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8/7/2014
Tab QRA
Select
Toxic Chemical (1 - 20)
4 Scenario Descriptions
4 Release Durations
4 Generic Failure Rates
Auto Sort Fatality Data
Determine IR Data
Determine Societal Risk
Tab VM
Select Vulnerability Model
1 = CPQRA
2 = TNO
3 = Specific Rat Data
4 = Manual Input of k1, k2 & n
Tab VM
Obtain 4
LC50 Concentrations
Tab FR
Select Failure
Rates For 4
Generic Systems
Tab IR
Plot Individual Risk to 1E-06 and 1E-08 Fatalities/Yr
Tab SR
Plot Societal Risk vs Dutch QRA Criteria
Tab PP
Select Physical
Properties
Tabs S1 - S9
Select Source Term Models - Delivers Rate Of Discharge and Release Durations
S1 =
2 Liquid and 2 Vapour Orifice Calculations - Sonic & Sub-Sonic Flow
S2 =
Source Term Model - 2 Liquid and 2 Vapour Models + Logistics
S3 =
Evaporation Rate From Un-Restrained Pool Spreading - Transient Release
S4 =
Evaporation Rate From Restrained Pool Spreading - Transient release
S5 =
Evaporation Rate From Volatile Liquid Below Boiling Point - Steady State Release
S6 =
Depressurization of a Pressurized Vessel - Transient Release
S7 =
Release From PSV of a Vessel Containing Toxic Liquid Under Fire or Reactive Chemical Conditions
S8 =
A Generalized Correlation for Flashing Choked Flow of Initially Subcooled Liquid
S9 =
Release of Heavy Toxic gases From Elevated Stacks or PSVs.
Tabs GC & GI
Select Dispersion Model - Yields LC50 Distances & Durations For 4 Selected Scenarios
GC = Continuous Gaussian Model + Vulnerability Data
GI =
Instantaneous Gaussian Model + Vulnerability Data
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
MIC Plant Under Poor Safety Management System (CPQRA Vulnerability Model)
Basis
Based on a Continuous Gaussian Dispersion Model, CPQRA Vulnerability Probit Constants and Selected Source Term Models
Incident
1
2
3
4
Scenario
Description
2" Liq Leak
1/2" Liq Leak
Runaway Rx
Tank Rupture
Dischg Rate
kgm - kgm/s
15.4353
1.54
3.6936
30.8739
90,000
lb Storage Tank
Duration
Minutes
60
60
100
85
Select (1 - 20) =
Chemical =
MIC
Select Model (1 - 2)
Gaussian
Dispersion
LC50
ppmv
39.86
39.86
18.23
23.38
Gaussian
LC50 Dist, m
2,172
545
1,869
4,355
Source
Term Tab
Tab S4
Tab S4
Tab S7 & S9
Tab S3
Source Term
Description
Into 1,000 sm Dyked Area
Into 100 sm Restricted Curb Area
PSV to 8 Inch Stack 108' High
Into 1,670 sm Unrestricted Area
Events/yr
1.00E-04
1.00E-05
2.60E-07
1.35E-05
No. In
System
10
1
1
1
Frequency
Failure/Yr
1.00E-03
1.00E-05
2.60E-07
1.35E-05
1.02E-03
Source
Fr FR database
Technica
CPQRA
CPQRA, P-459
Technica
No. In
System
10
1
1
1
0
Frequency
Failure/Yr
1.00E-03
6.60E-04
4.00E-04
1.00E-04
0.00E+00
2.16E-03
Source
Frequency
Failure/Yr
1.02E-03
2.16E-03
4.00E-07
1.35E-05
Phase Of
Leak
Vap or Liq
Liquid
Liquid
Vap or Liq
0.00E+00
Phase Of
Leak
R.A. Hawrelak
Events/yr
Frequency
Failure/Yr
Vapor
Phase Of
Leak
Vap or Liq
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Technica
Technica
Nussey HSE
CPQRA
4.00E-07
Source
Tank Rupture
Incident
1
2
3
4
Events/yr
1.00E-04
6.60E-04
4.00E-04
1.00E-04
0.00E+00
Runaway Rx
Failure Rate
No.
48
99
99
99
99
Phase Of
Leak
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Frequency/Yr
1.02E-03
2.16E-03
4.00E-07
1.35E-05
No. In
System
1
1
1
1
0
Events/yr
1.35E-05
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Frequency
Failure/Yr
1.35E-05
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1.35E-05
Source
Technica
0
0
0
0
Source
see above
see above
see below
see above
7:48 PM
Gaussian Dist, m
2,172
545
1,869
4,355
Manually Det'd
BM + Gauss, m
2,405
531
1,911
4,777
..
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
Case
Toxic Basis
Select 1 to 20
Time =
Avg Conc'n =
Avg Conc'n =
% Fatality =
Risk Message
1
(1 = CPQRA, 2 = TNO, 3 = Rat Data, 4 = Manual Input k1, k2, & n)
4
MIC
STEL 15 min. =
? ppmv
CPQRA Probits
100
minutes
Pr = k1 + (k2)[LN(Dose)] =
4.9999
Dose =S(C^n)(t)=
18.23
ppmv
6.66E+02
42.52
mgm/m3 @ t =
25.00
C
n=
0.6530
50.16%
51.78%
49.97%
k1 =
-5.6420
Fatality Potential Dose
k2 =
1.6370
MW =
57.1
Fatality =
Probit =
Minutes
1
2
5
10
60
85
100
IDLH
1.6462
Avg ppmv
914.16
316.25
77.74
26.89
1.73
1.01
0.79
Basis =
LC1
2.67
Avg ppmv
2,382.19
824.10
202.57
70.08
4.51
2.64
2.06
CPQRA Probits
LC10
3.72
Avg ppmv
6,361.61
2,200.76
540.96
187.14
12.04
7.06
5.51
LC50
5
Avg ppmv
21,066.96
7,287.97
1,791.45
619.74
39.86
23.38
18.23
LC90
6.28
Avg ppmv
69,764.87
24,134.67
5,932.51
2,052.31
132.00
77.43
60.37
MIC
CPQRA Probits
(Page down)
LC01
LC10
10,000.00
LC50
LC90
1,000.00
P
P
M
V
LC99
100.00
IDLH
Data Pt.
10.00
ERPG2
ERPG3
1.00
0.10
1
10
100
R.A. Hawrelak
7:48 PM
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
ppmv - min.
LC99.9
8.09
Avg ppmv
379,313.68
131,220.93
32,255.24
11,158.48
717.71
421.02
328.26
LC01
LC10
LC50
LC90
LC99
IDLH
Data Pt.
ERPG2
ERPG3
R.A. Hawrelak
7:48 PM
240621230.xls.ms_office
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Description
Instantaneous Vessel Rupture
Instantaneous Vessel Rupture
Vessel Leakage
Vessel Leakage
Catastrophic Dist'n Tower
Serious Dist'n Tower Leak
2 Inch Hole In Pipe
1 Inch Hole In Pipe
1/2 Inch Hole In Pipe
1/4 Inch Hole In Pipe
2 Inch Hole In Pipe
1 Inch Hole In Pipe
1/2 Inch Hole In Pipe
1/4 Inch Hole In Pipe
Gillotine 1 Inch
Gillotine 1/2 Inch
Gillotine 1/4 Inch
Gillotine 1 Inch
Gillotine 1/2 Inch
Gillotine 1/4 Inch
Pipe Splits - 1 Inch
Pipe Splits - 1/2 Inch
Pipe Splits - /4 Inch
Pipe Splits - 1 Inch
Pipe Splits - 1/2 Inch
Pipe Splits - 1/4 Inch
Gasket (3mm thk) 1/4 Dia
Gasket (3mm thk) 1/4 Dia
Gasket (1.6mm thk) 1/4 Dia
Gasket (1.6mm thk) 1/4 Dia
Tanker Cplg Transfer Hose
Tanker Cplg Transfer Hose
Tanker Cplg Transfer Hose
Valve or Flange Leak
Impact Failure Of Pipe
PSV Leakage at Norm Press
PSV Under Fire
Pump Case Rupture
Pump Seal Leakage
Compressor Seal Leakage
Compressor Case Rupture
Filter Vessel Rupture
Filter Seal or Flange Leakage
Adjacent Line Jet Fire
Crane Impact on Transf Line
Nozzle Leak
Case =
Phase
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Vapor
Vapor
Vapor
Vapor
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Vapor
Vapor
Vapor
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Vapor
Vapor
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Liquid
Liquid
Vapor
Vapor
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Failure Rate
Per Year
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
2.40E-05
3.60E-05
6.50E-06
1.00E-05
1.60E-06
3.20E-06
4.00E-06
1.60E-05
2.40E-06
4.80E-06
6.00E-06
2.40E-05
1.20E-07
4.00E-05
1.60E-04
1.80E-07
6.00E-05
2.40E-04
1.20E-06
4.00E-04
1.60E-03
1.80E-06
6.00E-04
2.40E-03
2.00E-06
3.00E-06
1.20E-06
1.80E-06
1.20E-06
1.80E-06
5.00E-04
1.00E-04
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
3.00E-06
6.60E-05
6.60E-04
9.20E-06
9.20E-05
1.30E-05
9.70E-04
5.00E-06
4.40E-05
6.00E-07
Source
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
CPQRA, p-459
CPQRA, p-459
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
Nussey HSE
CPQRA
Technica
CPQRA
CPQRA
CPQRA
Technica
Technica
Technica
Technica
Technica
Technica
Technica
Technica
Technica
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
Eqn 5.5.21
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
Vap or Liq
5.00E-03
1.35E-05
6.70E-05
4.40E-06
4.50E-02
8.80E-07
8.80E-06
2.60E-07
5.30E-06
8.80E-08
2.60E-06
6.30E-04
Technica
Technica
Technica
Technica
Technica
CPQRA, P-459
CPQRA, P-459
CPQRA, P-459
CPQRA, P-459
CPQRA, P-459
CPQRA, P-459
ADL - FT
Eqn 5.5.24
Estimate the Frequency of Leaks and Catastrophic Rupture For An LPG Storage Sphere
Eqn 5.5.22
Eqn 5.5.23
Eqn 5.5.25
Eqn 5.5.26
Eqn 5.5.21
with f1 and f2
Eqn 5.5.24
with f3 and f4
f1 =
f2 =
Table 4: F1
2.1
1.55
1.30
1.28
1.35
1.00
Table 4: F2
5.63
1.84
1.37
1.33
1.45
1.00
20.32E-06
/vessel yr
Eqn 5.5.22
Eqn 5.5.23
F1 =
2.10
2
=x/n
f1 = 2(x + 1)
f2 = 2(n - x)
Table 4, p-258
6.45E-06
6
619996
For
vessel years = n
Observed Failures, x =
310,000
2.32E-03
f3 =
f4 =
619998
4
Eqn 5.5.25
Eqn 5.5.26
f3 = 2(2 - x + 1)
f4 = 2(x)
F2 =
5.63
Table 4, p-258
1.15E-06
1.31E-04
Lower Limit =
Index =
PV Catastrophic Rupture Failure / vessel yr =
Failure Rate Within 95% Confidence Limits
PERD page =
to Upper L =
1.00
2.03E-05
17.73
1.15E-06
6.45E-06
2.03E-05
1.00
5.63
17.73
2
1
0.50
0.25
Slope m Constant b
-1.02877 -12.3186
Fail/Yr
2.19E-06
4.47E-06
9.12E-06
1.86E-05
1.00E+00
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
Series1
1.00E-03
Series2
1.00E-04
1.00E-05
1.00E-06
0.10
1.00
10.00
2
1
0.5
0.25
Slope m Constant b
-1.02877
-12.724
Fail/Yr
1.46E-06
2.98E-06
6.08E-06
1.24E-05
2
1
0.50
0.25
Slope m Constant b
-1.02877 -12.3186
Fail/Yr
2.19E-06
4.47E-06
9.12E-06
1.86E-05
pe - Liq Phase
Inch
pe - Vapor Phase
Inch
Incident No. 3 - Estimated Fault Tree Analysis For BHOPAL Event - Poor Safety Management System
MIC Flows To Atm Fr Top VGS
E6 = E5*P5 = 4.00E-07
per Yr
And
per Yr
And
per Yr
And
per Yr
Or
Water Fr N2 Header
Operator error
E1/Yr = 1.00E-03
Or
IR
Individual Risk
1.00E+00
Data Pts.
Best Fit
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
1.00E-03
1.00E-04
1.00E-05
1.00E-06
1.00E-07
1.00E-08
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Distance, Meters
Page 13
6,000
7,000
8,000
8/7/2014
1.00E-03
Acceptable
Unacceptable
Unacceptable
1.00E-04
Case Study
Freq Of N or More
Fatalities/Yr
1.00E-05
Mitig'n
Reqd
1.00E-06
1.00E-07
1
Acceptable
R.A. Hawrelak
10
100
1000
10000
No. Fatalities, N
7:48 PM
240621230.xls.ms_office
Physical Properties
Chemical =
MIC
Basis
116.35
240
102
14.696
50.00%
189
15.71
61
173.3
0.43
116.35
20.00
20
2,000
Engineering Data Book - Natural Gas Process Suppliers Association - 9th Edition - 1972 - Chapter 16
Antoinne Constants
Not added to PP yet
vp, psi =10^(A+B/(C+C))
psia
C =
115.56
F
A=
5.01922143
F
B=
-976.81162
psia
C=
215.1785
Default = 50%
BTU/lb
BTU/lb mole/F
lb/cf
BTU/lb
BTU/lb/F
psia
C
ft.
BTU/lb (Default = 2,000)
- 1972 - Chapter 16
Screen 4
Liquid Leaks For Vessel Holes, Full Bore and Partial Pipe Diameter Breaks
Basis = Eqn 2.1.7 CPQRA, P449
Scenario =
1
2" Liq Leak
Scenario =
2
1/2" Liq Leak
Dia. =
0.0508 meters
Dia. =
0.0127 meters
Area =
0.0020 sq.m.
Area =
0.00013 sq.m.
GL =
47.67 kg/sec
GL =
2.98
kg/sec
Drain Time =
14.27 minutes
Drain Time=
228.35 minutes
Type =
Long Term - Continuous
Type =
Long Term - Continuous
Determine % Flash
If Flash is less than 10%, assume rainout will occur and special pool dispersion is necessary.
28.99%
Vapor Leaks For vessel Holes, Full Bore and Partial Pipe Diameter Breaks
Basis = Eqn 2.1.1 Page 450 CPQRA
Scenario 3 =
2 Inch Vapor leak
Case =
25% Dia., m
Dia. =
0.0508 meters
Dia =
0.0127 meters
Area =
0.00203 sq.m.
Area =
0.000127 sq.m.
Critical Ratio =
1.74
Crit Ratio =
1.74
DP Ratio =
8.02
DP Ratio =
8.02
Is Flow Sonic?
Sonic
Is Flow Sonic?
Sonic
Flow factor =
0.68
Flow factor
0.68
Alpha
221.04
Alpha =
221.04
GV for 2 Vapor Lines =
10.05 kg/s
Gv =
0.63
kg/sec
Frac Flashed as above =
28.99%
Frac Flshd=
28.99%
Flash Vapor wo Entrain't =
26,095 kgms
Q wo Ent =
26,095 kgms
Time to Depressure =
43.29 minutes
Time to Dep
692.65 minutes
Type For 1 Lines =
Long Term - Continuous Type =
Long Term - Continuous
Inch
Note
m - Continuous
Assume No Rainout for Any Liquid Releases & Assume 100% vapor
To be checked out
0.50
Inch
Note
Assumes constant flash vapor rate.
8/7/2014
Chemical
MW =
Cp/Cv =
Ves Press =
Atm Press =
Amb Temp =
Hole Dia =
Flow Coeff =
Viscosity =
LEL =
UEL =
MIC
57.1
1.30
72.1
14.7
77
2.00
0.60
0.0083
2.10%
9.50%
Outflow =
Upwards
pascals
pascals
K
cm
4.97
1.01
centipoise
0.60
Jet Width, Meters
bar abs
bar abs
kg/sec
kg/m3
kgm/m3
0.40
LEL
0.20
LEL
0.00
-0.200.00
10.00
20.00
UEL
UEL
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
kgm/m3
m/s
7.54E+06
kgm/m3
meters
2.26
inches
106.93
b2 =
104.18
1.97
R.A. Hawrelak
0.0575
b1 =
(b1+b2)/b1=
At LEL, jm =
At UEL, jm =
2.10%
9.50%
1.98
2.86
0.37
x/deq =
x/deq =
253.46
58.06
7:48 PM
x LEL =
x UEL =
14.56
3.34
meters
meters
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
7.88224006
7.88224006
x, meters
14.56
13.28
12.00
10.72
9.43
8.15
6.87
5.58
4.30
3.02
1.74
0.45
x, meters
3.34
3.07
2.81
2.55
2.29
2.03
1.76
1.50
1.24
0.98
0.72
0.45
y, meters
0.00
0.40
0.52
0.59
0.61
0.61
0.59
0.54
0.47
0.38
0.25
0.09
-y,meters
0.00
-0.40
-0.52
-0.59
-0.61
-0.61
-0.59
-0.54
-0.47
-0.38
-0.25
-0.09
y, meters
0.00
0.09
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.07
-y,meters
0
-0.09
-0.12
-0.13
-0.14
-0.14
-0.14
-0.14
-0.13
-0.11
-0.09
-0.07
b3
0
0.0299126
0.04337723
0.05460403
0.06499374
0.07517899
0.08561338
0.09676832
0.10931158
0.12448862
0.14556116
0.19257183
x"
#DIV/0!
13.2820663
11.999155
10.7162437
9.43333244
8.15042114
6.86750985
5.58459855
4.30168725
3.01877596
1.73586466
0.45295336
0.035
0.04
Calculation Of Volume Of Gas Between UEL and LEL by Eqn 19, p-16
1 to LEL
(a) = /3/b2 =
(b) = 2nd term =
(a)(b) =
(c) = 3rd term =
(d) = 1/jh^2-1
(e) = (c)(d) =
(f) = 4th term =
(g) = 5th term =
(h) = 6th term =
(e) - (f) + (g) + (h) = (i) =
(i)(a)(b)=Vg,Gas Vol, Eq19=
>>>
Vgas 1-2
Vgas/javg
Sum (V/j)
Avg Conc =
V total
V total
lbs In Flam =
0.021
0.0225
0.025
0.0275
0.03
0.045
0.2941
0.2399
0.1997
0.1689
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.04
2.28
1.53
1.07
1.33
m3 total volume of gas
By Simple Inc'ts, Vol. Gas =
Vol %
m3
incremental Volume Of Flammable
m3
Vol LEl - Vol UEL
kgms
2.35
lbs
Flow is
Eta =
Fr =
Io =
Xc =
X LEL =
Xc/XLEL =
p-24
p-24
p-24
meters
Culmination Height
p-24
meters
LEL Ht wo Gravity Effects
Xc/XLEL >= 1.5 - Culmination Cloud Is Not Explosive.
2.21
1.34E+05
428.97
46.50
14.56
3.19
0.1258
0.03
0.75
10.07
m3
0.0977
0.0782
0.02
0.46
0.01
0.30
Upwards
R.A. Hawrelak
7:48 PM
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
kgms
kgms
kgms
mph
deg C
Initial rate =
Avg rate =
Dispn rate =
Dispn rate =
R.A. Hawrelak
MIC
3,225.72
479.15
1,852.44
30.87
Average Soil
Pool Ht, mm
25
From Pool of Area =
During First Minute of Spill
Atmospheric Stability =
Neutral
Wind
Convection
Evaporation
kgm.
0.00
138.77
191.26
191.26
191.26
191.26
191.26
191.26
191.26
191.26
191.26
191.26
191.26
14,000.59
Incremental
Ground
Conduction
Evaporation
kgm.
898.01
2,188.94
1,186.79
866.87
717.62
626.18
562.74
515.39
478.30
448.22
423.19
401.94
383.60
14,882.57
85.20
Minutes
426,569
63,363
244,966
lb/hr
lb/hr
lb/hr
kgm/min.
kgm/min.
kgm/min.
kgms/sec
Total Ground
Conduction
From Maxim
Pool Formed
kgm.
0.00
2,188.94
3,375.72
4,242.59
4,960.21
5,586.39
6,149.13
6,664.52
7,142.82
7,591.05
8,014.24
8,416.18
8,799.78
23,682.36
Surface is
Penetrable
Rough Sand or Gravel
1,670.37
sq. m.
7:48 PM
Incremental
MIC
Lost To
Atmosphere
kgm.
898.01
2,327.71
1,378.05
1,058.13
908.88
817.45
754.01
706.66
669.57
639.49
614.46
593.21
574.87
28,883.17
Conditions
Total
MIC
Lost To
Atmosphere
kgm
898.01
3,225.72
4,603.77
5,661.90
6,570.78
7,388.23
8,142.23
8,848.89
9,518.46
10,157.95
10,772.41
11,365.61
11,940.48
40,823.65
Total
MIC
Remaining
In Spill Area
kgm.
39,925.99
37,598.28
36,220.23
35,162.10
34,253.22
33,435.77
32,681.77
31,975.11
31,305.54
30,666.05
30,051.59
29,458.39
28,883.52
0.35
3,225.72
7,111
7.90%
kgms.
lbs
1056.34
lb/min.
1/2 way between initial and avg rate
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
kgms
kgms
kgms
mph
deg C
R.A. Hawrelak
MIC
Wind
Convection
Evaporation
kgm.
100.42
100.42
100.42
100.42
100.42
100.42
100.42
100.42
100.42
100.42
100.42
18,296.38
3.22
Average Soil
Dyke Dia =
35.84
From Pool of Area =
During First Minute of Spill
Atmospheric Stability =
Incremental
Ground
Conduction
Evaporation
kgm.
1,540.51
638.10
489.63
412.78
363.67
328.78
302.34
281.41
264.31
249.99
237.77
16,303.29
Hours
Total Ground
Conduction
From Maxim
Pool Formed
kgm.
1,540.51
2,178.62
2,668.25
3,081.03
3,444.69
3,773.47
4,075.82
4,357.23
4,621.54
4,871.53
5,109.31
21,412.59
Surface is
Tank Dia =
1,001.32
Neutral
meters
Conditions
Total
MIC
Lost To
Atmosphere
kgm
1,640.93
2,379.45
2,969.51
3,482.71
3,946.79
4,375.99
4,778.75
5,160.59
5,525.32
5,875.73
6,213.92
40,813.59
Total
MIC
Remaining
In Spill Area
kgm.
39,183.07
38,444.55
37,854.49
37,341.29
36,877.21
36,448.01
36,045.25
35,663.41
35,298.68
34,948.27
34,610.08
10.41
1,640.93
738.52
kgms.
kgms
Initial Rate =
Avg Rate =
Disp'n Rate =
Disp'n Rate =
a
b
(a+b)/2
(a+b)/2
1,640.93
211.30
926.12
15.44
kgm/min.
kgm/min.
kgm/min.
kgm/sec
Initial Rate =
Avg Rate =
Disp'n Rate =
Disp'n Rate =
a
b
(a+b)/2
(a+b)/2
3,617.60
465.84
2,041.72
122,503.31
lb/min.
lb/min.
lb/min.
lb/hr
7:48 PM
Incremental
MIC
Lost To
Atmosphere
kgm.
1,640.93
738.52
590.05
513.20
464.09
429.20
402.76
381.83
364.73
350.41
338.19
34,599.67
Penetrable
3
sq. m.
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
0.018984
lb/cu. ft.
0.3041
n factor
K factor
Unstable
0.2
0.001278
Neutral
0.25
0.00157
Stable
0.2
0.001786
Rate, kgm/s =
0.44562
0.50161
0.62275
Rate, kgm/min
26.74
30.10
37.36
Rate, lb/min =
58.94
66.35
82.37
3,536.64
3,981.03
4,942.44
Rate, lb/hr =
kgm/cu. m
Eqn 9
RHOS = MW*VP/(10.73*R)
No Conduction
deg C
12,195.00
0.018984
lb/cu. ft.
0.3041
n factor
K' factor
Unstable
0.2
0.003846
Neutral
0.25
0.004685
Stable
0.2
0.005285
Rate, kgm/s =
0.44966
0.50775
0.61791
Rate, kgm/min
26.98
30.46
37.07
Rate, lb/min. =
59.48
67.16
81.73
3,568.76
4,029.73
4,904.03
Rate, lb/hr =
Leak Rate =
Duration =
Dens =
Vol =
Area =
Liq Ht =
R.A. Hawrelak
4,904.03
4.08
50
400.00
12,195
0.39
lb/hr
hr
lb/cf
cf
sf
inches
7:48 PM
kgm/cu. m
Eqn 10
RHOS = MW*VP/(10.73*R)
No Conduction
Stable Conditions
20,000 Lb Tank Load
1.00 cm
240621230.xls.ms_office
Case No.
8/7/2014
Phys Properties of
Starting Liq Temp =
Starting Psia
Final Psia
Number Incs
Dp/Inc
Number of Nozzles
Flow Coeff Assumed =
Nozzle Dia., inches
CHLORINE
77.00
112.90
14.70
20
4.91
1
1.0000
2.00
F
Vap Press
1.36
Vapor Rate
lb/hr
Vessel Press
Psia
Flow
Condition
Liq In Vessel
Lbs
0.00
1.46
3.04
4.76
6.64
8.71
11.00
13.54
16.36
19.53
23.10
27.14
31.73
37.00
43.09
50.20
58.60
68.67
81.07
97.57
126.99
48,154
46,091
44,045
41,997
39,947
37,897
35,844
33,789
31,732
29,671
27,608
25,541
23,471
21,396
19,317
17,233
15,143
13,048
10,844
7,858
3,048
112.90
107.99
103.08
98.17
93.26
88.35
83.44
78.53
73.62
68.71
63.80
58.89
53.98
49.07
44.16
39.25
34.34
29.43
24.52
19.61
14.70
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sonic
Sub Sonic
Sub Sonic
Sub Sonic
181,077
179,972
178,828
177,638
176,397
175,102
173,746
172,325
170,835
169,270
167,626
165,900
164,087
162,186
160,192
158,103
155,919
153,638
151,259
148,783
146,211
0
1,145
2,331
3,565
4,851
6,194
7,599
9,072
10,616
12,238
13,940
15,728
17,606
19,576
21,643
23,807
26,072
28,439
30,908
33,480
36,153
R.A. Hawrelak
m3
lbs
lbs
Conservative
Time
Minutes
Lb in Liquid =
Lb in Vapor =
Lb Lost To Atm =
Totals =
89
181,077
1,671
Final
146,211
383
36,153
182,747
19.78%
126.99
2.12
Initial lb/hr =
Avg lb/hr =
Final lb/hr =
48,154
17,082
3,048
Sonic
Sonic
Sub Sonic
min.
hr.
7:48 PM
Disp'n, lb/hr=
Disp'n Time =
32,618
66.50
Sonic
min.
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
Chemical
Mol Wt
Method (1=NFPA,2=API-520)
Orientation
(1=H,2=V)
Diameter
Tan to Tan
Max Liq Height
Tot Vessel Area
Wetted Area =
Heat Input, Q =
Gas Constant
Atmospheric Pressure =
Credit Factor =(1 to 5)
NFPA Protection factor =
Operating Pressure =
Design pressure =
PSV Set Pressure =
PSV Flow factor For Fire =
PSV Flow Pressure =
PSV Flow Temp =
Latent Heat at Flow Temp, L =
Vapor Density at Flow Temp =
Ideal Vap Den @ Flow Temp =
Compress Factor @ Flow Temp=
Flow Factor For Max PSV Cap =
Vapor Flow = Q/L
Back Press < 55% flow Press ?
Kb, Back Press factor =
PSV Oficie Area Req'd
Select PSV Class =
Selected Orifice Area =
Estimated Inlet Size =
Estimated Outlet Size =
MIC
57.1
1
1
8
40
6
1,125.95
844.46
2,710,643
315
14.7
3
0.3
14.7
40
75.4545455
1.21
106
240
173.3
1.03
0.8058
0.7824
1.8741
29,314
1
1
2.8530
L
2.853
3
4
Orifice Selection
Class
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
N
P
Q
R
T
R.A. HAWRELAK
Sq. in.
0.110
0.196
0.307
0.503
0.785
1.287
1.838
2.853
3.600
4.340
6.380
11.050
16.000
26.000
Selection
Sq. in.
2.853
3.6
4.34
6.38
11.05
16
26
PSV 109
V-11
Design = 40 psig
psia
Set pressure adjusted so that Temp > 212F to boil cooling water applied to vessel
F From Phys Props
BTU/lb
Fr Phys Prop
lb/cf
Fr Phys Prop
lb/cf
Assume 1.0 if unknown
Set at 1 for design. Adjust for max PSV flow capacity
lb/hr
G=
3.6936
kgms/sec
1 = yes, 2 = 0 Vaiable or fixed?
See Farris , p-3.06 Sizing Section
Sq. inches
Adjust till Area Req'd = Selected Area
sq. in.
inches (Check DP less 3% of set pressure to prevent chattering)
inches (Check DP less 10% of set pressure to prevent chattering for conventional PSV type)
Note: to overcome chattering use a balanced bellows PSV
7:48 PM
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
512.06
798
760
48.26
1.6794
697.72
1.2035
F
PSIA
PSIA
lb/cf
lb/cf
btu/lb
btu/lb/F
Omega, w = Cfo*To*Ps*((vfo-vgo)/hfgo)^2/vfo =
540
5.50
5.24
773.00
26.90
1,622.90
5,039.00
K
MPa
MPa
kg/cu.m.
kgm/cu.m.
kJ/kg
J/kg/K
5.39
Eqn 5
0.9524
nct = (2*Omega-1)/(2*Omega) =
0.9072
Eqn 11
TRUE
nc = ns*(1/nct)*(1-(1-nct/ns)^0.5) =
0.8211
Eqn 10
0.3625
Eqn 9a,
5.50E+06
1.74E+07 lb/hr/sf
23,644
(kgm/sq.m.)(m/sec^2)
kgm/sq.m./s by Eqn 9a and 9b
If, for example, the hole diameter is 1.0 inch, calculate the rate of two phase flow?
Orifice Dia =
Orifice Area =
D^2/4 =
2 Flow Rate = (Gc)(A) =
1.00
inch
5.45E-03 sf
95,086.03 lb/hr
2.54E-02 meter
5.07E-04 sq.m.
11.98 kgm/sec
This paper gives a generalized correlation for flashing choked flow of an initially subcooled liquid.
The model assumptions are:
1. Piping resistance are not included, the release is from a hole in the vessel.
2. Isentropic flow.
3. Thermal equilibrium.
4. Equal phase velocities once saturation is reached.
The model is a limiting case, without consideration of nonequilibrium effects.
In this regard, it gives a lower-bound estimate for the mass flow rate and should be a
useful tool for many engineering applications.
For Two Phase Flow With Piping Resistance, 1987 Boston Vapor Cloud Conference, p-257.
To account for piping resistance, Fauske determined a flow reduction factor, FR = 1.9454*(L/D equivalent)^-0.2091
Determine the equivalent length in the usual manner, determine the flow, as above, and multiply by the flow reduction
factor, FR.
For example:
R.A. Hawrelak
Eq Len, L/D
0
50
100
200
400
FR calc'd
1.00
0.8585
0.7427
0.6425
0.5558
FR by Fauske
1.00
0.85
0.75
0.65
0.55
7:48 PM
240621230.xls.ms_office
Touchdown Distance by Hoot and Meroney as presented by Gerry Havens, 1987 VC Conference In Boston, p-568
Also, Chapter 3, Page 18, Workbook Of Test Cases For Vapor Cloud Source Models / CCPS / AIChE
Bordurtha Eq (1) Max Conc =
Havens Touchdown Distance, X =
Havens Touchdown Conc =
Havens Horizontal Froud No., Frh =
Havens Xbar =
Bordurtha Plume Rise =
Bordurtha Froud No. Fr =
Source Richardson No. =
u* =
Wind Velocity, Ua =
Initial Jet Velocity, Vs = Uj =
RHO, Initial Jet Density
RHO air =
Jet Diameter, Dj
Bordurtha Froude No., Fr =
Havens Horizontal Froude No. = Ffh =
Havens & Bordurtha Plume Rise, H =
Havens X bar, Dist To Max =
Existing Stack Height, hs =
Havens C.L. Touchdown Distance
Bordurtha Conc'n at Touchdown =
Havens Concentration at Touchdown =
Source Richardson No. =
Exit Nozzle Reynolds No. =
Xbar, m =
3.44*Cs*100*[D/(2*H + hs)]^1.95*vs/U*0.000001
0.56*Dj*{(H/Dj)^3*[(2+hs/H)^3-1]*Ua/Uj}^0.5*Frh+Xbar
3.1*(Q/U/Dj^2)*((2*H+hs)/Dj)^-1.95/Dv*1000000
Ua/((g*Dj*(RHOj-RHOa)/RHOa))^0.5
(Dj*Ua/Uj)*Fr^2
1.32*D*(Vs/U)^0.333*SG^0.333*Fr^0.667*0.001
31.62*Vs/(9.806*D*(SG-1)/SG)^0.5
[g(Dg-Da)/Da](p/4)(Dj)(Uj) / {(Ua)(u*)^2}
(R2) p-20
(0.065)(Ua)=
0.3250
m/sec
(R2) p-20
5.00
63.64
1.7896
1.1786
0.2032
77.15
4.92
13.05
95.03
32.92
866.96
488
488
97.86
2.31E+06
(R1)
(R2)
(R1) p-576
(R1) p-576
(R1) p-576
(R1) p-576
m/s
g=
9.815
m/s
Q=
3.693564
kgms/sec
kgm/cu.m.
kgm/cu.m.
meters
D=
203.20 mm
Within HMP Froude No. Range 115.01 to 52.03
Within HMP Horizontal Froude No. Range 5.44 to 0.88
meters max ht
42.80
ft.
meters downwind distance to max rise
311.76
meters
108
ft.
meters
ppmv
ppmv
Rio > 10 and Dense Gas Model Justified
Re = 6.31(W)/(d)/(Visc cP) (Min.=2.5E04 by Oohms)
95.03
Xbar
2,397 ppmv at stack exit elevation
14 m
488.09
TD Radius =
TD Area =
14.39
650.20
meters
m2
8.00
8/7/2014
kgms/s =
3.6936
Wind meas'd @
10.00
U10 =
5.00
Wind at =
2.00
Wind Corect'n =
0.15
U2 =
3.93
a=
0.128
b=
0.905
c=
0.2
d=
0.76
MW =
57.1
Probit Constant, k1 = -5.64
Probit Constant, k2 = 1.64
Probit "n" Constant = 0.65
Probit =
5.00
Atm P =
14.7
K=
293.3
TD Distance =
866.96
TD Conc =
488.09
Virt Dist =
192.69
Sample Time =
100.00
ATCF =
1.5849
Conc =
18.23
Try Conc =
18.23
TD - VD =
674.27
Dis Fr Virt Dis =
1,195
ppmv =
18.23
R.A. Hawrelak
Senario 1
15.44
10.00
5.00
2.00
0.15
3.93
0.128
0.905
0.20
0.76
57.1
-5.64
1.64
0.65
5.00
14.70
293.30
0.00
1.00E+06
4.96
60.00
1.431
39.86
18.23
2,172
Scenario 2
1.54
10.00
5.00
2.00
0.15
3.93
0.128
0.905
0.20
0.76
57.1
-5.64
1.64
0.65
5.00
14.70
293.30
0.00
1.00E+06
1.24
60.00
1.431
39.86
545
Dis fr Stk =
Scenario 3
3.69
10.00
5.00
2.00
0.15
3.93
0.128
0.905
0.20
0.76
57.1
-5.64
1.64
0.65
5.00
14.70
293.30
866.96
488.09
192.69
100.00
1.585
18.23
Scenario 4
30.8739
10.00
5.00
2.00
0.15
3.93
0.128
0.905
0.20
0.76
57.1
-5.64
1.64
0.65
5.00
14.70
293.30
0.00
1.00E+06
7.22
85.00
1.534
23.38
674.27
1,195
1,869
7:48 PM
4,355
ft.
m/s
(1) Wind Speed at 2 meters = U2 = U10(2/10)^p
CPQRA Table 2.3, p-83
Corrected to
2
meters height
Stab (1 - 6) =
4
Rough (1 - 5) =
2
meters
ppmv
meters, (Can set conc = 1,000,000 ppmv and determine Virtual Dist)
minutes
average time correction factor.
ppmv
ppmv
Dist By CPQRA =
meters
3920.92 ft.
Fr All In One Eqn. as a check
240621230.xls.ms_office
8/7/2014
EPA PUFF and TNO Point Source Methods For Instantaneous Releases
Basis: TNO 1979 Yellow Book, EPA Report 600/3-82-078, Wind Corrctd to 2 Meters Ht.
Risk Class
Consequence Zone Description
1
100% Certain Fatality
2
Wounded / Req Hospitaization
Case Study: BHOPAL AS AN INSTANTANEOUS RELEASE FR PRESSURED VESSEL
3
May Require Hospitalization
4
Coughing, Choking, Vomiting
5
No Serious Problems
Input Data
Units
Consequences For Special Areas Of Concern (AOCs)
Chemical Code No. (1-20) =
4
MIC
Risk Class =
5
2
3
30 Minute IDLH =
5
ppmv fr database
Location =
Risk Class 1
Risk Class 2
Risk Class 3
IDLH Probit Value =
1.6462
fr database
Dist Of Concern=
534
3,362
7,549
60 Minute ERPG2 =
1.00
ppmv fr database
Vir Dis @ 100%
0
0
0
ERPG2 Probit =
1.0604
fr database
Dist For Dispn =
534
3,362
7,549
Tons of Product Released =
45
Tons
Peak C.L. Conc =
66,434.56
585.86
73.28
Atmospheric Pressure =
14.7
psia
Avg Conc =
37,505
331
41
Amount Vaporized at Atm =
1
Wt. Frac <1.0 to 0.01>
Exposure Min. =
0.69
3.63
7.55
Temp Of Flash Vapor =
77
F <Default to Amb Temp> Dose(C^n)(t)=
6.66E+02
1.60E+02
8.58E+01
MW of Vapor =
57.1
fr database
Probit =
5.0000
2.6700
1.6462
Std Deviations For Cloud =
2.15
< 2.15 For 90% of cloud > % Fatality =
50.17%
0.94%
0.00%
Initial Dilution =
1.0000
Vol Frac <1.0 to 0.01>
Risk Conseq =
No Problems
Wounded>Hospit May Req Hospit
PUFF Methodology =
1
(EPA = 1, TNO = 2)
Cld Arriv Time=
2.26
14.27
32.03
k1 Dose Constant =
-5.642
fr database
Consequence Summary (With Virtual Distance, If Any)
k2 Dose Constant
1.637
fr database
n Dose Constant =
0.653
fr database
Consequence
EPA Dist Fr
Peak C.L.
Ambient Temp =
77
F < Cloud Temp Default >
% Fatality
Source, m
Conc, ppmv
Avg PPMV
Wind Speed Referenced at =
10
Meter Height
100
50
Out Of Range
Out Of Range
Wind Speed At Ref Ht. =
11.1835
mph
m/s=
5.00
90
194
893,514
504,426
Wind Speed Correctd to 2m =
8.78
mph
m/s=
3.93
80
275
365,686
206,445
LC50 Peak Concentration =
66,434.56 ppmv (for Briggs Only)
70
354
190,955
107,802
Stability Class A,B,C,D,or F
D
Stabil Class =4
60
438
110,368
62,308
Ground Roughness (1 to 5) =
2
Rural, Zo = 0.1m
50
534
66,435
37,505
Wind Variation, +/-
20.00
+/- Degrees
40
650
39,989
22,576
Wind Speed Ht Corr Factor =
0.15
CPQRA, Table 2.3, p-83
30
805
23,113
13,048
20
1,036
12,069
6,814
Alternate Disp'n Coeff'ts
10
1,467
4,940
2,789
Briggs Dispn Checking
Only For Checking Dist
1
3,362
586
331
Initialization Counter
2
1 resets Newton Rapson
IDLH
7,549
73
41
Distance to LC50 Conc =
0.5722
km. - Briggs Disp'n Coef
ERPG2
11,992
22.31
13
R.A. Hawrelak
7:48 PM
Logic
> 50% Fatality
Betwenn 1% & 50% Fatality
Between 1% Fatal & IDLH Pr
Between IDLH Pr & ERPG2 Pr
Less Than ERPG2 Probit
Methodology =
EPA
4
Risk Class 4
Units
11,992
meters
0
meters
11,992
meters
22.31
ppmv
13
ppmv
11.47
minutes
6.00E+01
ppmv-min
1.0604
Probit
0.00%
Fr Probits
Cough/Chkg/Vom See Above
50.88
min., W@ 2m
Methodology =
EPA
2 m Wind Vel
Fixed on C.L.
Cloud Time Of
Exp Min.
Arrival, Min.
Out Of Range
0.21
0.27
0.82
0.38
1.17
0.47
1.50
0.57
1.86
0.69
2.26
0.82
2.76
1.00
3.41
1.25
4.40
1.71
6.22
3.63
14.27
7.55
32.03
11.47
50.88
240621230.xls.ms_office