Science and Technology: Current Affairs

ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIANS
VEERABHADRAN RAMANATHAN
Veerabhadran Ramanathan, atmospheric scientist of Indian origin has been
doing wonders around the globe for many years and has recently been nominated to
receive Champions of the Earth award, the UNs highest environmental award,
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) announced.
He currently chairs an international science team from Asia, Africa and Latin
America under the Atmospheric Brown Clouds Program sponsored by the United
Nations Environmental Programme.
For over 30 years, he has been conducting original research in Climate and
Atmospheric Science.
ABOUT UNs CHAMPIONS OF THE EARTH AWARD
The prize is awarded annually to leaders from government, civil society and the
private sector, whose actions have had a significant and positive impact on the
environment.
Other winners to receive Champions of the Earth award are Google Earth; Carlo
Petrini, the founder of the Slow Food Movement; Izabella Teixeira, Minister of
Environment, Brazil; Jack Dangermond, founder of the Environmental Systems Research
Institute (ESRI), and Martha Isabel Ruiz Corzo from the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve
in Mexico.
VIJAYA GADDE
Twitter, a microblogging site, which has more than 200 million active users, is widely
expected to go public in 2014.
He is recently appointed as Twitters general counsel [ twitters top lawyer]
Microblogging is a broadcast medium in the form of blogging. A microblog differs
from a traditional blog in that its content is typically smaller in both actual and aggregate file
size. Microblogs allow users to exchange small elements of content such as short
sentences, individual images, or video links
JAGANNATHAN SARANGAPANI
He is an Indian origin scientist, working at Missouri university of science and
technology.
He recently developed a system that may act as Robot Brain.
He has developed this new feedback system that allows robots to operate with
minimal supervision and could eventually lead to autonomous machines.
The system may lead to robots that think for themselves, learn, adapt and use active
critique to work unsupervised.

BIOTECHNOLOGY
KANNURIN
It is a recently isolated Anti Fungal molecule from the bacterium Bacillus
cereus AK1 bacterium
The discovery of this molecule is formally announced in Kannur. so Named as
Kannurin.
The molecule promises to be active against invasive fungal infections that
primarily affect people with immune-deficiency including HIV/AIDS patients and those
undergoing cancer chemotherapy or organ transplantation.
It is a major breakthrough as it indicates that the molecule promises to
have potential pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.
The new molecule is devoid of haemolytic activity .The absence of less
haemolytic activity is important for any anti-microbial agents for its medicinal applications
DEFENCE SECTOR
WITNESS 129
Irans Revolutionary Guard has unveiled an attack drone, capable of carrying
missiles and described as the units most sophisticated so far.
Dubbed Shahed-129, or Witness-29, can fly up to a distance of 1,700 km, which puts
much of West Asia within its range.
It says the drone has a 24-hour non-stop flight capability, can carry eight bombs or
missiles, and hit both fixed and moving targets.
Iran has claimed to have captured several U.S. drones, including an advanced RQ-
170 Sentinel CIA spy drone in December 2011 and at least three ScanEagle aircraft.

ARROW ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE
SYSTEM WILL IT BECOME A GAME
CHANGER IN ONGOING MIDDLE EAST
GEOPOLITICAL CRISIS
INTRODUCTION
The Arrow or Hetz is a family of anti-ballistic missiles designed to fulfill an Israeli
requirement for a theater missile defense system that would be more effective
against ballistic missiles
Jointly funded and produced by Israel and the United States
Following the construction and testing of the Arrow 1 technology demonstrator,
production and deployment began with the Arrow 2 version of the missile. The Arrow is
considered one of the most advanced missile defense programs currently in existence
It is the first operational missile defense system specifically designed and built to
intercept and destroy ballistic missiles
Sparrow missile system
Rafaels Black Sparrow is an airborne ballistic target missile
The Black Sparrow is a single stage missile, boosted by a solid rocket motor, and
is steered by 4 aerodynamic fins located in its rear section
Arrow is the long-range segment in Israels three-tier missile shield. This also
includes the successfully deployed Iron Dome, which targets short-range rockets
and projectiles, and the mid-range Davids Sling, still under development. They can be
deployed alongside other U.S. systems.
GREEN PINE AND SUPER GREEN PINE RADAR
The EL/M-2080 Green Pine is Israeli ground-based missile-defense radar produced
by Elta, a subsidiary of Israel Aerospace Industries, to operate mainly with the Arrow theater
missile defense system of Israel, which is jointly funded and produced with the United
States.
Green Pine was exported to India, and its advanced version, the Super Green Pine,
is also to be delivered to South Korea
The Israeli Air Defense Command within the Israeli Air Force (IAF) of the Israel
Defense Forces (IDF) operates both Green Pine radars and Super Green Pine radars as an
integral part of the Arrow system.
An advanced version of the radar, called Super Green Pine
WHY RECENTLY IN NEWS
Israel carried out a successful test of its upgraded Arrow interceptor system on
Monday, which is designed to destroy in space the kind of missiles held by Syria and Iran,
the Israeli Defense Ministry said.
The U.S.-backed Arrow III system deploys kamikaze satellites that target ballistic
missiles above the earths atmosphere, hitting them high enough to allow for any non-
conventional warheads to disintegrate safely

ELECTRONICS
ATTENTION POWERED CAR
Introduction
While driving a car, we may loss our attention. It leads to road traffic accidents and
loss of life etc
To solve this problem of inattention while driving, West Australian car makers came
up with an idea called Attention powered car.
When we lose our attention, The car detects it via neuroheadset and lowers the
speed of car to 9mph.
How it works
The so-called Attention Powered Car features a neuroheadset made by Emotiv,
creator of a range of electroencephalography-based monitoring gear.
When worn, the headset, known as the EPOC, measures electrical activity in the
brain to gauge how focused the driver is on driving.
The headset interfaces with custom software installed in the car, with any lapses in
concentration resulting in the vehicle slowing down safely to about 9 mph as a way of
alerting the driver to his or her inattention.
Factors measured include blink rate and duration, eye movement, and head tilts.
Significance of this car
It can reduce accidents due to low attention, Drunken drive etc.

DEEP UV LASER DEVICE TECHNOLOGY
WHAT IS LASER?
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based
on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation
HOW LASER IS PRODUCED

WHAT IS DEEP UV LASER DEVICE?
A DUV wave refers to the light wave whose wavelength is shorter than
200nm.Synchrotron radiation and gas discharge are among the main non-coherent light
sources to produce DUV lasers. A KBBF prism coupling device-based DPL source features
a smaller size, higher energy resolution and higher photon influx density.
APPLICATIONS OF DEEP UV LASER
Ultraviolet laser technology will spawn a new generation of applications
in nanotechnology, material sciences, biology, chemistry, plasma physics and a
myriad of other uses of UV. Lasers are becoming the building blocks of various industries
and even humanity with lasers controlling just about every aspect of our lives. From UV
lasers to red laser pointers and beyond, photonics will always be a fundamental
achievement of mankind as Ultraviolet lasers are becoming as common as the rising sun.
APPLICATIONS OF DEEP UV LASER DEVICE
Improved detection of airborne chemical and biological agents.
Enhanced detection of explosives and explosive residuals.
Significant improvement in the ability to inspect microchips with solid state
metrology.
Advanced research and development of new semiconductor materials and
applications.
Deep ultraviolet (UV) light can be used to sterilise bacteria and viruses,
decontaminate drinking water and in fluorescence sensors to detect chemicals.
WHY RECENTLY IN NEWS
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) on 10 September 2013 launched aDeep
UltraViolet (DUV) solid-state laser device. The Deep UV Laser Device would help to detect
the biological, chemical agents and explosives.
The device marks the worlds first-ever output of 1064-nanometers 6 harmonic
frequency multiplication, shortening the diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPL)s wavelength
to 177.3 nm.
China is the first-ever country in the world to possess such technology.
TERMINATOR POLYMER
WHAT IS POLYMER
A polymer is a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits, known
as monomers. Because of their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural
polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life.

ROLE OF POLYMER IN OUR EVERYDAY LIFE
Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene (or styrofoam) to
natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure
and function.
The polymers play very important role in our daily life as 1- polyethene in shopping
bags.2-nylon in suit cases, purses, school bags.3-polyvinylchloride in waste pipes, electric
wiring pipes.4-polyvinylacetate in plastic bottles, in utensils etc. all the plastics are
polymers. The backlite plastic is used to make the body of electronic devices as T.V the
inner part of passenger compartment of aeroplane is mostly composed of backlite.
WHAT ARE SMART MATERIALS
Self-healing materials are a class of smart materials that have the structurally
incorporated ability to repair damage caused by mechanical usage over time. The
inspiration comes from biological systems, which have the ability to heal after being
wounded.
WHAT IS TERMINATOR POLYMER
Recently scientists have for the first time created the worlds first self-healing
polymer that spontaneously and independently repairs itself without any intervention.
The researchers, from the CIDETEC Centre for Electrochemical Technologies in
San Sebastian, Spain have dubbed the material a Terminator polymer in tribute to the
shape-shifting, molten T-1000 terminator robot from the Terminator 2 film.
IMPORTANCE OF TERMINATOR POLYMER
Terminator polymer could be used to improve the security and lifetime of plastic
parts in everyday products such as electrical components, cars and even houses.

ENERGY SECTOR
PLUSENERGY CONCEPT
PlusEnergy is a coined concept developed by Rolf Disch that indicates a
structures extreme energy efficiency so that it holds a positive energy balance, actually
producing more energy than it uses.
PlusEnergy is more than just a new energy standard, but it is also an integrated
ecological and architectural concept.
To reach its positive energy balance PlusEnergy harnesses a variety of techniques
to both minimize energy use and maximize renewable energy generation.
Disch then developed his concept, PlusEnergy, simply making it a permanent goal
for his buildings to produce more energy than they consume in order to sell the surplus
solar energy back into the grid for profit.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
INTEGRATED OCEAN DRILLING
PROGRAMME [IODP]
JOIDES resolution is the name of sophisticated scientific drilling vessel
By using this vessel, scientific team of integrated ocean drilling project drilled the
ocean and took sample of muddy and sandy sediments of rocks on the seafloor and drilled
into the hard crustal rocks themselves in order to understand how microbes can breathe
and get energy necessary to live in the remote environment.
Objectives of drilling
IODP gives scientists the opportunity to:
1. recover geological records and rock samples;
2. investigate and document ocean- and climate-change through time;
3. explore the presence of primitive life below the seafloor;
4. verify remote, near-seafloor observatories;
5. gain understanding of how tectonic plates move and recycle themselves into
the deep mantle
Method
The team measured oxygen concentrations in sediment cores collected above the
rocky oceanic crust, almost three miles below the sea surface, on the western edge of the
remote Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Results
These measurements then allowed the researchers to determine oxygen
concentration in seawater circulating in the rocks of the oceanic crust itself.
Researchers said that their computer models showed that the crustal oxygen
concentrations in the region were most likely the result of microbial life forms scavenging
oxygen in the crust as seawater moves through fractures and cracks deep in the rocks.
Under the cold conditions of the crust in this area, purely chemical oxygen
consumption is minimal, which suggests that microbes in the oceanic crust are responsible
for using the oxygen thats down there.

GENETIC EROSION
Genetic diversity plays a crucial role in the stability of our ecological system, and
what we retrieve from it is priceless. Every species fulfills a role in the earths biosphere and
assures ecological survival. By self-regulation, biodiversity keeps the soil fertile, recycles all
nutrients and cleans the air and water. Moreover, the richer the genetic baggage, the higher
the capacity to fight different virus or bacteria, which are also species that evolve
Today, approximately half of all species are found in tropical forests. This is known
as mega diversity. These areas are often victims of human expansion and deforestation,
which are problems related to overpopulation. It causes an important loss to the gene pool.
This phenomenon is known as genetic erosion, which is a decrease of genetic diversity.
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
Galapagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of
the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, 926 km west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a
part.
People can now explore some of the stunning landscapes of Ecuadors Galapagos
Islands online on Google Street View.
The launch marks the 178th anniversary of the British scientist Charles Darwins visit
to Galapagos Islands, which inspired his theory of natural selection.
The high-definition 360 degrees pictures were clicked as a joint effort by Google, the
Galapagos National Park and the Darwin Foundation.

GREEN TRIBUNAL BANS DIGGING
EARTH FOR MAKING BRICKS, ROADS
Now nobody can dig the earth across the country for making bricks and roads
without prior environmental clearance. Judgement given by National Green Tribunal [NGT]
In a blow to brick-kiln industry and road contractors, the National Green Tribunal has
banned digging of earth across the country for making bricks and roads without prior
environment clearance (EC).
We restrain any person, company and authority to carry out any such digging
activities of brick earth or ordinary earth against the directives issued by the ministry of
environment and forests (MoEF) of June 24, 2013 in any part of the country without
obtaining EC from the competent authority. judge report
The ban on brick earth mining comes one-and-a-half months after the NGT banned
sand mining from river beds, without environment clearance, across the country.



HEALTH & NUTRITION
REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
WHAT IS REGENERATIVE MEDICINE?
US National Institutes of Health defined regenerative medicine as the process of
creating living, functional tissues to repair or replace tissue or organ function lost due to
age, disease, damage, or congenital defects. Many of these processes involve the use of
stem cells.
PROCESS OF REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
Stem cells are collected during birth.
when organ gets damaged due to aging, damage etc, stem cells are stimulated to
produce a particular organ that is required.
ADVANTAGES OF REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
1. This field holds the promise of regenerating damaged tissues and organs in
the body by replacing damaged tissue and/or by stimulating the bodys own repair
mechanisms to heal previously irreparable tissues or organs
2. Importantly, regenerative medicine has the potential to solve the problem of
the shortage of organs available for donation compared to the number of patients
that require life-saving organ transplantation.
3. It aims to develop new stem cell based treatments that enhance the bodys
own repair system
WHY RECENTLY IN NEWS
A landmark study published today (Sept 12) in Nature shows that reprogramming of
adult cells that behave like stem cells can be achieved right inside the body (in vivo). Till
now, reprogramming of adult cells has been achieved only in labs (in vitro).
BED REST STUDY
It is being conducted by NASA.
It is designed to study the effects of prolonged exposure to MICROGRAVITY
It requires participants to remain horizontal for a period of 70 days.
Bed Rest Study is an ongoing effort to improve conditions for astronauts
working in a weightless environment.
Since large-scale studies are unfeasible in orbit, the effects of microgravity must be
simulated on the ground. Head-down bed rest, it turns out, offers an excellent alternative to
space flight.
Watching the participants will help scientists learn how an astronauts body will
change in weightlessness during space flight in the future
The programme divides participants into exercising subjects and non-exercising
subjects.
The programme has three segments. First is the Ambulatory Period in which both
groups will be free to move around inside the bed rest facility and do normal things.
Next comes the Bed Rest Period, in which participants will spend 70 days lying in
bed, with their body slightly tilted downward (head down, feet up).
The last is the Recovery Period during the final 14 days of the study
During all phases of the study, participants will take part in tests of their bone,
muscle, heart and circulatory systems, and nervous systems, as well as their nutritional
condition and their ability to fight off infections.

IAIMS PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
IAIMS stands for Integrated Analysis for Impact, Impact and Sustainability
It is a national project of CSIR [Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research]
Aim of IAIMS PROJECT
Climate change is influencing all aspects, including health and agriculture. CSIR
wants to to develop sustainable mitigation strategies at local level through its network of
institutions.
Under this project, CSIR has been initiated to leverage multi-disciplinary expertise
available at CSIR for developing suitable models by taking into account various
geographical variations.
CLIMATE OBSERVATION AND MODELING NETWORK
A network of 40 meteorological towers has been set up across the country in the
form of Climate Observation and Modeling Network under IAIMS.
Each of the 30-metre tall towers is equipped with three sensors at different heights to
provide data on several parameters such as temperature, humidity, sub-surface
temperature, wind speed, wind direction, soil wetness and +rainfall.
The towers have devices to measure soil heat flux, cloud height, air temperature,
barometric pressure, wind speed, water vapour and carbon dioxide.
INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN THIS PROJECT
1. Indian Institute of Chemical Technology at Hyderabad
2. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
3. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
4. Bangalore-based 4PI
IMPORTANCE OF THIS PROJECT
1. Through aerodynamic study of the mosquitoes, the scientists have been able
to estimate the flight range and distance they cover. This in turn would help in
mosquito control in the endemic zone.
1. For instance, the frequency rate of a male mosquitos wing beats is 600 per
second, while that of a female mosquito is 400 per second. With the female
mosquito using less kinetic energy, it would travel greater distance. By estimating
the distance travel, the residual spray could be taken up in the villages that fall along
its flight path. Such a measure would significantly reduce transmission rate of vector
borne-diseases
QUINVAXEM
It is the name of Pentavalent vaccine used in Vietnam.
It is a combination vaccine that protects against Diphtheria, Pertussis, Hepatitis B
and Hemophilus Influenza type Binfections.
Recently Vietnam suspended Quinvaxem temporarily, following in the recent
increase of adverse events following Immunization [ AEFI] & many infants died. Vietnam
asked WHO to investigate the case.
PENTAVALENT VACCINE
Its a single vaccine that protects children against five potentially lethal
diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), Hepatitus B and
Haemopghilus Influenzae B (which causes meningitis and pneumonia).
Its currently used in around 170 countries, and is increasingly being given to
children in poorer countries. In 2010, UNICEF bought 97 million doses.
The vaccine is given at the age of 6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks of age to infants
(total 3 doses).
Having five vaccines in one is also a real help for the health workers who are doing
the vaccinating
It means they have fewer sorts of vaccines to carry and administer, so far less data
to collect when theyre immunising children. This all means their efforts can reach more
children
Pentavalent Vaccine is provided as commodity assistance by Global Alliance for
Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) through UNICEF.

WHY RECENTLY IN NEWS
Recently the Supreme Court sought a response from the Centre on a PIL seeking its
direction to ban the use of pentavalent vaccine which prevents diseases such as Hepatitis-B
and diphtheria in children.
The PIL alleged that the vaccine has serious side-effects on children, causing the
death of 21 minors so far in the country.
The PIL pleaded that the use of vaccine should be stopped in the country as it has
already been banned in various countries including the US, Japan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and
others.
2012: YEAR OF INTENSIFICATION OF ROUTINE
IMMUNIZATION
India has declared year 2012 as the year of intensification of routine immunization.
The present full immunization coverage of children is 61%.
The key objective of this campaign is to improve full immunization coverage and
reach all children, particularly in remote, inaccessible and backward areas as well as in
urban slums.
SEALBIO TECHNIQUE
It is an unique method developed by AIIMS research team to cure and regenerate an
infected Root canal of teeth.
It is considered as breakthrough technique because it uses stem cell activation
method to cure dental loss.
It is a field of Regenerative medicine.
The chance of saving the infected tooth is greater, precluding the need for an
implant or other artificial object in the mouth.

LATHYRISM
WHAT IS LATHYRISM
Lathyrism is a neurological condition in which victims suffer paralysis in the
lower limbs.
REASON FOR LATHYRISM
Lathyrism or neurolathyrism is a neurological disease of humans and domestic
animals, caused by eating certain legumes of the genus Lathyrus. This problem is mainly
associated with Lathyrus sativus (also known as Grass pea, Kesari Dhal, Khesari
Dhal or Almorta)

WHY CONSUMING KHESARI DHAL LEADS TO
LATHYRISM
Khesari dhal contains neurotoxin ODAP.
The toxicological cause of the disease has been attributed to the neurotoxin
ODAP which acts as a structural analogue of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
It is the neurotoxin responsible for lathyrism.
WHY IT IS PREVALENT IN INDIA
This disease is prevalent in some areas
of Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India and Nepal, and affects more men than women.
STATUS OF KHESARI DHAL PRODUCTION IN INDIA
This was the reason why Khesari dal was banned in the country in 1955. However,
there is no ban on sale of Khesari dal in Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and West Bengal.
Despite a ban, the legume is being cultivated in small quantities in Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
WHY THERE IS A STRONG DEMAND TO LIFT THE BAN ON PRODUCTION OF
KHESARI DAL
Since Khesari dal (Lathyrus sativus) is a high-yielding and drought resistant
legume, there has been a demand to lift the ban on its sale
WHY KHESARI DHAL IS CONSUMED MORE IN MANY PARTS OF INDIA DESPITE
BAN
International studies have shown that Khesari dal contains 31 per cent protein, 41
per cent carbohydrate, 17 per cent total dietary fibre, two per cent fat and two per cent ash,
on a dry matter basis. [ less fat, more protein & dietary fibre good for health, But
Neurotoxin is the problematic area]
Less price compared to other dhal varieties
WHY RECENTLY IN NEWS
With a demand being raised to lift the ban on cultivation of Khesari dal in the
country, the Planning Commission got an epidemiological study done.
The study sponsored by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India was
carried out by the National Institute of Nutrition-Indian Council of Medical Research
(NIN-ICMR) based in Hyderabad.
According to the findings, Khesari dal consumed as gravy in small quantities
is safe. Consuming large quantities, however, may result in lathyrism.

ICT & COMPUTER SCIENCE
ETHICAL COMPUTING [CYBERETHICS]
Ethical computing or Computer Ethics is a part of practical philosophy which deals
with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social
conduct
Computer technology brings about a whole new field of ethical dilemmas. From
computer crime to privacy to the power of computer professionals, this technology has
shifted the way the business world must think about ethical decisions.
Because of its constantly changing nature, the area of computer technology is one
that is difficult to assign a specific set of moral codes, although it is necessary that ethics be
considered when making decisions in this area. Computing creates a whole new set of
ethical problems, unique unto itself. Such problems include:
the unauthorized use of hardware, the theft of software, disputed rights to
products, the use of computers to commit fraud, the phenomenon of hacking and data theft,
sabotage in the form of viruses, responsibility for the reliability of output, making false
claims for computers, and the degradation of work.
To begin with, it seems that there are four big areas of computer ethics. They are
(1) computer crime; (2) responsibility for computer failure; (3) protection of computer
property, records, and software; and (4) privacy of the company, workers, and customers
Computer Crime is intellectual, white-collar crime. Those that commit such crimes
must be intelligent enough to manipulate a computer system and in such a position to
access it in the first place. One example of computer crime is stealing funds via computer.
Often the worst that can happen to such a thief is that he/she is merely required to return
the stolen money. Many times that person will be fired, assuming he/she is an employee,
but may be quickly hired by a competitor because of his/her skill. This creates practically no
deterrent to committing computer theft because legal action is not often taken against the
perpetrator.
This crime goes along with the idea of hacking. Hacking is defined as any
computer-related activity which is not sanctioned or approved of by an employer or owner of
a system or network Such an activity deals with the ethical dilemma of who actually owns
information and who should have access to that information. At many universities,
Computer Science professors have their students hack into the universitys system to prove
their skill and knowledge of computer systems.
This poses a serious ethical dilemma. Since the students are not causing any harm
to the system, is such an action morally reprehensible or acceptable? Many computer
professionals feel that this act is not ethically sanctioned and the Computer Science
professors must address the issue of computer ethics more fervently in their classes.

Another area of computer ethics regards privacy. The privacy issue focuses on the
computers most basic functions, its capacity to store, organized, and exchange
records. (Johnson 58) A great deal of the concern has to do with the amount of information
gathering that is made possible by computers. This puts peoples personal information in a
vulnerable position. If someone hacks into a computer system, all this information is at
his/her disposal. In this way, such crimes as identity theft can occur.
There are many gray areas for which to account. Many times people chose to blame
the computers when they run into trouble. In reality, however, it is the people that make the
mistakes because they are the ones that created the technology. People merely use
computers as scapegoats to avoid responsibility. This is why it is of utmost significance to
educate people about the power, and potential abuses, of computer technology. It is only in
doing so that society will acquire a firm grasp of computer ethics and handle moral
dilemmas regarding computing in an ethical and proper manner.
COOKIES
It is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a users web browser
while the user is browsing that website. Every time the user loads the website, the browser
sends the cookie back to the server to notify the website of the users previous activity
Although cookies cannot carry viruses, and cannot install malware on the host
computer, tracking cookies and especially third-party tracking cookiesare commonly
used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals browsing historiesa
potential privacy concern

ROBOTICS
ROBONURSE
Introduction
They are programmed robots that can do the job of nursing.
They are being employed in hospitals of Japan and USA.
It is also called as Nursebot
Applications
1. It will remind the patients to take medication at right time through via
telemedicine or video conferencing
2. They can work 24/7, ferrying drugs throughout the hospital without a human
tagging along.
3. Besides drugs, these robots can transport medical equipment, blood
samples, meal trays, linens and other supplies. Theyre not meant to replace
humans, their makers and employers say, but rather to free them to do the work that
only humans can do.
4. The robot doesnt get bored in routine jobs
5. They are programmed with a map of the hospital, and onboard sonar, infrared
and laser sensors prevent them from running into people and other obstacles. When
they encounter closed-off areas, they can sound a doorbell-like chime to alert
hospital staff to let them in.


WHAT IS ROBOETHICS
Roboethics is a field of robotic research that aims to ensure robots adhere to certain
moral standards.
Robotics is rapidly becoming one of the leading fields of science and technology, so
that very soon humanity is going to coexist with a totally new class of technological artifacts:
robots.
It will be an event rich in ethical, social and economic problems.
Roboethics is an applied ethics whose objective is to develop
scientific/cultural/technical tools that can be shared by different social groups and beliefs.
These tools aim to promote and encourage the development of Robotics for the
advancement of human society and individuals, and to help preventing its misuse against
humankind.
WITH RESPECT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
FIELD OF ROBOTICS, FEW ETHICAL QUESTIONS
ARE ARISING
1. Whether Robots should be developed only in a society where aging
population is high or robotics should be developed in all societies. Because
development of robots may lead unemployment. India cant afford to this situation
where huge population belongs to the age group between 15- 35 years.
2. If robots with reasoning ability are developed, then What is the surety that
Robots will not harm human / human interests in future
3. As robots become increasingly intelligent and lifelike, its not hard to imagine
a future where theyre completely autonomous.
4. Military robots or killing robots should be prepared according to internationally
prescribed moral norms and values
5. If robots dont respect humans, were in trouble. Thats why the researchers
stress that autonomous robots will need to respect basic human rights, including
privacy, identity, and autonomy.

S& T ORGANIZATIONS
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SOLAR ENERGY
In a bid to realize Indias solar energy potential through research and innovation, the
government recently approved a proposal to set up an autonomous institution - National
Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) in Gurgaon.
The NISE is to be set up immediately by converting the Solar Energy Centre (SEC),
Gurgaon as a world class institute in the field of developing solar energy technologies.
Solar energy technologies are evolving continuously and the proposal to set up the
National Institute of Solar Energy is an innovative idea which will accelerate the process to
support induction of the latest technologies to ensure maximum cost benefit and lead to
early commercialization
Setting up of an apex national centre for solar energy is a part of the Jawaharlal
Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) which was considered by the Prime Ministers
Council on Climate Change in August, 2009.

S&T PROGRAMMES & CONVENTIONS
INDIA US COLLOBORATION IN
CLIMATE CHANGE
Recognising climate change as a defining challenge, India and US have
announced the establishment of a joint working group to develop and enhance action-
oriented cooperation in this key sector.
In a joint statement after the summit meeting between Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh and US President Barack Obama, the two leaders jointly announced the group to
begin an enhanced dialogue focusing on working closely in developing anambitious
climate change agreement for the post-2020 period and also on strengthening
bilateral efforts in this regard.
The two leaders agreed to immediately convene the India-US Task Force on
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to discuss multilateral approaches that include using the
expertise and the institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the
consumption and production of HFCs, based on economically- viable and technically
feasible alternatives.
The leaders also agreed upon including HFCs within the scope of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol
for accounting and reporting of emissions.
Both the leaders welcomed the efforts of the UN Secretary-General to mobilise
political will through 2014 towards the successful adoption of a protocol, another legal
instrument, or an agreed outcome with legal force under the convention applicable to all
parties by 2015, during COP-21 scheduled to be hosted by France.
The leaders maintained that the US-India Partnership to Advance Clean Energy
(PACE), launched by the two leaders in 2009, is expected to pave the way for energy to
millions of Indian households.
To expand the availability of clean energy resources to more people, President
Obama and Prime Minister Singh endorsed the proposal to launch Promoting Energy
Access through Clean Energy (PEACE), to rapidly deploy innovative renewable energy
solutions to those who currently lack access to energy, the statement said.
PACE INITIATIVE
As part of the U.S.-India Energy Dialogue, the two countries signed a
Memorandum of Understanding on November 24, 2009, creating the Partnership to
Advance Clean Energy (PACE).
It is the agship program on clean energy between the U.S. and India, and
operates a jointly managed set of activities related to energy security, clean energy and
climate change issues.
PACE focuses on accelerating the transition to high-performing, low-emission,
and energy secure economies.
It aims to bolster joint efforts to demonstrate the viability of existing clean energy
technologies, as well as to identify new technologies that can increase energy access and
security. PACE also focuses on engaging the private sector, local governments, industries,
and other stakeholders in sharing best practices on sustainable low carbon growth.
Since its inception, PACE has mobilized signicant resources from both
governments and the private sector to promote clean energy scale-up.
Working under auspices of the U.S.-India Energy Dialogue, PACE is an inter-agency
effort, which combines the resources of several U.S. agencies and GOI Ministries. PACE
has two components: a research component, known as PACE-R, and a deployment
component, known as PACE-D.
SPECIAL IMMUNIZATION WEEK
AWARENESS INITIATIVE
To create awareness on the urgency to vaccinate every eligible child and
intensify efforts to improve RI coverage, the Government of India has launched Special
Immunization Weeks.
Four weeks, with one week each in the months of April, June, July and
August will be used to hold special immunization sessions in high-risk areas across the
country.
Each year, full immunization prevents approximately 4 lakh under-five deaths from
vaccine preventable diseases in India.But close to 75 lakh children every year miss the
benefits of childhood vaccinations. A majority of those missing the opportunity are from
among underserved and marginalized populations.
The new communication campaign comprises a new RI logo, TV spot, radio spot
and posters. The media event, organized in collaboration with UNICEF, was part of the first
Special Immunization Week awareness initiative.
The Special Immunization Week lays sufficient importance on generating
awareness about immunization and to reach marginalized populations in brick kilns,
urban slums and other hard-to-reach areas.

SCIENCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN YOUR EVERYDAY LIFE
1. Researchers are developing customized nanoparticles the size of molecules
that can deliver drugs directly to diseased cells in your body. When its perfected,
this method should greatly reduce the damage treatment such as chemotherapy
does to a patients healthy cells
2. Nanotechnology holds some answers for how we might increase the
capabilities of electronics devices while we reduce their weight and power
consumption
3. Nanotechnology is having an impact on several aspects of food science, from
how food is grown to how it is packaged. Companies are developing nanomaterials
that will make a difference not only in the taste of food, but also in food safety, and
the health benefits that food delivers.
4. Nanotechnology is being used to reduce the cost of catalysts used in fuel
cells to produce hydrogen ions from fuel such as methanol and to improve
the efficiency of membranes used in fuel cells to separate hydrogen ions from other
gases such as oxygen.
5. Companies have developed nanotech solar cells that can be manufactured at
significantly lower cost than conventional solar cells. Nanotechnology can play an
important role in achieving National solar mission targets
6. Nanotechnology may hold the key to making space-flight more practical.
Advancements in nanomaterials make lightweight spacecraft and a cable for the
space elevator possible. By significantly reducing the amount of rocket fuel required,
these advances could lower the cost of reaching orbit and traveling in space
7. Nanotechnology is being used to develop solutions to three very different
problems in water quality. One challenge is the removal of industrial wastes, such as
a cleaning solvent called TCE, from groundwater. Nanoparticles can be used to
convert the contaminating chemical through a chemical reaction to make it harmless.
8. Nanotechnology can enable sensors to detect very small amounts of
chemical vapors. Various types of detecting elements, such as carbon nanotubes,
zinc oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles can be used in nanotechnology-
based sensors.
9. Current nanotechnology applications in the sports arena include increasing
the strength of tennis racquets, filling any imperfections in club shaft materials and
reducing the rate at which air leaks from tennis balls

HOW LED IS CHANGING OUR LIFE
INTRODUCTION
LED means Light Emitting Diode
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used
for general lighting
HOW LED WORKS



APPLICATIONS OF LED IN OUR DAY TO DAY LIFE
1. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting,
automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals
2. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial
products including televisions, DVD players and other domestic appliances.
3. The low energy consumption, low maintenance and small size of LEDs has
led to uses as status indicators and displays on a variety of equipment and
installations. Large-area LED displays are used as stadium displays and as dynamic
decorative displays. Thin, lightweight message displays are used at airports and
railway stations, and as destination displays for trains, buses, trams, and ferries.
4. One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit
signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships navigation lights or lanterns
5. The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used
extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This
includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where
infrared LEDs are often used.

APPLICATION OF SUPERCRITICAL
FLUID IN OUR DAY TO DAY LIFE
Introduction
A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical
point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. It can effuse through solids like
a gas, and dissolve materials like a liquid.

Applications of Super-critical fluid in our
day to day life
1. Super-critical fluid is useful in dry cleaning
2. Supercritical water oxidation uses supercritical water as a medium in which to
oxidize hazardous waste, eliminating production of toxic combustion products that
burning can produce.[ useful in cleaning our environment]
3. Supercritical hydrolysis is a method of converting biomass into cellulosic
sugar by employing water under supercritical conditions
4. Supercritical carbon dioxide is used to enhance oil recovery in mature oil
fields.[ so it affects the price of petrol and diesel that we pay in our life everyday]
5. Supercritical fluid is useful in Carbon capture and storage methods.
6. Supercritical carbon dioxide is also an important emerging refrigerant, being
used in new, low-carbon solutions for domestic heat pumps
7. It is useful in power generation
HOW TELEMETRY PLAYS AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN OUR DAY TO DAY
LIFE
INTRODUCTION TO TELEMETRY
Telemetry is the highly automated communications process by which
measurements are made and other data collected at remote or inaccessible points and
transmitted to receiving equipment for monitoring.
APPLICATIONS OF TELEMETRY IN OUR EVERYDAY
LIFE
1. Telemetry is important for water management including water quality,
groundwater monitoring, leak detection in water distribution pipelines. [ ensures
quality, assured drinking water to you]
2. Telemetry plays an important role in energy monitoring. [ here Telemetry
benefits you by reducing your electricity bill in homes and factories and so on]
3. Telemetry is important in resource distribution.
4. If we are admitted to hospital because of any emergency, all vital parameters
[ blood pressure, Pulse etc] should be monitored continuously. Telemetry plays a
crucial role by alerting nurses and doctors when vital parameters of a patient
deteriorate in emergency care unit.
5. Telemetry ensures sustainable management of fishery resources.
6. Telemetry equipment is usually attached with cars and other vehicles. When
your car is stolen by someone, telemetry equipment reports the location of the
vehicle to the law enforcement agencies.
7. Sometimes we have to monitor the hazardous places closely. For example
munition storage facilities, volcanoes and radioactive sites. In these cases,
telemetry equipment play an important role. Example 2011 Fukushima nuclear
disaster here telemetry equipment have played a significant role in monitoring the
leakage.


SPACE SECTOR
INSIGHT
It stands for stationary Interior Exploration Using Seismic Investigations
Geodesy and heat transportation.
InSight is a NASAs Mars lander mission planned for launch in 2016.
OBJECTIVE OF INSIGHT
The missions objective is to place a stationary lander equipped with a
seismometer and heat flow probe on the surface of Mars to study its early geological
evolution. This would bring new understanding of the Solar Systems terrestrial planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Earths Moon.
InSight will place a single stationary lander on Mars to study its deep interior and
address a fundamental issue of planetary and Solar System science: understanding the
processes that shaped the rocky planets of the inner Solar System (including Earth) more
than four billion years ago
WHY RECENTLY IN NEWS
NASA has narrowed down to four potential landing sites for its next mission to Mars
in 2016, aimed at studying the red planets interior.
The mission will touch down at one of four sites selected in August from a field of 22
candidates. All four semi-finalist spots lie near each other on an equatorial plain in an area
of Mars called Elysium Planitia
Scientists will focus two of NASAs Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter cameras on the
semi-finalists in the coming months to gain data they will use to select the best of the four
sites well before InSight is launched.
The mission will investigate processes that formed and shaped Mars and will help
scientists better understand the evolution of our inner solar systems rocky planets,
including Earth.
ELYSIUM PLANITIA
Elysium is one of three areas on Mars that meet two basic engineering constraints
for InSight. One requirement is being close enough to the equator for the landers solar
array to have adequate power at all times of the year.
HS3 MISSION
INTRODUCTION
NASAs Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) mission.
HS3 is a five-year mission.
NASAs Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicles are equipped with instruments to
survey the overall environment of tropical storms and peer into the inner core of hurricanes
to study their structure and processes.
NASAs Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel mission uses Global Hawk unmanned
aerial vehicles to study tropical storms and hurricanes
AIM OF THIS MISSION
NASA scientists are using former military surveillance drones to help them
understand more about how tropical storms intensify, which they say could ultimately save
lives by improving forecast models that predict a hurricanes strength.
FOCUSING ON EFFECT OF THUNDERSTORM AND SAHARAN AIR LAYER ON
INTENSIFICATION OF HURRICANE
There are two questions on which NASA scientists primarily want the drone research
to focus.
One is what role thunderstorms within a hurricane play in its intensification.
Researchers arent sure if the thunderstorms are a driver of storm intensity or a symptom of
it.
The other is what role the Saharan Air Layer plays in the tropical storm development.
The Saharan Air Layer is a dry, hot, dusty layer of air from Africa. Scientists have been at
odds with each other over whether it helps hurricanes strengthen or does the opposite. One
school of thought is that the Saharan Air Layer provides energy for storms to grow, while
others have suggested it is a negative influence on storm growth because of the effect the
dry air has on wet storms.
IMPORTANCE OF THIS PROJECT
More accurately predicting a storms intensity would help government officials and
coastal residents decide whether an evacuation is needed, as well as avoid developing a
false sense of security among residents who frequently cite failed storm expectations as a
reason not to leave their homes when warned to do so.
ADVANTAGES OF USING DRONES IN THIS MISSION
The drones are considered advantageous over manned aircraft because they can fly
for much longer periods of time than traditional research aircraft and at much greater
altitudes. Global Hawks can spend up to 28 hours in the air at a time and reach altitudes up
to 12.3 miles (19.8 kilometers), or roughly twice that of a typical commercial airliner.
LAGRANGE POINTS & THEIR
SIGNIFICANCE IN SPACE
EXPLORATION
INTRODUCTION
All of the orbiting bodies in the solar system (and throughout the universe, for that
matter) are surrounded by special points where the forces on an orbiting object are
balanced. These points are called Lagrange points, and they can be used for many special
space mission tasks. They are, in fact, currently used in ongoing interplanetary missions,
and future missions promise to further exploit their properties.
There are five other locations around a planets orbit where the gravitational forces
and the orbital motion of the spacecraft, Sun and planet interact to create a stable location
from which to make observations.
These points are known as Lagrangian or L points, after the 18th century Italian
astronomer and mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrancia).

WHY LAGRANGE POINTS ARE IMPORTANT
1. Special points, called Lagrange points, exist between orbiting bodies in the
solar system. At these points, gravitational forces are balanced, and a satellite can
maintain position with minimal fuel expenditure. Satellites can also begin trajectories
(such as to the Moon) from Lagrange points with very little fuel.
2. Lunar exploration and future lunar habitation missions can take advantage of
Lagrange points in the Sun-Earth-Moon system to perform low-energy transfers.
3. These points are especially trajectories that can be used to establish and
support a permanent human presence on the Moon and eventually throughout the
solar system.
SOME IMPORTANT LUNAR MISSIONS USING THE
LAGRANGE POINTS
1. Change2
2. ARTEMIS mission extension of THEMIS
3. GRAIL
4. Herschel Space Observatory and others.
Future
1. James Webb Space Telescope
2. Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope
3. LISA Pathfinder (LPF)
4. Gaia and others.
LUNAR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
LINK PROJECT
It is the name of advanced laser system developed by European Space Agency
[ESA]
It offers incredibly faster data speeds to link with spacecraft beyond the Earth
has successfully passed a crucial ground test
European Space Agency ESAs observatory in Spain will use the laser to
communicate with a Nasa Moon orbiter calledLunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment
Explorer (LADEE), later this year.
LADEE carries a terminal that can transmit and receive pulses of laser light.
ESAs Optical Ground Station on Tenerife will relay data at unprecedented rates
using infrared light beams at a wavelength similar to that used in fiber-optic cables on Earth.
ADVANTAGES
Laser communications at near-infrared wavelengths may be the way of the future
when it comes to downloading massive amounts of data from spacecraft orbiting
Earth, Mars or even more distant planets.
These units are lighter, smaller and need less power than todays radio systems,
promising to cut mission costs and provide opportunities for new science payloads.

SPECIAL ARTICLES
CYBER POACHING A NEW FORM OF POACHING
What is poaching?
Poaching has traditionally been defined as the illegal hunting, killing or capturing of
wild animals, usually associated with land use rights
What is Cyber-poaching?
In cyber poaching, Cyber criminals hack the login ID and password of GPS wildlife
tracking system [GPS collar] then by using wildlife tracking system, they can be able to find
out tiger/animals location. Then cyber-poachers kill the tiger. This kind of poaching is called
cyber poaching
How Cyber poaching is done?
Conservationists warn that, according to recent reports, cyber-poaching is on the
rise.
Specifically, it appears that poachers have taken up the habit of hacking GPS collar
data, and use the information to locate the animals they wish to kill.
What is GPS wildlife tracking
GPS wildlife tracking is a process whereby biologists, scientific researchers or
conservation agencies can remotely observe relatively fine-scale movement
or migratory patterns in a free-ranging wild animal using the Global Positioning System and
optional environmental sensors or automated data-retrieval technologies such
as Argos satellite uplink, mobile data telephony or GPRS and a range of analytical software
tools
What are the implications of cyber-poaching?
Conservationists explain that, in order to protect endangered species, they rely
heavily on GPS collars and other similar pieces of equipment that allow them to track their
movements through their natural habitats.
The only problem is that, as poachers appear to have recently figured out,
information collected in this manner can also be used to make hunting these animals way
easier than it used to be.
Why recently in news
Recently cyber-poachers tried to hack into the satellite collar of a tiger at
the Satpura-Bori reserve in Madhya Pradesh

TITBITS
RAIJIN
Australia recently unveiled its most powerful super computer Raijin.
Raijin, is named after the Japanese God of thunder and rain
Raijin is considered the 27th most powerful computer in the world.
The supercomputer can perform the same number of calculations in one hour that 7
billion people with calculators could perform in 20 years.
The key features of Rajin are as following:
It has 57000 processing cores which is something like 15000 ordinary personal
computers.
It has 160 terabytes of memory which is equal to memory of 40000 ordinary PCs
together.
It has 10000 terabytes of disk which is like 10000 ordinary PCs.
ZALZALA JAZEERA [QUAKE ISLAND]
It is the name of recently erupted new earthquake island in Arabian sea near port of
gwador, Pakistan.
The 7.7-magnitude quake that struck Balochistan remote Awaran district recently
and killed over 260 people and affected some 300,000.
Methane gas is emanating from a small island created in the Arabian Sea
ONELINK TECHNOLOGY
OneLink technology offers a dock and power connector that can transmit audio and
video with a single connection.
Onelink technology is used by Lenovo in its recently launched ThinkPad Edge
E431 model.
RAY DOLBY
He is an american inventor & audio pioneer, died recently.
He founded Dolby Laboratories.
Dolby founded his namesake company in 1965 and grew it into an industry leader in
audio technology.
His work in noise reduction and surround sound led to the creation of a number of
technologies that are still used in music, movies and entertainment today.
He was awarded the National Medal of Technology from President Clinton and was
inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in the US and the Royal Academy of
Engineers in the UK, among many more honors.
PCSK 6
Pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 is an enzyme that in humans is
encoded by the PCSK6 gene.
It is involved in determining the placement of body structures that are either right or
left handed.
It may also be involved in left and right handedness in humans. Recently Scientists
have identified a specific network of genes [PCSK6] that influences whether a person is
right-handed or left-handed.
LASKER AWARDS
The Lasker Awards have been awarded annually since 1946 to living persons who
have made major contributions to medical science or who have performed public service
on behalf of medicine. They are administered by the Lasker Foundation, founded
by advertising pioneer Albert Lasker
The awards are sometimes referred to as Americas Nobels.
Two scientists who illuminated how brain cells communicate, three researchers who
developed implants that let deaf people hear and philanthropists Bill and Melinda Gates
have won prestigious Lasker Awards for medical research and contributions to public health


SIR2 GENE
Sir2 (whose homolog in mammals is known as SIRT1) was the first gene of
the sirtuin genes to be found.
It was found in budding yeast, and, since then, members of this highly
conserved family have been found in nearly all organisms studied.
Sirtuins are hypothesized to play a key role in an organisms response to stresses
(such as heat or starvation) and to be responsible for the lifespan-extending effects
of calorie restriction
TROJAN
In astronomy, a trojan is a minor planet or natural satellite(moon) that shares an orbit
with a planet or larger moon, but does not collide with it because it orbits around one of the
two Lagrangian points of stability (trojan points), L4 andL5, which lie approximately 60
ahead of and behind the larger body, respectively. It is also sometimes called a
Lagrangian object.
TROJAN ASTEROID
The Jupiter trojans, commonly called Trojans or Trojan asteroids, are a large group
of objects that share the orbit of the planet Jupiter around the Sun.
Relative to Jupiter, each Trojan librates around one of the planets two Lagrangian
points of stability,L4 and L5, that respectively lie 60 ahead of and behind the planet in its
orbit.
EARTH TROJANS
Earth trojans are asteroids that orbit the Sun on a similar orbital path as that of
Earth in the vicinity of the Earth Sun Lagrangian points L4 (leading 60) and L5 (trailing
60). They are named after the trojan asteroids that are associated with the analogous
Lagrangian points of Jupiter.
MEAN TIME BETWEEN FIGURES [MTBF]
MTBF (mean time between failures) is a measure of how reliable a hardware
product or component is.
For most components, the measure is typically in thousands or even tens of
thousands of hours between failures. For example, a hard disk drive may have a mean time
between failures of 300,000 hours.
The manufacturer may provide it as an index of a products or components reliability
and, in some cases, to give customers an idea of how much service to plan for.


ENERGIEWENDE
Energiewende is the transition by Germany to a sustainable economy by
means of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development. The final
goal is the abolition of coal and other non-renewable energy sources
Environmental activists recently urged India to adopt a policy like
Energiewende to make our economy sustainable and greener.
TAMU MASSIF
Single largest volcano discovered on earth
One of the largest volcano in our solar system
Located 1000 miles east of japan.
Tamu Massif is the biggest single shield volcano ever discovered on Earth
Tamu Massif is the largest feature of Shatsky Rise