1 Da Volt Var Control Optimization

Volt VAR
Control&Optimization
BobUluski
QuantaTechnology
2010 Quanta Technology LLC
WhatisVoltVARcontrol?
VoltVARcontrol(VVC)isafundamentaloperatingrequirementofall
electricdistributionsystems
TheprimepurposeofVVCistomaintainacceptablevoltageatallpoints
alongthedistributionfeederunderallloadingconditions
LTC
Primary Feeder
SUBSTATION
Primary Feeder
Secondary
Distribution
Transformer
Service
Drop Wires
First
Customer
Last
Customer
Customer
Voltage
3 volts
Primary
2 volts distribution
transformer
1 volt secondary
1 volt service drop
122
119
117
116
First Customer
Distance
115
Last Customer
ANSI C84.1 Lower Limit (114 volts)
114
WithoutVVC:
Voltagemightbeokayduringaverageload
Transformer
T P i i
120V
126V
Tap Position
114V


WithoutVVC:
voltagemightdroopbelowtheminimumacceptable
levelforsomecustomersduringheavyloadperiods
Transformer
T P i i
120V
126V
Tap Position
114V
Low Voltage


WithoutVVC:
Couldraisethemanualtapsettingonthesubstationtransformerto
correct the peak load problem correctthepeakloadproblem
Transformer
Tap Position
120V
126V
114V


WithoutVVC:
Butwhenfeederloadinginlight,highvoltagecouldbea
problem at the substation end of the feeder problematthesubstationendofthefeeder
Transformer
Tap Position
High Voltage
120V
126V
114V


WithoutVVC:
Butwhenfeederloadinginlight,highvoltagecould
be a problem at the substation end of the feeder

beaproblematthesubstationendofthefeeder
Transformer
Tap Position
120V
126V
114V


VVC=VoltageRegulation+ReactivePowerCompensation
Use voltage regulators (Vregs) or transformers with load tap changers Usevoltageregulators(Vregs)ortransformerswithloadtapchangers
(LTCs) thatautomatically raiseorlowerthevoltageinresponsetochanges
inload
Use capacitor banks to supply some of the reactive power that would Usecapacitorbanks tosupplysomeofthereactivepowerthatwould
otherwisebedrawnfromthesupplysubstations

VVCinTodaysOperatingEnvironment
(andTomorrowsOperatingEnvironmentToo!)
Maintainingthestatusquo nolongeracceptable
UtilitiesareseekingtodomorewithVVCthanjustkeeping
voltagewithintheallowablelimits
S t ti i ti i i t t t f th l Systemoptimization isanimportantpartofthenormal
operatingstrategyundersmartgrid
Aspenetrationofintermittentrenewablegenerating As penetration of intermittent renewable generating
resourcesgrowsinfuture,highspeeddynamicvoltVAR
controlwillplayasignificantroleinmaintainingpower
quality and voltage stability on the distribution feeders qualityandvoltagestabilityonthedistributionfeeders
VoltVARControlinaSmartGridWorld
ExpandedobjectivesforVoltVARcontrolinclude
Basic requirement maintain acceptable voltage Basicrequirement maintainacceptablevoltage
SupportmajorSmartGridobjectives:
Accomplishenergyconservation
ff ( d h l l ) Improveefficiency(reducetechnicallosses)
Promoteaselfhealinggrid(VVCplaysaroleinmaintainingvoltage
afterselfhealinghasoccurred)
Enable idespread deplo ment of Distrib ted generation Rene ables EnablewidespreaddeploymentofDistributedgeneration,Renewables,
Energystorage,andotherdistributedenergyresources
RequirementsfortheIdealVoltVARSystem
MaintainAcceptableVoltageProfile atallpointsalongthe
distributionfeederunderallloadingconditions
MaintainAcceptablePowerFactor underallloadingconditions
ProvideSelfMonitoring alertdispatcherwhenavoltVARdevice
f il fails
AllowOperatorOverride duringsystememergencies
Work correctly following Feeder Reconfiguration WorkcorrectlyfollowingFeederReconfiguration
AccommodateDistributedEnergyResources
ProvideOptimalCoordinatedControl ofallVoltVARdevices
AllowSelectableOperatingObjectives asdifferentneedsarise
Approaches to Volt VAR Control ApproachestoVoltVARControl
Traditional Approach TraditionalApproach
DLA Master
Station
Switched Capacitor Bank
SCADA Volt VAR
Distribution
SCADA
Distribution
Power Flow
p
SCADAVoltVAR
Integrated Volt VAR
IVVC
Application
Substation
RTU
Line Regulator
IntegratedVoltVAR
Substation
Capacitor Bank
Substation
Transformer
With Load
Tap Changer
TraditionalVoltVARControl
Current/Voltage
Sensor
Capacitor
Bank
Distribution Primary Line
Current/Voltage
Sensor
Voltage
R l t
Bank
"Local" Current/
Voltage
Measurements
On/Off Control
Command
Regulator
"Local" Current/
Voltage
Measurements
On/Off Control
Command
Standalone
Controller
Command
Signal
Standalone
Controller
Command
Signal
VoltVARflowsmanagedbyindividual,independent,standalonevoltVAR
regulatingdevices:
Substation transformer load tap changers (LTCs) Substationtransformerloadtapchangers(LTCs)
Linevoltageregulators
Fixedandswitchedcapacitorbanks
Limitations of Traditional Approach LimitationsofTraditionalApproach
Power factor correction/loss reduction Powerfactorcorrection/lossreduction
Manytraditionalcapbankcontrollershavevoltage
control (switch on when voltage is low) control(switchonwhenvoltageislow)
Reactivepowercontrollersavailable,butexpensive(needtoaddCT)
Goodatmaintainingacceptablevoltage
Good at PF correction during peak load seasons may not come on at all GoodatPFcorrectionduringpeakloadseasons maynotcomeonatall
duringoffpeakseasons
ResultisthatPFisusuallygreat(nearunity)duringpeakloadperiodsand
lowduringoffpeakseasons(higherelectricallosses) g p ( g )
MonitoringofSwitchedCapacitorBank
f Performance
Switched capacitor banks are notorious for Switchedcapacitorbanksarenotoriousfor
beingoutofserviceduetoblownfuses,etc.
With traditional scheme switched capacitor Withtraditionalscheme,switchedcapacitor
bankcouldbeoutofserviceforextended
periods without operator knowing periodswithoutoperatorknowing
Losseshigherifcapbankisoutofservice
R i i i d d? Routineinspectionsneeded?
TraditionalVoltageRegulationStrategy
LineDropCompensation
accountsforvaryingload
Wh l d th h lt
LTC
Whenloadthroughvoltage
regulatorishigh,voltagedrop
alongthefeederwillbehigh
LTC i lt t
SUBSTATION
Primary Feeder
Secondary
Distribution
Transformer
Service
Drop Wires
First
LTCraisesvoltageto
compensate
Thisapproachworkswellwhen
ll f d l d th h th
Last
Customer
Customer
Voltage
allfeederloadpassesthroughthe
voltageregulator
3 volts
Primary
2 volts distribution
transformer
1 volt secondary
1 volt service drop
122
119
117
116
115
First Customer
Last Customer
Distance
Last Customer
ANSI C84.1 Lower Limit (114 volts)
114
VoltageRegulationProblemWhenLargeDGUnitisIntroduced
WithalargeDRouton
the feeder load through thefeeder,loadthrough
Vregwillbereduced
Vreqthinksloadislight
onthefeeder
Vreglowerstapsettingto
avoidlightload,high
voltagecondition
This action makes the Thisactionmakesthe
actualheavyload,low
voltageconditioneven
worse
DMS that accounts for DMSthataccountsfor
DGaffectscanmakethe
properraise/lower
decisionbasedontotal
feeder conditions
feederconditions
VoltageRegulationDuringAlternateFeedConfiguration
Olderstylevoltageregulatorswereoftendesignedtohandleapurelyradialsituation
powerflowalwaysfromthesamedirection(fromthesubstation)
OlderstyleVregsmaynotworkcorrectlyifpowerflowisfromtheoppositedirection
(seeexample)
Couldraisevoltagewhenduringlightload,creatinghighvoltagesituation
Couldlowervoltagewhenduringheavyload,creatinglowvoltagesituation
Feederreconfigurationmaybecomeamorefrequentoccurrencedueto
Loadtransferredtoanotherfeederduringservicerestoration(FLISR) g ( )
Optimalnetworkreconfigurationtoreducelosses(DMSapplication)
Vreg not bi-directional
Incorrect Operation!
UseofBidirectionalVoltageRegulator
CanUseBidirectionalvoltageregulator
controllertohandlefeederreconfiguration
Thesemaketheoppositetapposition
movementwhenflowisfromthereverse
direction direction
Vreg bi-directional
Correct Operation!
Reverse Power Flow with DG ReversePowerFlowwithDG
ADGofsufficientsizecanreverse
powerflow
BidirectionalVoltageRegulator
Vreg bi-directional
g g
maynotworkcorrectly
DGdoesnottypicallyprovidea
sourcestrengthstrongerthanthe
substation
Direction of
Power Flow
1.0 1.0
Normal Load
DG
substation.
Substationsidevoltagedoesnot
change,
DGsidechanges
E ith Bidi ti l V
Direction of
Power Flow
Normal Load
Vs Vl
Vl =Vs
EvenwithBidirectionalVreg,
couldwinduploweringthe
voltageonaportionorthe
feederduringheavyload
diti
.90 1.0
Increased
Load
Vs
Vl
Vl =Vs x .90
DG
conditions
Conclusion: Needamore
sophisticatedvoltagecontrol
strategywhenDGpenetrationis
Vl
Incorrect Operation!
largeenoughtoreversepower
flow
LimitationsofTraditionalVoltVARControl
Current/Voltage
Sensor
Capacitor
Bank
Distribution Primary Line
Current/Voltage
Sensor
Voltage
R l t
Bank
"Local" Current/
Voltage
Measurements
On/Off Control
Command
Regulator
"Local" Current/
Voltage
Measurements
On/Off Control
Command
Standalone
Controller
Command
Signal
Standalone
Controller
Command
Signal
Thesystemisnotcontinuouslymonitored
Thesystemlacksflexibilitytorespondtochangingconditionsoutonthe
distribution feeders can misoperate following automatic reconfiguration distributionfeeders canmisoperatefollowingautomaticreconfiguration
Systemoperationmaynotbeoptimalunderallconditions
Cannotoverridetraditionaloperationduringpowersystememergencies
Systemmaymisoperatewhenmoderngriddevices(e.g.,distributed
generators)arepresent reversepowerflowfromDGcantrick
standalonecontrollertobelievefeederhasbeenreconfigured
ScorecardforTraditionalVolt
VAR
V lt VAR R i t
Traditional Volt-
Volt VAR Requirements
Traditional Volt
VAR
Acceptable Voltage Profile X
Acceptable Power Factor X
Self Monitoring
Operator Override p
Feeder Reconfiguration
SmartGrid Devices
Optimal Coordinated Control Optimal Coordinated Control
Selectable Operating Objectives
SCADA Controlled VoltVAR SCADA ControlledVolt VAR
VoltVARpowerapparatusmonitoredandcontrolledby p pp y
SupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition(SCADA)
VoltVARControltypicallyhandledbytwoseparate
(i d d t) t (independent)systems:
VARDispatch controlscapacitorbankstoimprovepowerfactor,
reduceelectricallosses,etc
VoltageControl controlsLTCsand/orvoltageregulatorstoreduce
demandand/orenergyconsumption(aka,ConservationVoltage
Reduction)
Operationofthesesystemsisprimarilybasedonastoredset
ofpredeterminedrules (e.g.,ifpowerfactorislessthan
0 95 then switch capacitor bank #1 off)
0.95,thenswitchcapacitorbank#1off )
Overall Objective of VAR dispatch OverallObjectiveofVARdispatch

VARDispatchComponents
Switched&fixedfeedercapacitorbanks
Capacitorbankcontrolinterface p
Communicationsfacility onewaypagingorload
managementcommunicationsissufficient
Meansofmonitoring3phasevarflowatthe
substation
substation
MasterstationrunningVARdispatchsoftware
MonitoringRealandReactivePowerFlow
VARDispatchRulesApplied
RealandReactiveLoadIncreases
ReactivePowerFlowExceeds
Threshold
CapacitorSwitchedOn
ChangeinReactivePowerDetected
ChangeinReactivePowerDetected
Change detected
by Substation
RTU
RTU
BenefitsofVARDispatchvsTraditional
SelfMonitoring
Operatoroverridecapability
Someimprovementinefficiency
ObjectivesforSCADAVoltageControl
Maintain acceptable voltage at all locations Maintainacceptablevoltageatalllocations
underallloadingconditions
Operate at as low as voltage as possible to Operateataslowasvoltageaspossibleto
reducepowerconsumption(akaConservation
Voltage Reduction) VoltageReduction)
ConservationVoltageReduction
Source: Tom Wilson PCS Utilidata
BenefitsofVoltageReductionforVariousTypesofLoads
Constantimpedance (powerconsumedisproportionaltovoltagesquared)
Incandescentlighting,resistivewaterheaters,stovetopandovercookingloads
Constantpower (demandisconstantregardlessofvoltage)
Electricmotors,regulatedpowersupplies
Constantcurrent(demandisproportionaltovoltage)(fewofthistypeofload)
Weldingunits,smelting,electroplatingprocesses
Feederloadisalwaysamixofthedifferent
loadtypes
Rules of thumb: Rulesofthumb:
60/40split(constantpower/constant
impedance)forsummerpeakloads
40/60splitforwinterpeakloads
80/20forindustrialareas
70/30forresidentialloadinresidentialwith
summerpeaking
30/70forresloadwithwinterpeaking
Commercialloads:50/50or60/40
Source: Power Distribution Planning
Source:PowerDistributionPlanning
ReferenceBook,H.LeeWillis
BenefitsofVoltageReduction
Worksbestwithresistiveload (lightingand
resistiveheating)becausepowerdrawn
decreaseswiththevoltagesquared.
P = V
2
R
Constant
Impedance
load
Devicesthatoperateusingathermostat
generallydonotreduceenergy thedevices
justrunlonger
BenefitsofVoltageReduction
Efficiency improve
for small voltage
reduction
Incremental change
in efficiency drops
off and then turns
negative as voltage
is reduced
Negative effect
occurs sooner for
heavily loaded
motors
BenefitsofVoltageReductiononmotors
Motorlossreductionisabalancingactbetweenmagnetic
effectsandelectricaleffects:
Magneticlosses(IronLosses)arereducedwhenvoltageislowered
Motorcurrentincreasesasvoltageisdecreased(constantpowereffect) but
ifmotorloadingislight,currentincreasesgradually
Initialeffectisreducedenergyassumption,butasvoltageisdeceasedfurther,
copperlossincreasesandmotorbecomeslessefficient
Power Savings Obtained from Supply Voltage
Variation on Squirrel Cage Induction Motors
C. D. Pitis, BC Hydro Power Smart, and M. W. Zeller,
BC Hydro Power Smart
BC Hydro Power Smart
EmergingLoadCharacteristics
DigitalDevices:
Typicallyhaveauniversalpowersupplycoveringawiderangeofinput
voltagevariations(e.g.:LCD/PlasmaTV&VCRs=80240V) g ( g )
Constantpowerbehavior
ElectricVehicleChargers:
C Constantpower
ConstantVoltage(regulatedoutput,duringmaintenancecharge)
Constantcurrent(Lowstateofchargeandfastchargingtype)
NiMH Charging Profile
Example charging curves for two EV chargers
Voltage Control Components VoltageControlComponents
EOF V lt EOF Voltage
measurement
126V
Actual
114V
116V
CVR
Cutoff
Voltage
EOF = End of feeder
EOFVoltageBelowVoltageControlThreshold
(No Control Actions) (NoControlActions)
EOF V lt
Voltage Control
Processor
Comm
Interface
EOF Voltage
measurement
126V
Actual
LTC
Substation
RTU
Volt Meter
or AMR
Comm
Interface
LTC
Controller
Substation
Transformer
114V
116V
CVR
Cutoff
Voltage
OO
Reactive Power (MVAR)
Real Power (MW)
End of
Feeder
OO
OO
OO
OO
Voltage
Transformer
Reactive Power (MVAR)
EOF = End of feeder
EOFVoltageAboveVoltageControl
h h ld Threshold
EOF V lt
Voltage Control
Processor
Comm
Interface
EOF Voltage
measurement
126V
Actual
Voltage
LTC
Substation
RTU
Volt Meter
or AMR
Comm
Interface
LTC
Controller
Substation
Transformer
114V
116V
CVR
Cutoff
OO
End of
Feeder
OO
OO
OO
OO
EOF = End of feeder
EOFVoltageAboveVoltageControlThreshold
(lower tap setting) (lowertapsetting)
EOF V lt
Voltage Control
Processor
Comm
Interface
Lower Tap
EOF Voltage
measurement
126V
Actual
Voltage
LTC
Substation
RTU
Volt Meter
or AMR
Comm
Interface
LTC
Controller
Substation
Transformer
Setting
114V
116V
CVR
Cutoff
OO
End of
Feeder
OO
OO
OO
OO
Transformer
EOF = End of feeder
EOFVoltageAboveVoltageControlThreshold
(lower tap setting) (lowertapsetting)
EOF V lt
Voltage Control
Processor
Comm
Interface
Lower Tap
EOF Voltage
measurement
126V
Actual
Voltage
LTC
Substation
RTU
Volt Meter
or AMR
Comm
Interface
LTC
Controller
Substation
Transformer
Setting
114V
116V
CVR
Cutoff
OO
End of
Feeder
OO
OO
OO
OO
Transformer
SelfMonitoring
Operatoroverridecapability
CVRfunctionnotavailablewithtraditional
CVRbasedonVoltagemeasurements CVRbasedonVoltagemeasurements
HydroQuebecResults:
Simplebutnotfullyeffective.Demonstrationprojectgained
only 30% of the estimated energy consumption. only30%oftheestimatedenergyconsumption.
Voltmetersnotreallyattheendofthefeeders.Voltmeters
installedonlyon3phasescircuits.Targetsneedtocoveralso
theworstcasevoltagedropofthesinglephasenetworks.
Networktopologyduringthedemonstrationproject(1year
average)wasnotinitsnormalstate40%ofthetime.
Volt Meter
Communication network
Substation
End of
Feeder
Regulation
ll controller
A local regulation controller monitors the end of feeders voltage and
Source: Volt-VAR Control Implementation at Hydro Qubec;
Presented by Herve Delmas to IEEE Smart Distribution Volt Var
Task Force, January 2010
A local regulation controller monitors the end of feeder s voltage and
sets the tap to maintain this voltage at 115V.
LackofCoordinationbetweenVoltand
l VARcontrol
Switching a capacitor bank on raises the Switchingacapacitorbankonraisesthe
voltage,which:
Increases no load losses in distribution Increasesnoloadlossesindistribution
transformers
Increases energy consumption and possibly Increasesenergyconsumptionandpossibly
demand
Lowering the voltage through CVR: LoweringthevoltagethroughCVR:
Makesthecapacitorbankslesseffective(lower
voltage means less capacitive current delivered by
voltagemeanslesscapacitivecurrentdeliveredby
thecapbanks)
SCADAVoltVARSummaryy
Doesnot adapttochangingfeeder
configuration (rules are fixed in advance) configuration (rulesarefixedinadvance)
Doesnot adapttovaryingoperatingneeds
(rules are fixed in advance) (rulesarefixedinadvance)
Overallefficiencyisimprovedversus
traditional approach but is not necessarily traditionalapproach,butisnotnecessarily
optimalunderallconditions
Operation of VAR and Volt devices is not OperationofVARandVoltdevicesisnot
coordinated
Does not adapt well to presence of modern
Doesnot adaptwelltopresenceofmodern
griddevices suchasDG
SampleCalc:kWhLossSavingsDueto
VAR Dispatch VARDispatch
Sample Calculation 2: Savings Due to kWh Reduction

Input Values:

Target power factor (TPF) =100
useful
Target power factor (TPF) =1.00
Average power factor (AVGPF) =.95
Peak load on feeder (PKLOAD) =8,000 kilowatts
Distribution losses (% of peak load) =4.0%
Average cost to purchase one kilowatt-hour =0.04 $/kWh
useful
formula
g p $

Annual savings per feeder
= 8760 x .456 x DLOSS x PKLOAD x (1 AVGPF
2
/ TPF
2
) x .04 kWh per year
= 8760 x 0.456 x 4% x 8000 x (1 - .952 / 1.02) * .04
$ f = $4,985 per year per feeder
SampleCalculation:DemandReduction
Due to VAR Dispatch DuetoVARDispatch
Sample Calculation 3: Savings in Energy Supplier Demand Charges Sample Calculation 3: Savings in Energy Supplier Demand Charges

Input Values:

Target power factor (TPF) =1.00 g p ( )
Power factor at peak load (PKPF) = .98
Peak load on feeder (PKLOAD) =8,000 kilowatts
Energy supplier demand charge (DEMCHG) = 20 $/kW

useful
formula
Annual savings per feeder

= (1/PKPF - 1/TPF) x 100 % x PKLOAD x DMDCHG
= (1 / 0.98 1 / 1.00) x 100% x 8,000 x 20
$3 265 f d = $3,265 per year per feeder
Volt VAR Scorecard VoltVAR Scorecard
Volt-VAR Approach
Traditional Volt-
VAR
SCADA Volt-
VAR
A t bl V lt P fil X X
pp
Acceptable Voltage Profile X X
Acceptable Power Factor X X
Self Monitoring X
Operator Override X Operator Override X
Feeder Reconfiguration
SmartGrid Devices
Optimal Coordinated Control
Selectable Operating Objectives
VoltVAROptimization(CentralizedApproach)
Developsandexecutesacoordinatedoptimal
switchingplanforall voltagecontroldevices
Uses optimal power flow program to decide what to Usesoptimalpowerflowprogramtodecidewhatto
do
Achieves utilityspecified objective functions: Achievesutility specifiedobjectivefunctions:
Minimize distribution system power loss
Minimize power demand (sum of distribution power loss and
customer demand) customer demand)
Maximize revenue (the difference between energy sales and energy
prime cost)
Combination of the above
Can bias the results to minimize tap changer
movement and other equipment control actions that
ddi i l d h h i l
put additional wear and tear on the physical
equipment
ModelingLoadVoltageSensitivity
AccurateloadmodelforIVVC:
Determineappropriatevaluesforcoefficientson
above formula using field experiments and aboveformulausingfieldexperimentsand
regressionanalysis
VoltVAROptimization(VVO)System
fi i Configuration
Temp
Changes
MDMS AMI
Line
Switch
Distribution
System Model
Geographic
Information
System (GIS)
Perm
Changes
Dynamic
Changes
Switched
Cap
Bank
Distribution
SCADA
On-Line Power
Flow (OLPF)
IVVC
Optimizing
Engine
Line
Voltage
Regulator
Develops a
coordinated
optimal
Substation RTU
Substation
Transformer
with TCUL
Substation
Capacitor
B k
optimal
switching plan for
all voltage control
devices and
executes the plan
with TCUL
Bank
executes the plan
VoltVAROptimization(VVO)SystemOperation
Voltage Feedback
Temp
Changes
MDMS AMI
Line
Switch
Switch
Status
Voltage Feedback,
Accurate load data
Bank voltage & status,
switch control
Distribution
System Model
Geographic
Information
System (GIS)
Perm
Changes
Dynamic
Changes
Switched
Cap Bank
switch control
Distribution
SCADA
On-Line Power
Flow (OLPF)
IVVC requires real-
time monitoring &
control of sub &
IVVC
Optimizing
Engine
Line Voltage
Regulator
Monitor & control tap
control of sub &
feeder devices
Substation RTU
Substation
Transformer
with TCUL
Substation
Capacitor
Bank
Bank voltage &status
p
position, measure load
voltage and load
Monitor & control tap
position, measure load
voltage and load
Bank voltage & status,
switch control
VoltVAROptimization(VVO)SystemOperation
Temp
Changes
MDMS AMI
Line
Switch
Cuts, jumpers,
manual switching
Real-Time
Updates
Distribution
System Model
Geographic
Information
System (GIS)
Perm
Changes
Dynamic
Changes Switched
Cap Bank
Distribution
SCADA
On-Line Power
Flow (OLPF)
Permanent asset changes
(line extension,
d t )
IVVC
Optimizing
Engine
Line Voltage
Regulator
reconductor)
Substation RTU
Substation
Transformer
with TCUL
Substation
Capacitor
Bank
IVVC requires an
accurate, up-to date
electrical model
Bank
Operation Operation
Temp
Changes
MDMS AMI
Line
Switch
Distribution
System Model
Geographic
Information
System (GIS)
Perm
Changes
Dynamic
Changes
Switched
Cap Bank
Distribution
SCADA
On-Line Power
Flow (OLPF)
OLPF calculates
losses, voltage
profile, etc
IVVC
Optimizing
Engine
Line Voltage
Regulator
Powerflow
Substation RTU
Substation
Transformer
with TCUL
Substation
Capacitor
Bank
Powerflow
Results
Bank
Operation Operation
Temp
Changes
MDMS AMI
Line
Switch
Distribution
System Model
Geographic
Information
System (GIS)
Perm
Changes
Dynamic
Changes
Switched
Cap Bank
Distribution
SCADA
On-Line Power
Flow (OLPF)
Determines optimal
set of control
actions to achieve a
desired objective
IVVC
Optimizing
Engine
Line Voltage
Regulator
Powerflow
j
Substation RTU
Substation
Transformer
with TCUL
Substation
Capacitor
Bank
Powerflow
Results
Alternative
Switching
Bank
Switching
Plan
Operation Operation
Temp
Changes
MDMS AMI
Line
Switch
Distribution
System Model
Geographic
Information
System (GIS)
Perm
Changes
Dynamic
Changes
Switched
Cap Bank
Distribution
SCADA
On-Line Power
Flow (OLPF)
Determines optimal
set of control
actions to achieve a
desired objective
IVVC
Optimizing
Engine
Line Voltage
Regulator
j
Substation RTU
Substation
Transformer
with TCUL
Substation
Capacitor
Bank
Optimal
Switching
Bank
Switching
Plan
ImpactofVoltageReductionon
Customers
In most cases, voltage reduction does not impact Inmostcases,voltagereductiondoesnotimpact
customerequipment,but..
Somecustomersareawareoftheprincipleofvoltage p p g
reductionandgavealreadytakenstepstolowertheir
voltageviaindividualservicevoltageregulators(e.g.
Smartmotorcontrollers)
Whenutilitylowersthevoltageonthefeeder,
h l d l h customerswhoarealreadyloweringtheirown
voltagewillgobelowtheminimum
Voltage Reduction Limitations VoltageReductionLimitations
Feedersvoltagelimited?
Maynotbeabletoreducevoltageatall
Mayneedtoflattenthevoltageprofile
(Progressenergy,GeorgiaPower,etc)
CurrentTechnologies,LLC
TimeDecayofCVREffects
Themostreductionoccursrightwhenthevoltageis
reducedandthensomeofthereductionislostas
some loads j st r n longer someloadsjustrunlonger
IVVCBenefits
D i d l d t t ti ll h Dynamicmodelupdatesautomaticallywhen
reconfigurationoccurs
Volt VARcontrolactionsarecoordinated
SystemcanmodeltheeffectsofDistributed
Generationandothermoderngridelements
Producesoptimalresults
Accommodatesvaryingoperatingobjectives
d di t d
dependingonpresentneed
Benefits of Volt VAR Optimization BenefitsofVoltVAROptimization
CVRFactor=P/VbasiconactualCVRexperience:
BC H d CVR 0 7 BCHydroCVR
f
= 0.7
ProgressEnergyCVR
f
= 0.8
Georgia Power CVR
f
= 0 8 GeorgiaPowerCVR
f
= 0.8
AnnualEnergySavings =AverageLoadx#Hoursperyearx%
voltagereductionxCVRfxvalueofenergyconservation
LostrevenuefromkWhsales
CVRperformedduringpeakloadperiodcanbeviewedas
demand (capacity) reduction demand(capacity)reduction
Final VoltVAR Scorecard FinalVolt VAR Scorecard
Volt VAR Approach
Traditional Volt-
VAR
SCADA Volt-
VAR
Integrated Volt-
VAR
A t bl V lt P fil X X X
Volt-VAR Approach
Acceptable Voltage Profile X X X
Acceptable Power Factor X X X
Self Monitoring X X
Operator Override X X
F d R fi ti Feeder Reconfiguration X
SmartGrid Devices X
Optimal Coordinated Control X
Selectable Operating Objectives X
VoltVAROptimization NextSteps
SUBSTATION
PV
Inverter PV
Inverter
SUBSTATION
PV
Inverter PV
Inverter
SUBSTATION
FEEDER
Supplementary
Regulators
Supplementary
Regulators
Rotating
DG
SUBSTATION
FEEDER
Supplementary
Regulators
Supplementary
Regulators
Rotating
DG
Rotating
DG
Rotating
Capacitor
Control
LTC Control
PF
Rotating
Rotating
DG
PV
Inverter PV
Inverter
Rotating Rotating
Capacitor
Control
LTC Control
PF
Rotating Rotating
Rotating
DG
Rotating
DG
PV
Inverter PV
Inverter
Rotating
DG Capacit
or
Rotating
DG
Rotating
DG
Rotating
DG Capacit
or
Rotating
DG
Rotating
DG
Voltage and VAR
Regulation
Coordination
Al ith
Manages tap changer settings,
inverter and rotating machine
VAR levels, and capacitors to
regulate voltage, reduce
l d
Communication Link
Voltage and VAR
Regulation
Coordination
Al ith
Manages tap changer settings,
inverter and rotating machine
VAR levels, and capacitors to
regulate voltage, reduce
l d
Communication Link
Algorithm
losses, conserve energy, and
system resources
Algorithm
losses, conserve energy, and
system resources
FeederFlowandResourceControl(DG+ES)
ES
DR
Utility grid
DR
P
G
DG
RES
Constantpowerfloworfirmingup
P
W
rateofchangeatPCC
Eliminateadverseimpact
Reduce reserve capacity requirement
Reducereservecapacityrequirement

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