am of t he compl et e
i ,
synt hesi zer .
4.
'
I \ po phase l ocked l oops ( PLL) ar e used t o gener at e t he cr yst al cont r ol l ed f r equenci es.
( I t
i s agai n not ed t hat f r equency gener af i on of t hi s nat ur e obvi ousl y r enpves any
r equi r ement f or t he cr yst al cal i br at or si nce t he der i ved f r equenci es ar e phase l ocked
t o t he cr yst al cont r ol l ed r ef er ence osci l l at or . )
The maj or phase l ocked l oop gener at es t he l oca1 osci l l at or f r equenci es f or bot h t he
t r ansmi t t er and r ecei ver . The I 00Hz st eps ar e der i ved f r om a
pr ogr al nmi ng code
gener at ed by t he up, / down count er . The code i s sel ect ed by f r ont panel f r equency
sel ect i ng swi t ches. These swi t ches gat e a cl ock si gnal t o t he up or down count er
i nput t o r ai se or l ower t he l ocal osci l l at or f r equency. RI T and FI NE cont r ol s al so
. al l ow f r equenci es t o be sel ect ed i n bet ween t he 1O0Hz di gi t al st eps t o pr ovi de
cont i nuous band cover aqe.
The mi nor l oop i s used t o of f - set t he l ocal - osci l l at or f r equency t o a val ue compat i bl e
wi th the programmi ng di vi der cl ock rate. The mi nor l oop frequency i s al so
progr&n::i ed
t o account f or t he si deband sel ect ed, CW, and sel ect ed band.
Bot h phase l ocked l oops ar e r ef er enced t o a st abl e 5t l Hz cr yst al osci l l at or
-
hence,
t he ver y st abl e f r equency char act er i st i c of t he ASTRO 200.
Wi t h t he WWV r ecei ver , t hi s r ef er ence osci l l at or can be set t o WWV accur acy f or exact
f r equency oper at i on.
The st at us of ' t he maj or l oop i s moni t or ed by t he r eadout decoder and t he sel ect e d l cop
f r equency i s t r ansl at ed t o t he car r i er f r equency r eadout . The r eadout i s a si x- '
di gi t LED di spl ay. The di spl ay r esol ut i on i s t o t he near est 100H2. For cr ossband
oper at i on, t he opt i onal SYN- 200 ext er nal synt hesi zer i s i dent i cal i n desi gn and i s
i
i ht er connect ed t hr ough t he r ear panel mul t i - pi n connect or . I t i s al - so poss- i - bl e t o use
ot her ext er nal f r equency sour ces f or cr ossband oper at i on as i s f ur t her descr i bed r n
,
'
Sect i on 5. O of t hi s manual .
'
The f ol l owi ng schemat i cs pr ovi de t he compl et e ci r cui t det ai l s of t he t wo synt hesi zer
, boar ds mount ed i n t h' e bot t om of t he r adi o:
ATR- 157 Synt hesi zer #1 Schemat i c
ATR- 169
( Sheet
1 ot 2) Synt hesi zer #2 Schemat i c
ATR- I 69
( Sheet
2 of 2) Synt hesi zer #2 Schemat i c
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DIGITAL SYNTHESIZER
Fi gur e 3. 2. 2