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Renewable Energy Integration Issues

Roel Verlaan
DNV KEMA

21
st
PPA Annual Conference
Pre-conference Workshop
July 15
th,
2012
Vanuatu

Agenda
Integration of Intermittent Renewable Energy
Generation on small island systems
Case Studies:
- Integration of Solar Energy Generation into the
VIWAPA Power System in St. Thomas
- Integration of Solar Energy Generation into the
NPC Power System in Niue
2
Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources:
- Solar
- Wind
Non-intermittent (base load) Renewable Energy
Sources:
- Hydro
- Geothermal
- Waste to Energy
- Biomass
- Coconut oil
- Others (mostly not proven technologies)
3
Renewable Energy Sources
4
Example of intermittent PV Output
0
0.5
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1.5
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3.5
7:42 9:30 11:18 13:06 14:54 16:42 18:31
Time of Day
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Example of Wind Power Output
Risks associated with high levels of
penetration must be understood
Solutions and their associated costs need to
be clearly defined
Exacerbating these issues, commercially
available power system simulation tools have
inherent limitations in performing the required
time domain simulations.

6
High Level Penetration of Intermittent
Renewables
7
Example of Wind Power Effects on
Combustion Generation Ramp Rates
8
Effects on System Frequency

Point X corresponds to the instant in time
when the system is in steady state, just before
the start of the renewable-ramping event.
Point Y corresponds to the time instant at
which the frequency is at its lowest, or where
the frequency deviation from its nominal value
of 60 Hz is maximum. Point Z corresponds
to the time instant when the frequency returns
to its nominal value for the first time.
Grid calculation software tools like for
example PSSE, ETAP, are not designed to
analyze an event of this duration.
KEMA developed software tool KERMIT as
a screening tool, in order to quickly decide at
which point during an event, an elaborate
analysis with for example PSSE is needed.
The term screening is used because
KERMIT can execute a 24-hour simulation in
5-10 minutes.

KERMIT a KEMA developed tool
Developed by KEMA in Europe and the US
Simulates 24h Real Time Power System Dynamics
Quantifies Impact of Variable Power Sources on System Operation
Capabilities include:
- Visualize impact of volatility on system control
- Effect on system dynamic when adding wind or solar to the generation
mix
- Assess opportunities for energy storage
- Comparison of operation control strategies
- Investigate system response to outage or cable loss
- Test mitigation strategies for intermittent generation

9
Time Step Increases
1 ms 1 cycle 1 second 1 minute 10 minutes 1 hour 1 day 1 month 1 year
Harmonics
Stability
Protection
Frequency Response
Regulation
Balancing /Dispatch
Capacity
Economics
Transient Stability
and Harmonics
Short Circuit
Power Factory
PSSE
others

Production Costing
Market Simulation
Expansion Planning
Statistical Analysis of AGC and
Balancing
Replacement Reserves
Governor Response
Spinning and Short
Term Reserves

Storage
Replacement
Reserves

Emissions
Performance
Long Term
Generation,
Transmission, DSM,
and DG Investments
KERMIT Simulation Tool
KEMA Energy
Ecology Model
Traditional T-Planning
TOOLS
STUDIES
ISSUES
Ops Planning & Sched Realm Real Time Ops Realm Auto Control Realm
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Analysis Timeline
Useful in analyzing response AND in developing / assessing new
solutions

- Governor controls and droop settings

- AGC algorithms

- Integration of fast storage

- New scheduling / dispatch paradigms

- Varying reserve levels

- Use of Demand Response

11
KERMIT Dynamic Simulation Features
KERMIT allows testing various PV output patterns
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0 500 1000 1500
-50
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Smooth
0 500 1000 1500
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Volatile
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C:\Current Projects\Virgin Islands\KERMIT\Modeling\STX_Light_day_solar\TotalSolar.mat:: TotalSolar
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Typical
0 500 1000 1500
-50
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150
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33121
Temporary output drop
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KEMA ES-Select software
Input from KERMIT and (for
example) PSSE study results for
determining technical and
economical feasibility of Energy
Storage
CASE STUDIES

KEMA performed Renewables Integration Studies for island
systems like Oahu (Hawaii), Aruba, Niue, for a number of US
West Coast Utilities and currently a study is ongoing, using the
tools as mentioned again, for US Virgin Islands
Two case studies
Findings of the US Virgin Islands Study so far
Integration of Solar Energy Generation in the Power System of
the South Pacific Island of Niue

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US Virgin Islands
KERMIT Modeling preliminary results
St. Thomas basics
VI-WAPA requested study of
- Technical limits to maximum wind and PV
- Connection studies for six specific proposed projects
KEMA uses a unique computer tool (KERMIT) for evaluation
- Evaluates entire days in sub-second intervals
- Especially suited for evaluating random generation during entire day
- Evaluates dynamic response of system through entire day
System characteristics
- 80 MW peak load
- Six generators
- Total 132 MW
- Largest 39 MW
Proposed PVs
- Three sites total 9 MW
- Largest 5 MW

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KERMIT Simulation St. Thomas
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Three PV sites on STT:
- Home Depot 5MW
- Mall roof 2MW
- Mall canopy 1.833MW
PV profiles are assumed as follows:
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C:\Current Projects\Virgin Islands\KERMIT\Modeling\STT_Light_day_solar\MWsolarCnPV.mat:: MWsolar
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C:\Current Projects\Virgin Islands\KERMIT\Modeling\STT_Light_day_solar\TotalSolar.mat:: TotalSolar
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Fig.1 Individual PV site output power Fig.2 Total PV output power
KERMIT Simulation St. Thomas
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System frequency with and without PV
The frequency deviation is caused by the short term fluctuation of PV power that the
SCADA system and line engine are not fast enough to compensate.
0 5 10 15 20
59.92
59.94
59.96
59.98
60
60.02
60.04
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C:\Current Projects\Virgin Islands\KERMIT\Modeling\STT_Peak_day_solar\allAreasFrequencyDeviationRaw.mat:: allAreasFreqDeviationInHertzRaw
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59.92
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C:\Current Projects\Virgin Islands\KERMIT\Modeling\STT_Peak_day\allAreasFrequencyDeviationRaw.mat:: allAreasFreqDeviationInHertzRaw
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Fig.3 System frequency with PV Fig.4 System frequency without PV
KERMIT Simulation St. Thomas
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System frequency in the case the largest PV site (5 MW) is tripped
System frequency drops due to the lack of generation. Then the line engine is
picking up the imbalance by increasing the dispatch.
0 5 10 15 20
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Total Renewable
Hours
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0 5 10 15 20
59.7
59.75
59.8
59.85
59.9
59.95
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C:\Current Projects\Virgin Islands\KERMIT\Modeling\STT_Peak_day_solar_AOG\allAreasFrequencyDeviationRaw.mat:: allAreasFreqDeviationInHertzRaw
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Fig.5 Disturbance in PV generation Fig.6 System frequency with PV disturbance
Looking for solutions
For mitigating solutions, we will look at the existing solution and the new solutionin
that order.
For the existing solution it is likely to review the policy of maintaining spinning
reserves. More simulation are currently ongoing to determine whether there is
enough capacity and units to meet the new spinning reserve requirement.
An alternative solution is energy storage, which is more effective at maintaining the
frequency.
On both solutions a cost/benefit analysis will be worked out.
US-VI does not have a frequency standard. In fact, like in many islands, they dont
record the frequency, while such historical record would be needed for model
calibration. All UFLS is set at below 59Hz for St Thomas. This means that as long
as the fluctuations in wind and solar power are not too large, spinning reserve
should be able to keep the UFLS from being triggered.

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NPC Niue
Preliminary results
Niue system basics
Very small system
- 500 kW peak load
- Population about 1,600
- Limited commercial activity
Four 500 kW diesel generating units
Some difficult motor loads
- Water pumping
- Rock crusher at quarry
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Niue challenge
Must be able to support rock crusher and water pumping
Now must operate second diesel to support motor starting

Want to avoid running second diesel for motor starting
Want to integrate maximum amount of renewables

These are preliminary results

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One diesel is not enough for motor starting now
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0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
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Time (sec)
One Diesel Online; 60 kW PV, 150 hp motor start
Voltage is OK But the system will collapse
Increased PV puts more reserve in the diesel
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0.98
0.985
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Time (sec)
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Time (sec)
One Diesel Online; 120 kW PV, 150 hp motor start
Voltage is a little better The frequency dips to 99%, but holds on
Also works with max PV and loss of large PV
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0.993
0.994
0.995
0.996
0.997
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0.999
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Time (sec)
One Diesel Online; 400 kW PV (80% system peak load); loss of large PV (40 kW)
Voltage is fine The frequency dips to 99.6%, and holds on
Preliminary findings
NPC must always operate one diesel generator
100% supply with solar is not possible
One diesel should handle normal renewable output variations
System frequency variations because of high solar power fluctuations can most
likely be covered by one diesel generator as it looks now (no UFLS). If not, a second
diesel generator should run as spinning reserves during the hours per day with most
solar power
Renewable inverters susceptible to low-voltage drop-out during motor starts
- Will require low-voltage ride-through
Motor starting is a problem
- PV instead of a second generator online provides limited starting current (105% max output)
- With increased PV however more reserve in diesel is allowed
- Solution with capacitors is currently being studies
Maximum of renewables is limited by minimum load on diesel (100 kW)
Will review results with NPC in Niue at end of July
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