1

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF TWO

STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

A PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted by
AREEB UROOJ
I n partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

CIVIL ENGINEERING


Under the Guidance of Submitted by
Mr. Jaspreet Singh Areeb Urooj
Lecturer 11111665


LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Phagwara-144401, Punjab India
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE


Certified that this project report entitled, BIBI HALIMA NURSING
COLLEGE submitted by, AREEB UROOJ, registration number,
11111665 student of Civil Engineering Department, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara Punjab carried out project work under my
supervision.

This report has not been submitted to any other university or institution for
the award of any degree.


SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Civil Department




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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT..4
LIST OF
FIGURES......5

1. INTRODUCTION...6
1.1. INTRODUCTION TO THE
PROJECT..9
1.2. NEED FOR THE
PROJECT...9
2. PROJECT DETAILS
2.1. STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE
PROJECT.......10
2.2. PROJECT AT A
GLANCE...19
2.3. DRAWINGS OF THE
PROJECT.20
2.4. PHOTO
GALLERY..24
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY31
4









ABSTRACT

The Project reports on design of a new two Storeyed Residential Building at Kathi
Darwaza Rainawari. This project mainly includes the Analysis, Design and
Estimation. The site area of field is 687.82 sq.m and the plinth area of the building
is 958.53 Sq.m.

The analysis was done by Kani's Methods, using this method the moment of each
beam and column was calculated. Limit state method of design is used for the
design purpose. The load condition is taken as per IS: 875. Manual estimation was
done and the cost the building Rs. 3129.8 per sq.m. The plan, section, elevation
and reinforcement details are drawn using AUTO CAD.

Kani Method is an adaptation of Moment Distribution Method. The frame analysis
of the building is done according to this method.



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LIST OF FIGURES

1. Figure 1 Details of the
Plinth.......20
2. Figure 2- Details of the
Foundation......21
3. Figure 3- Details of the Foundation
Beams........22
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4. Figure 4- Details of the
Columns...23




































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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION












CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. General

The main motive of a Civil Engineer is to design a structure, which is
to be safe, serviceable and economical. Safety means that the structure should not
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fail under loads unless exceeds by a given margin. Serviceability means that
structures must perform well throughout their service life in both appearance and
comfort to their clients. This requirement includes cracking and deflection under
working loads. Economy means that structures must be designed in such a way as
to minimize the quantities of materials used in them. Although safety and
serviceability are the basic requirements, the test of an acceptable structural design
is economy.

1.1.1 The Concept of Design

In the design of reinforced concrete structures, all critical sections are
checked for the effect of forces acting on them. Sizing of columns, beams and
spacing of frames will affect the economy as well as the stability of a framed
building. Framed structure mode of construction is more suitable for a commercial
type of construction. Basically in the framed structures the walls are not the load
carrying structures, so that the size of the walls can be decreased. By decreasing
the size of the walls the need for building material would get reduced and the floor
space of the building would also get increased. With the reduction in the building
material, a reduced amount of load will be transmitted to the footing. The modern
method of Design, which is adopted recently, is the Limit State Design. Limit state
method includes consideration of structures at both working and ultimate load
levels with a view to satisfy the requirements of safety and serviceability. The aim
of the limit stage design is to ensure that a reinforced concrete section does not
reach any of the limit states to which it may be subjected. The usual approach is to
design for a limit state which is likely to govern it and them to check it for the
remaining limit states.

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In this project "Analysis, Design and Estimation of a two storied
residential building" the structure is completely analyzed by Kanis method and as
per IS 456:2000 code.

1.1.2 Objectives

1. To analyze the soil condition of the site.
2. To analyze the frames in the building using Kanis method.
3. To design the structural components of the two storey building
4. To prepare the detailed drawing for the design carried out.
5. To analyze the construction cost of building.















INTRODUCTION

NAME OF THE PROJECT - Bibi Halima Nursing College

CLIENT NAME WAKF Board

CONCESSIONIARE R&B

DATE OF SIGNING CA- 10
th
March 2013
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APPOINTED DATE- 5 June 2013

COMPLETION DATE- 4
th
June 2016.

SITE AREA- 687.82 sq.m.

PLINT AREA - 958.53 Sqft.





NEED FOR THE PROJECT

The main college is situated at Kak Sarai near SMHS hospital Karan Nagar, due to
the insufficient accommodation in that campus there is thus a need to construct
new campus here at Rainawari.

This campus will be large and highly accommodating to pro-fit the expected
number of students within the campus. The campus is highly audacious and calm
because it is located in the outskirts of the city.

Wakf Board had the urgency to develop this campus so as to facilitate students
with a highly equipped facility which would satisfy both the students as well as the
staff.




STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT


The basic function of a building is to provide structurally sound and
environmentally controlled spaces to house and protect occupants and contents. If
this basic function is not achieved, it is because some aspect of the building has
failed. Exponents architects, engineers, and scientists have a broad range of
expertise with failures in the built environment, and providing clients with in-depth
investigations of individual building components, as well as the interdependence of
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components with each other and the outside environment. Failures of basic
building functions can range from defects in single components such as windows,
to extensive deficiencies in an entire exterior wall system, to the inability of
HVAC systems to properly condition the air. The source of these deficiencies can
include inadequate design, improper execution of the work, defective materials, or
simply normal and expected aging perhaps coupled with lack of maintenance.
Building deficiencies such as water infiltration, excessive building movement, or
premature component failures have become more common as buildings have
become more complex. Builders are not content to continue using traditional
materials, components, and construction methods, when budget pressures make
promising new components and building systems very appealing, sometimes
before they have been properly tested or their long-term performance
demonstrated. Also contributing to building deficiencies are the problems
associated with continually changing roles of the design/construction teams.

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

a. Super Structure
b. Sub Structure

Super-structure-
It is the upper part of the building which is visible from the ground. The various
components of a superstructure are
a. Walls
b. Frames
c. Beams
d. Columns
e. Slabs
f. Roof
Sub- Structure- The structure of the building that is beneath the ground and is
generally not visible is called sub structure.
a. Plinth
b. Foundation

Foundation
After grading and preparing the lot, the foundation is poured. A foundation is not
necessarily concrete, yet in many regions it is a preferred choice to help discourage
subterranean termites. In some rainy areas, the structure may be built on pillars.
During this stage, lines for pumping and electrical can be laid.
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Framing goes up fairly quickly, often within a couple of days. At this point some
first-time home builders get over optimistic, assuming the entire project will go as
quickly. Framing is in essence the building's skeleton. During this phase, different
plumbing fixtures, such as toilets and bathtubs, may be set.
Building
The windows are set and the outer walls, insulation, roofing and drywall are
installed. Drywall can take several weeks, as it is a process that is completed in a
series of steps. Drywall is hung, seams are taped, and coating is applied and must
be dried. This phase in the construction will seem much longer than laying the
foundation and framing.
Finish
During the finished phase of the house a new home builder may once again grow
optimistic and assume the home is virtually ready for occupancy. This is a false
assumption. There is still much work to be done. During the finish stage walls are
painted, final electrical and heating and cooling systems are completed, cabinets
are finished, flooring is installed, and the site needs to be cleaned.
Reinforced concrete foundations are designed based on column loads and
moments at base and the soil data. Following are the types of foundations in
order of preference with a view to economy:
(i) Individual footings (isolated footing)
(ii) Combined footings (combination of individual footings
(iii) Strip footings with retaining wall acting as strip beam wherever
applicable.
(iv) Raft foundations of the types (a) slab (b) beam-slab.
The brick wall footings can also be designed. Often plinth beams are
provided to support brick walls and also to act as earthquake ties in each
principal direction.
Important considerations in design of foundations:
Foundations are the structural elements which transfer loads from the
building or individual columns to the earth. If these loads are to be properly
transmitted, foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or
rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate safety
against sliding and overturning.
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Depth of foundation:
Depth of foundation below ground level can be obtained by using Rankines
formula:

Where, h = minimum depth of foundation
p= gross bearing capacity
= density of soil
= angle of repose or internal friction of soil.
Recommendations of IS456: 2000, Limit state design, bending, shear,
cracking and development length:
To determine the area of foundation required for proper transfer of total load
on the soil, the total load (combination of dead load, live load and any other
load without multiplying it with any load factor) are considered.

Thickness of the edge of footing:
As per clause 34.1.3 of IS456: 2000, the thickness at the edge shall not be
less than 15cm on soils.
Dimension of pedestal:
In the case of plain cement concrete pedestals, the angle between the plane
passing through the bottom edge of the pedestal and the corresponding
junction edge of the column with pedestal and the horizontal plane shall be
governed by the expression.

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Where q
o
= calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the
pedestal/footing in N/mm
2

F
ck
= characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days in N/mm
2


Fig: Dimensioning of pedestal
Maximum Bending moment in footings:

The bending moment will be considered at the face of column, pedestal or
wall and shall be determined by passing through the section a vertical plane
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which extends completely across the footing, and over the entire area of the
footing or one side of the said plane. The reference clause is 34.2.3.1 and
34.2.3.2 of IS456: 2000.
Shear capacity checks for footings:
The shear strength of footing is governed by the following two factors:
a) The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal
crack intending in a plane across the entire width, the critical section for this
condition shall be assumed as a vertical section located from the face of the
column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective depth of the
footing in case of footings on soils.
For one way bending action of footing (one way shear)
For one way shear action, the nominal shear stress in calculated as:

Where, = shear stress
V
u
= factored vertical shear force
b = breadth of critical section
d = effective depth
( = design shear strength of concrete based on % longitudinal
tensile reinforcement. Refer table 61 of SP -16)
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Fig: Critical section for one-way shear in foundation
Two way shear (or two way bending action or punching shear) of
foundation:
For two way bending action, the following should be checked in punching
shear. Punching shear shall be around the perimeter 0.5 times the effective
depth away from the face of the column or pedestal.
For two way shear action, the nominal shear stress is calculated in
accordance with clause 31.6.2 of IS456: 2000 as follows:

Where = shear stress
b
o
= periphery of the critical section
d = effective depth
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V
u
= factored vertical shear force
When shear reinforcement is not provided, the nominal shear stress at the
critical section should not exceed

Where, Ks = 0.5 + Bc (but not greater than 1)
Bc = (short dimension of column or pedestal / long dimension of column or
pedestal)
N/mm
2

Note: It is general practice to make the base deep enough so that shear
reinforcement is not required.
Development length of reinforcement bars in foundation:
The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be
assumed at the same planes as those prescribed for bending moment in
clause 34.2.3 of code and also at all other vertical planes where abrupt
changes in section occur. Refer clause 34.2.4.3 of IS456: 2000.
Reinforcement in foundations:
The minimum reinforcement in footing slab specified by the code is 0.12%
and maximum spacing specified is 3 times the effective depth or 450mm
whichever is less. (clause 34.3).
Only tensile reinforcement is normally provided. The total reinforcement
shall be laid down uniformly in case of square footings. For rectangular
footings, there shall be a central band, equal to the width of the footing. The
reinforcement in the central band shall be provided in accordance with the
following equation.

Where,
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Transfer of load at the base of column:
Clause: 34.4 of IS456: 2000.
The compressive stress in concrete at the base of column or pedestal shall be
transferred by bearing to the top of supporting pedestal or footing.
The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible
bearing stress in direct compression multiplied by a value equal to
but not greater than 2.
Where,
A
1
= supporting are for bearing of footing, which is sloped or stepped
footing may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a
pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing and having its upper
base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two
horizontal.
A
2
= loaded area at the column base.
For limit state design, the permissible bearing stress specified is 45 f
ck
.
If the permissible bearing stress is exceeded either in the column concrete or
in footing concrete, reinforcement must be provided for developing the
excess force. The reinforcement may be provided either extending the
longitudinal bars into the footing or by providing dowels in accordance with
the code as given by the following:
1. Minimum area of extended longitudinal bars or dowels must be 0.5% of
cross-sectional area of the supported column or pedestal.
2. A minimum of four bars must be provided.
3. If dowels are used their diameter should not exceed the diameter of the
column bars by more than 3mm.
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4. Enough development length should be provided to transfer the
compression or tension to the supporting member.
5. Column bars of diameter larger than 36mm, in compression only can be
dowelled at the footing with bars of smaller diameters. The dowel must
extend into the column a distance equal to the development length of the
column bar. At the same time, the dowels must extend vertically into the
footing a distance equal to the development length of the dowel.

Fig: Rigid and spread footings





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PROJECT AT A GLANCE

The Project reports on design of a new two Storeyed Residential Building at Kathi
Darwaza Rainawari. This project mainly includes the Analysis, Design and
Estimation. The site area of field is 687.82 sq.m and the plinth area of the building
is 958.53 Sq.m.
The analysis was done by Kani's Methods, using this method the moment of each
beam and column was calculated. In the moment distribution method,
every joint of the structure to be analysed is fixed so as to develop the fixed-end
moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially released and the fixed-end moments
(which by the time of release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent
members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment distribution method in
mathematical terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving a set
of simultaneous equations by means of iteration.
The moment distribution method falls into the category of displacement method of
structural analysis.
Limit state method of design is used for the design purpose. The load condition is
taken as per IS: 875. Manual estimation was done and the cost the building Rs.
3129.8 per sq.m. The plan, section, elevation and reinforcement details are drawn
using AUTO CAD.








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DRAWINGS


Figure 1- Sheet title

Details of Plinth Beams
There are total 37 Plinth Beams in this structure
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This drawing gives us the detailed information of Plinth beams i.e the dimension,
Centre to Centre distance, number of Steel Bars used, dimension of Steel Bars
used, bents provided etc.

Figure 2 - Details of Foundation (Footing)

The whole structure is divided into 10 sections which are shown in detail in this
drawing the drawing shows Foundation Trench, section wise details
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Figure 3- Details of Foundation beams

This drawings provides details information of beams The drawing gives us a
detailed information of all 10 sections





24


Figure 4 - Details of Columns

As there are 5 different type of columns used they differ in size, reinforcement and
concrete mix for different Levels of buildings.






25

PHOTO GALLERY


In this
Photo me with others students are on site Setting Total Station for leveling
With proper care and well knowledge of survey engineering the procedure is
carried out

26


In this picture we are measuring Centre to Centre Distance of the Columns with the
help of measuring tape
27


With the help of Total Station and staff leveling is being carried out

28


Examining the concrete being processed in Concrete mixer, carefully observing the
water, cement and sand ratio
29

Front View Of The Site

30


Shuttering And Form Work
31



This is the Convocation Hall of the College, it is said to accommodate about 1200+
students.















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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. IS Code: 875-1973, Indian Road Congress.
2. PWD Presentation on the Project, 2013.
3. Short Booklet on Foundation Engineering, MIT 2012.
4. Text Book of Building Construction by BC Punmia, Edition 2002.
5. Moment Distribution Method, Kanis Method, NPTEL.
6. Civil eHow.
7. Structural Analysis, CK Wang.
8. Short Analysis of Building Projects, AR Khan.