g 2 0 -

e
I
1 6
c
*
1 2
H -
x h i
r- rm
1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 30 32 34
p ea k v a l u e ( p u )
( a )
Ma x i mu m
s u rg es a mong
v a nou s G I S
p os i t i ons
n_
1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6
p ea k v a l u e ( p u )
( b ) S u rg es
a t
op era t ed
DS
n
t ermi na i s
0 2 4 6
f req u ency ( MH z )
( c) F req u enci es
of s u rg es
a t DS t ermi na l s
F i g .
4 . DS
res t ri k i ng s u rg e
ca l cu l a t i on res u l t s ( C a l cu l a t i ons
on 1 1 1 ca s es on I O G I S ' s . H ow ev er, ( c) rep res ent s
res u l t s
on 9 1 ca s es )
8 5 S M 38 2 - 7
A p ri l 1 9 8 6 , p p .
1 0 3- 1 1 3
A
S y nt h es i s
Met h od f or O ne- P ort
a nd Mu l t i - P ort
E q u i v a l ent
N et w ork s
f or
A na l y s i s
of P ow er
S y s t em
T ra ns i ent s
V a n Qu e Do a nd Momci l o M. G a v ri l ov i c,
Memb er, I E E E
I R E Q ( I ns t i t u t d e R ech erch e
d ' H y d ro- Qu b ec) ,
Qu b ec, C a na d a
I n s t u d i es of
el ect roma g net i c
t ra ns i ent
p h enomena ,
t h e
a rea s of i nt eres t f or
s w i t ch i ng
a nd
record i ng
a re
f req u ent l y
l i mi t ed t o w el l - d et ermi ned z ones F or t h i s rea s on, a
g rea t p a rt
of t h e
s y s t em
ca n b e s i mu l a t ed
u s i ng a p p rop ri a t e one- p ort
a nd
mu l t i - p ort eq u i v a l ent
net w ork s t o red u ce t h e s i mu l a t i on
comp l ex i t y
w i t h ou t
comp romi s i ng
on t h e s i mu l a t i on res u l t s .
O ne- P ort
E q u i v a l ent
N et w ork s
L et Z ' b e t h e
d ri v i ng - p oi nt i mp ed a nce
of t h e
ori g i na l
net w ork . I f t h i s net w ork i s l i nea r, Z ' ca n b e
ex p a nd ed
i nt o
p a rt i a l
f ra ct i ons
Z ' = Z
+
Z +Z
+
- " +Z / v
+
Z / v +1
+
- - -
( 1 )
w h ere
Z [
rep res ent s
ei t h er a cons t a nt , a
p ol e
a t
i nf i ni t y ,
a
p ol e
on t h e rea l a x i s or a
comp l ex p ol e p a i r.
T h e
i mp ed a nce
of
t h e
eq u i v a l ent
net w ork
rep res ent i ng
t h e
ori g i na l
net w ork f or a
f req u ency ra ng e [ S 2 i , 2 2 ]
s h ou l d h a v e t h e s a me f orm a s ( 1 )
b u t t ru nca t ed f rom t h e ( / V + 1 ) t h t erm, i e.
Z = Z 0
+
Z 1 +Z 2 +
. . .
+Z N
s Z ' f or
Qn ^ co < Q2 ( 2 )
T h i s i s t h e
i mp ed a nce
of a net w ork f ormed
b y
t h e s eri es
connect i on of mod u l a r R L C ci rcu i t s s u ch a s a res i s t or, a
rea ct or a nd comb i na t i ons of R L C el ement s . T h e l i s t of
mod u l a r R L C ci rcu i t s ca n b e
f reel y ex p a nd ed
t o cov er a
l a rg e
v a ri et y
of t h e
ori g i na l
net w ork ch a ra ct eri s t i cs . T h e
p u rp os e
of
t h e
s y nt h es i s
met h od i s t o ma t ch Z w i t h Z '
b y mi ni mi z i ng
t h e
f ol l ow i ng ma t ch i ng p erf orma nce:
E ( q ) =
( 2 | Z ' ( y ) - Z ( y , <7 > | 2 P ( < )
d u ( 3)
w h ere
p ( t o)
i s a
w ei g h t i ng
f u nct i on a nd
q
i s t h e s et of R L C
v a l u es f or a l l mod u l a r ci rcu i t s . T h e G a u s s - S ei d el i t era t i v e
p roced u re
h a s b een
a d op t ed
t o
k eep
t h e
comp l ex i t y
i n
mi ni mi z i ng E ( q ) i nd ep end ent
of t h e nu mb er of mod u l a r
ci rcu i t s T h i s
p roced u re
cons i s t s i n
ca l cu l a t i ng
t h e
a p p rox i
ma t ed
i mp ed a nce
of t h e nt h mod u l a r ci rcu i t f or t h e ( A r + 1 ) t h
i t era t i on a s f ol l ow s
" ( *+d _
n- 1 N
= z ' - z ; *+1 ' - 2 z ; *> .
( 4 )
O ne of t h e mod u l a r ci rcu i t s i s t h en s el ect ed s u ch t h a t t h e
s h a p e
of i t s
i mp ed a nce
v s
f req u ency
cu rv e i s s i mi l a r t o t h a t of
Z ' n
f or a
f req u ency ra ng e [ t oni , <on2 ]
w i t h i n
[ Q, , Q2 ] .
T h e
p rob l em
i s now red u ced t o t h e mi ni mi z a t i on of t h e
f ol l ow i ng
I E E E P ow er
E ng i neeri ng R ev i ew , A p ri l
1 9 8 6 37
i nd i v i d u a l
ma t ch i ng p erf orma nce
of t h e nt h mod u l a r ci rcu i t :
E n( <7 / i ) =
" 2
\ Z ( j 3) - Z nU u , q n) \ 2 p n( . )
d o) .
J
0 J . 1
( 5)
T h ere a re f a r f ew er
p a ra met ers
t o s ol v e i n
mi ni mi z i ng E n{ q n)
t h a n
E { q ) .
T h e mi ni mi z a t i on of
E n{ q n)
ca n b e
p erf ormed u s i ng
t h e N ew t on met h od f or mi ni mu m s ea rch . T h e ca l cu l a t i on of
( 4 ) a nd t h e s ol u t i on f or
q n b y mi ni mi z i ng E n{ q n)
a re
rep ea t ed
u nt i l a
s a t i s f a ct ory ma t ch i ng
i n ob t a i ned .
Mu l t i - P ort
E q u i v a l ent
N et w ork s
T h e
g enera l eq u a t i ons rel a t i ng cu rrent s , v ol t a g es
a nd
a d mi t t a nces f or a n
A / - p ort eq u i v a l ent
net w ork a re
/ / = K 1 1 V i
+
K 2 V 2 +
' ' *
+
K i n V n- ( 6 )
V ,
a nd
/ ,
a re
res p ect i v el y
t h e
v ol t a g e
a nd cu rrent mea s u red
a t
p ort
/ .
y .
a nd
y n
a re
res p ect i v el y
t h e s el f a nd t ra ns f er
a d mi t t a nce w h i ch a re d et ermi ned a s f ol l ow s
K . . = *= 1 , 2 ,
/ ,
V rV
k = 1 , 2 ,
v k = o
N ; k i \
- , N ] k *j \
( 7 )
( 8 )
U s i ng ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) a nd ( 8 ) , t h e - k
conf i g u ra t i on
s h ow n i n
F i g .
1
f or a n
/ V - p ort
net w ork ca n b e ob t a i ned . I t s
p a ra met ers
a re
g i v en b y
/ . j ^- K i j
a nd
V , = k . . +
2
> V
( 9 )
j = h / f
T h e met h od f or t h e
s y nt h es i s
of a
mu l t i - p ort eq u i v a l ent
net w ork i s b a s ed on t h e f a ct t h a t
mu l t i - p ort net w ork s , a s
s h ow n i n
F i g . 1 , a re
comp os ed
of
one- p ort
net w ork b ra nch es .
I t t h eref ore cons i s t s i n
s y nt h es i z i ng
t h es e b ra nch es i nd i v i d u
a l l y u s i ng
t h e met h od d es cri b ed a b ov e f or
one- p ort
net w ork .
A nu mb er of
s p eci a l
f ea t u res s h ou l d b e ment i oned h ow ev er.
a ) T h e
non- p os i t i v e- rea l
ch a ra ct eri s t i c of t h e f u nct i on t o b e
s y nt h es i z ed
res u l t s i n
p os s i b l e neg a t i v e
v a l u es f or R L C
el ement s a nd l i mi t s t h e
a p p l i ca t i on
of
mu l t i - p ort eq u i v a
l ent net w ork s t o
d i g i t a l p rog ra ms
or t o t h e rea l - t i me
i mp l ement a t i on u s i ng
a ct i v e
comp onent s .
b ) T h e common
p ol es ex i s t i ng
i n t h e a d mi t t a nce or
i mp e
d a nce of d i f f erent b ra nch es
h el p
i n
red u ci ng
t h e nu mb er
of
p a ra met ers
t o b e
op t i mi z ed .
Di s cu s s ers : A .
S eml y en,
H . H a ma d a ni z a d ek a nd A . S .
Morch ed
F i g .
1 . 7 T
conf i g u ra t i on
of
mu l t i - p ort eq u i v a l ent
net w ork s .
8 5 S M 4 1 0 - 6
A p ri l 1 9 8 6 , p p .
1 1 4 - 1 2 0
S t a t u s of Di s t ri b u t i on
S y s t em
R el i a b i l i t y
E v a l u a t i on i n C a na d a
S .
K os t y a l
W es t i ng h ou s
E l ect ri c
C orp . , P i t t s b u rg h ,
P A
R .
B i l l i nt on, F el l ow , I E E E
U ni v ers i t y
of
S a s k a t ch ew a n,
S a s k a t oon, S a s k a t ch ew a n, C a na d a
T h i s
p a p er
rev i ew s t h e cu rrent s t a t u s of d i s t ri b u t i on
s y s t em
rel i a b i l i t y
ev a l u a t i on i n C a na d i a n u t i l i t i es a s d et ermi ned
b y
a
s t u d y
cond u ct ed f or t h e C a na d i a n E l ect ri ca l A s s oci a t i on [ 1 ] .
T h e i nf orma t i on w a s ob t a i ned
b y s u rv ey i ng
t h e C a na d i a n
u t i l i t y i nd u s t ry .
S ome of t h e res u l t s
rel a t i ng
t o t h e i nd i ces
u t i l i z ed a nd t h e u s e ma d eof d a t a col l ect ed
b y
t h e
res p ond i ng
u t i l i t i es a re
comp a red
w i t h cu rrent
p ra ct i ce
i n t h e U ni t ed
S t a t es . C a na d a i s t h e s econd
l a rg es t cou nt ry
i n t h e w orl d
b a s ed
u p on g eog ra p h i c
a rea a nd of f ers a d i v ers e
ra ng e
of
op era t i ng
env i ronment s f or
p ow er d el i v ery s y s t ems .
I n
s p i t e
of t h e
ex t remel y l a rg e a rea , t h ere a re
rel a t i v el y
f ew el ect ri c
u t i l i t i es ; t h eref ore, t h e
s u rv ey s a mp l e
cont a i ned a l mos t a l l t h e
C a na d i a n
u t i l i t y i nd u s t ry .
T h i s i s i n cont ra s t w i t h a s i mi l a r
s a mp l e s u rv ey
of A meri ca n u t i l i t i es [ 2 ] .
E i g h t y - t h ree q u es t i onna i res
w ere ma i l ed t o C a na d i a n u t i l i
t i es . T h e
s u rv ey
w a s cond u ct ed w i t h t w o
ma i l i ng s .
T h e f i rs t
q u es t i onna i res
w ered i s t ri b u t ed b a s ed on a l i s t of C E A A nnu a l
S erv i ce
C ont i nu i t y S u rv ey ( C O S ) p a rt i ci p a nt s
a nd Di s t ri b u t i on
S y s t em R el i a b i l i t y E ng i neeri ng
C ommi t t ee ( DJ S R E C ) mem
b ers . E l ect ri ca l W orl d ' s
Di rect ory
of E l ect ri c U t i l i t i es w a s u s ed
a s a s ou rce of cont a ct s f or t h e s econd
ma i l i ng .
O f t h e 8 3
q u es t i onna i res d i s t ri b u t ed , 4 7 ( 57 p ercent )
w ere
comp l et ed
a nd ret u rned . T h e f i rs t
ma i l i ng ,
w h i ch cov ered C E A C O S
p a rt i ci p a nt s ,
ens u red a
d eg ree
of
d i v ers i t y
i n b ot h s i z e a nd
g eog ra p h i c
l oca t i on. H ow ev er, b eca u s e u t i l i t i es i n O nt a ri o a re
g enera l l y
mu ch s ma l l er a nd
org a ni z ed d i f f erent l y ( mu ni ci p a l i
t i es a re
s ep a ra t e
f rom t h e
p rov i nci a l u t i l i t y ) , ma ny
of t h e
q u es t i onna i res
i n t h e s econd
ma i l i ng
w ere d i rect ed a t mem
b ers of t h e A s s oci a t i on of
Mu ni ci p a l
E l ect ri c U t i l i t i es ( A ME U )
of O nt a ri o.
F i f t y - f i v e
of t h e 8 3 u t i l i t i es
s u rv ey ed
w ere i n
O nt a ri o. I n
s u b s eq u ent t a b u l a t i ons , s t a t i s t i cs a re
comp i l ed
s ep a ra t el y
f or O nt a ri o a nd f or a l l of C a na d a , ex cep t O nt a ri o,
s o t h a t t h ere w a s no
v a g u enes s
d u e t o
ov er- rep res ent i ng
t h e
A ME U u t i l i t i es . T h e s t a t i s t i ca l res u l t s w ere a l s o
d i s a g g reg a
t ed
a ccord i ng
t o a
u t i l i t y ' s p a rt i ci p a t i on
or
nonp a rt i ci p a t i on
i n
C E A ' s A nnu a l C O S .
T h e E P R I
rep ort
ci t ed a s [ 2 ] p rov i d ed
a s t a t u s
rep ort
on t h e
cu rrent s t a t e of
i nt erru p t i on rep ort i ng
a nd
ou t a g e
d a t a
col l ect i on i n A meri ca n
d i s t ri b u t i ng s y s t ems .
A s s u ch , i t
p rov i d ed
a ref erence
p oi nt
or d a t u m
a g a i ns t
w h i ch f u t u re
d ev el op ment s
ca n b e
comp a red
a nd ev a l u a t ed . T h i s
p a p er
p rov i d es
a s i mi l a r d a t u m f or C a na d i a n a ct i v i t i es i n t h i s a rea
a nd
p rov i d es
a b ri ef
comp a ri s on
w i t h A meri ca n
ex p eri ence
a nd a ct i v i t i es i n s el ect ed
k ey
a rea s .
I nt erru p t i on rep ort i ng ,
d i s t ri b u t i on
s y s t em ou t a g e
d a t a col l ect i on a nd
ev a l u a t i on,
a nd
p red i ct i v e rel i a b i l i t y
a s s es s ment h a v e i ncrea s ed t remen
d ou s l y
i n t h e
p a s t
d eca d e b u t t h ere i s s t i l l
rel a t i v el y
l i t t l e
u ni f ormi t y
i n
p ra ct i ce
a nd
a p p l i ca t i on.
T h i s
p a p er p rov i d es
a
d et a i l ed record of t h e cu rrent s t a t e of t h e a rt i n C a na d i a n
u t i l i t i es w h i ch ca n b e u s ed a s a d a t u m f or f u t u re ex a mi na
t i ons .
Di s cu s s er: E . L a k erv i
R ef erences
[ 1 ] C a na d i a n E l ect ri ca l A s s oci a t i on, Di s t ri b u t i on
S y s t em
R el i
a b i l i t y S t a t i s t i cs ,
F i na l
rep ort ,
C E A 1 4 8 D 2 55, C E A ,
Mont rea l , C a na d a , A u g u s t
1 9 8 4 .
[ 2 ] E l ect ri c P ow er R es ea rch
I ns t i t u t e, Dev el op ment
of Di s t ri
b u t i on
S y s t em R el i a b i l i t y
a nd R i s k
A na l y s i s Mod el s ,
38 I E E E P ow er
E ng i neeri ng R ev i ew , A p ri l
1 9 8 6