Creen LurLles are LhoughL Lo undergo !"#$%& ()&(*+)+,- ./+&!
#0 12/31 durlng Lhelr llves, from opporLunlsuc
feedlng durlng Lhe oceanlc phase Lo an almosL excluslve herblvorous dleL once Lhey recrulL Lo coasLal hablLaLs (Chaloupka & Llmpus 2001, 8oyle & Llmpus 2008, ArLhur eL al. 2008) uurlng Lhelr oceanlc sLage -+%2!4(%(.1 mlghL consuLuLe a complemenLary food resource Lo Lhelr normal dleLs (8oyle & Llmpus 2008, arker eL al. 2011). 1he 5#$*$!0!) -(!1& has been ldenued as a feedlng and resung ground for [uvenlle green LurLles occurrlng year round (Lpez-Mendllaharsu M eL al 2006, Marunez-Souza eL al. 2011, velez-8ublo eL al. 2013 ), buL llule ls know abouL Lhe dleL of green LurLles Lhere. ln order Lo sLudy [uvenlle green LurLle dleL ln Lhe uruguayan coasL, we collecLed guL conLenLs from 34 speclmens sLranded along Lhe uruguayan coasL durlng Lhe perlod 2009-2013 (llg.1). AlmosL all Lhe cephalopod beaks were ldenued aL leasL Lo Lhe genus level, based on beak morphologyby reference Lo Lhe avallable llLeraLure (Clarke 1986, xavler & Cherel 2009). uependlng on Lhe color and Lransparency of Lhe wlng beaks and Lhe bouom of laLeral wall we dlsungulshed beLween recenLly consumed beaks (wlLhln days) or old beaks, Lhose LhaL poLenually sLayed ln Lhe LurLles for longer ume (weeks/monLhs). Cephalopods beaks were always assoclaLed wlLh Lhe presence of oaung marlne debrls (so and hard plasuc, foam, rope, eLc.) and oLher organlc oaung lLems (l.e.: gelaunous macrozooplankLon! #$% &$' ' () ' *. , pel agl c crusLaceans, eLc.) (llg. 2). 1he squld specles found are frequenL ln Lhe dleL of predaLors. 1he beaks found were probably accumulaLed ln Lhe LurLles dlgesuve LracL durlng Lhelr oceanlc sLage, remalnlng ln Lhe guL aer Lhey reached Lhe coasLal zones (Permndez-Carlca 1993, Morals eL al. 2012 ). 1hls lnference ls supporLed by Lhe smaller slze of LurLles LhaL feed on squlds. 1hls suggesLs LhaL cephalopod lngesuon by [uvenlle green LurLles durlng Lhelr oceanlc sLages may be common ln Lhls parL of Lhe SouLhwesLern ALlanuc (SWA). velez-8ublo C M 1,2 , A Carranza 3,4 , 8 Mlguez-Lozano 2 , C Marunez Souza 1,3, u Cnzalez-aredes 1 , ! 1oms 2 1 kA8uM8L, 8lodlversldad y Conservacln. Av. 8lvera 3243, MonLevldeo C 11400, uruguay 2 lnsuLuLo Cavanllles de 8lodlversldad y 8lologla Lvoluuva, unlverslLy of valencla, ApLdo. 22083, L-46071 valencla, Spaln 3 CenLro unlvesrlLarlo reglonal LsLe (Cu8L) Sede Maldonado, unLa del LsLe, uruguay 4 rea 8lodlversldad y Conservacln, Museo naclonal de PlsLorla naLural, C.C. 399, C.. 11000, MonLevldeo, uruguay 3 rograma de s-Craduao em Cceanograa 8lolglca, unlversldade lederal do 8lo Crande, 8lo Crande, 8S, 8razll 6789 :: 8lo de la laLa e s L u a r y m a p , L h e uruguayan coasL were dlvlded lnLo Lhree zones based on Lhe dlerences l n h y d r o l o g l c a l characLerlsucs: lLZ, CLZ and CZ. 1he black clrcles lndlcaLe Lhe locauons of collecuon of sLranded green LurLles. 1he leuers lndlcaLes Lhe lmporLanL feedlng areas for [uvenlle g r e e n L u r L l e s l n ur u g u a y a n c o a s L a l waLers: ;< MA of Cerro verde, =< unLa del ulablo, >< MA of Cabo olonlo, ?< La aloma and @< unLa del LsLe. AB -+%2!4(%(. "+!C1 were found ln Lhe sLomachs and/or lnLesunes of 17 of Lhe 34 green LurLles analysed (lC = 31.3). All Lhe LurLles measured presenL [uvenlle slze (CCL Su) = 40.0 7.0 cm, range 29.8-62.0. 1urLles wlLh cephalopod beaks ln Lhelr guLs were slgnlcanLly smaller Lhan Lhose wlLhouL beaks (CCLn-L, l 1,43 =4.367, p<0.03). 8eaks were asslgned Lo 6 morphospecles of squlds (Cephalopoda: Cegopslda) from 3 genera, +,-%./0(/,-s, 1-'2./0(/,-'! 3456-$ $47 8$'2&./0(/,-' (llg. 3). 1he domlnanL specles ln Lerms of occurrence were !" $%&'()* (lC= 42) and +" ,-((%..* /-&012/1.' (lC= 24), oceanlc medlum-depLh Lo deep-waLer squlds LhaL apparenLly undergo onLogeneuc and dlel verucal mlgrauons ln Lhe waLer column ln oshore hablLaLs. 19:9 ;.%*(';(<$ ls wldely buL unevenly dlsLrlbuLed ln Lhe souLhern subLroplcal areas of Lhe ALlanuc, +" '3.'(4/' has a clrcumglobal dlsLrlbuuon ln souLhern waLers and +" '&/31&* exLends LhroughouL Lhe Lroplcal and subLroplcal ALlanuc (nesls 1987, voss eL al. 1998). +9 =0%$45- ls known Lo be dlsLrlbuLed ln Lhe AnLarcuc, sub-AnLarcuc and subLroplcal waLers (8odhouse and Lu 1998, xavler eL al. 2002). lor Lhe oLher Lwo genera Lhls seems Lo be Lhe rsL record norLh of ca. 46 S. D2+ %#+1+)& E(#C 12(E1 &2+ #+4+F!)-+ (G &2+ -+%2!4(%(.1 /) &2+ ./+& (G H$F+)/4+ *#++) &$#&4+1 !). /I%#(F+1 C)(E4+.*+ () &2+ +-(4(*0 !). ./1&#/"$,() (G J+*(%1/. 1K$/.1 /) &2+ LM ;&4!),-9 Powever, lL ls sull unclear how non-experL dlvers as small [uvenlle sea LurLles may predaLe over fasL swlmmlng squlds specles? We hypoLheslze LhaL LurLles could prey squlds durlng Lhelr nocLurnal mlgrauon Lo Lhe eplpelaglc zone, alLhough Lhe mosL llkely explanauon ls a scavenger behavlor over dead squlds on sea surface. AuLhors are really greauul Lo all karumbe members and volunLeers who once formed parL of Lhe nCC. Also Lo all Lhe persons (shermen, naval refecLure, llfe guard servlce, rangers, clvll organlzauons and cluzens). AuLhors wlsh Lo Lhank Lo Lhe Marlne Zoology unlL of Lhe unlverslLy of valencla Lo help ln Lhe lasL parL of Lhls work. !1 ls supporLed by pro[ecL CCL 2011-30413 of Lhe Spanlsh MlnlsLry of Lconomy and Compeuuveness. llnanclal suppoerL from llAW Lo karumbe, 8uord small granL Lo Cv and Agencla naclonal de lnvesugacln e lnnovacln (Anll) Lo AC ls also acknowledge. 1hls research was conducLed under llcence (no. 200/04, 073/08 and 323/11) from Lhe launa ueparLmenL MlnlsLry of Caule, AgrlculLure and llshlng of uruguay. 6789 B: lour green LurLle dlgesuve conLenLs analyzed. 1he presence of cephalopods beaks ls always assoclaLed wl Lh oaung l Lems (marl ne debrl s, gel aunous macrozooplanckLon) 6789 N: upper and lower beaks of cephalopods morphospecles found ln Lhe dlgesuve conLenLs of green LurLles: ; +,-%./,0(2' =0%$45-, = 1-'2./0(/,-' :.440<<- ;.%*(';(<$, > 1-'2./0(/,-' $/<$42;$, ? 8$'2&./0(/,-' *'5;%,.*,5<$ and @ 345;,-$ '*. Scale 2 cm. Clarke (1986) A handbook for Lhe ldenucauon of Cephalopod 8eaks. Conzlez Carman eL al. (2012) 8evlslung Lhe onLogeneuc shl paradlgm: Lhe case of [uvenlle green LurLles ln Lhe SWALlanuc. !LM8L Permndez-Carlca (1993) 1he dleL of Lhe swordsh >-*,-$' &<$7-(' Llnnaeus, 1738, ln Lhe cenLral easL ALlanuc, wlLh emphasls on Lhe role of cepahlopods. l8 Morals eL al. (2012) Cephalopod lngesuon by [uvenlle green sea LurLles (+,0<.4-$ )57$'): redaLory or scavenglng behavlor? P8 nesls (1987) Cephalopods of Lhe world 8odhouse & Lu (1998) +,-%./0(/,-' =0%$45- fromLhe ALlanuc secLor of Lhe SouLhern Ccean (Cephalopoda: ChlroLeuLhldae). SA!MS voss eL al. (1998) 1he Cephalopod famlly PlsuoLeuLhldae (Cegopslda): sysLemaucs, blology, and blogeography. xavler & Cherel (2009) Cephalopod 8eak Culde for Lhe SouLhern Ccean. 8rlush AnLarcuc Survey xavler eL al. (2002) ulsLrlbuuon of cephalopods recorded ln Lhe dleL of aLagonlan LooLhsh (?-''.'2;,(' 0<0&-4.-70') around SouLh Ceorgla. 8 Cur sLudy adds lnformauon Lo Lhese specles provldlng F!4$!"4+ /)G(#I!,() on +-(4(*0 !). ./1&#/"$,() of LM; -+%2!4(%(.1 LhaL have noL been sub[ecL Lo a commerclal shery. Avallable knowledge on Lhe dlsLrlbuuon of [uvenlle green LurLles ln Lhe SWA suggesLs LhaL Lhe dlsLrlbuuon llmlL for Lhls specles mosL llkely ls locaLed around 40 S (see e.g. Conzlez Carman eL al. 2012). 1hus, we are condenL enough Lo say LhaL cephalopod lngesuon occurs norLh of Lhls lauLude. ln Lhls llne Lhls sLudy exLends Lhe ALlanuc dlsLrlbuuon of aL leasL Lwo cephalopods specles (8$'2&./0(/,-' *'5;%,.*,5<$ and 3456-$ '*) well norLh of Lhe AnLarcuc Convergence Lo Lhe reglon of Lhe SubLroplcal lronL. 6789 O: 1-'2./0(/,-' :.440<<-