PLANNING, ANALYSING AND DESIGNING OF AN IT

PARK WITH GREEN HOUSE CONCEPT

A DESIGN PROJECT
Submitted by
Project members Reg. no
BARI!UNIDHI "#$%$#%&%%'
P!IJAYAKU(AR "#$%$#%&%'%
Under The Guidance Of
()!!ENGAI !ENTHAN (E *+t)u,tu)-. e/001
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
I/
CI!IL ENGINEERING
BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NATTRAMPALLI
ANNAUNIVERSITY CHENNAI 600 025
NO!2DEC '%#'
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report 3PLANNING AND ANALYSING AND
DESIGNING OF AN IT BUIDING WITH GREEN HOUSE CONCEPT4 is
bonafide work of
BARI!UNIDHI "#$%$#%&%%'
P!IJAYAKU(AR "#$%$#%&%'%
of final year, ciil engineering branch, in partial fulfillment of the re!uirement for
the award of "achelor Of #ngineering in $iil #ngineering by %nna Uniersity,
$hennai.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
() PRIYANKA () !!ENGAI !ENTHAN
HEAD OF THE DEPART(ENT LECTURER
$iil #ngineering &epartment $iil #ngineering &epartment
"harathidasan #ngineering $ollege "harathidasan #ngineering $ollege
'attrampalli ()* +*, 'attrampalli ()*+*,
-ubmitted for the ./.% 0 .O/$# e1amination held on..............................
%t "2%R%T2/&%-%' #'G/'##R/'G $O33#G#, '%TTR%4P%33/ 0 ()*+*,.
000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000
5I/te)/-. E5-mi/e)1 5E5te)/-. E5-mi/e)1
ACKNOWLEDGE(ENT
/t is our great pleasure and priilege to hae an opportunity to take this project work
during the course in #ngineering during the year 'O.6&#$ ,78,
9e gratefully acknowledge our sincere thanks D) SENTHIL KU(AR M.E, PhD
the Principal of our college for granting us permission to do the mini project work in our college.
9e also e1press our sincere thanks with a sense of gratitude to our respectful 2ead of the
&epartment, Mr. PRIYANKA M.E,for their interest and encouragement shown in our
project.
9e are immensely grateful to our lecturer, ()!!ENGAI !ENTHAN, (E for guiding
our project to a great success. -pecial thanks to our entire department faculty members for helping
us in soling our problem and doubts that we encountered in our project.
9e are also indebted to thank our parents, without whose constant support we would not
hae made a career in this field. 3ast but not the least, we thank our friends who hae
encouraged and helped us during the course of this project.
SYNOPSIS
This project work deals with the &esign of /T "U/3&/'G and -tudy of Green "uilding
$oncept..The ertical and hori:ontal loads are calculated using /-;*(0,777 code .
The design has been done according to the 3imit -tate 4ethod of design and conforming
to /ndian standard code /- ;*(0,777. The slab is designed according to the edge condition by
limit state method. The ma1imum bending moment is taken and the beams are designed, by
using the %1ial, Unia1ial and "ia1ial moments and the ertical loads of the columns and footings
are designed accordingly. $olumn strap <ooting is proided. &og0legged staircase is proided
for all the floors.
The concept and significance of =GREEN BUILDING> and incorporation of certain
=GREEN (ATERIALS> for the deigned =IT BUILDING> is detailed.
LIST OF SY(BOLS
The following symbols carrying the meanings noted against them are used in this olume
% ? %rea
%st ? %rea of the steel reinforcement
%sc ?%rea of compression steel
"4 ? "ending 4oment
" ? "readth of the beam, slab
& ? Oerall depth of beam or slab
b ? "readth of column
d ? #ffectie depth of beam or slab
fy ? $haracteristic strength of steel
fck ? $haracteristic compressie strength of concrete
l ? 3ength of the beam
l1 ? 3ength of shorter span of slab
ly ? 3ength of the longer span of slab
le1 ? #ffectie length of the slab along shorter span
ley ? #ffectie length of the slab along longer span
41, 4y ? 4oments on the strip of unit width spanning ly and l1
4u1, 4uy ? 4oments about 1 and y a1es due to design loads
4u18, 4uy8 ? 4a1imum unia1ial moment capacity for an a1ial load of Pu
4OR ? 4oment of Resistance
Pu ? %1ial load on compression member
- ? -pacing of stirrups
. ? -hear force
.s ? &esign shear force
9 ? Total load
a1 ? "ending moment co0efficient along shorter span
ay ? "ending moment co0efficient along longer span
@ ? Permissible shear stress in concrete
@c ? 4a1imum shear stress in concrete
o ? &iameter of bars
' ? 'ewton
A' ? Ailo 'ewton
mm ? 4illimeter
m ? 4eter
c6c ? $enter to center
<e;8* ? 2igh yield strength deformed bars
4,7 ? Grade of concrete
4;* ? Grade of concrete
<#4 ? <i1ed #nd 4oment
$O4 ? $arry Oer 4oment
33 ? 3ie 3oad
&3 ? &ead 3oad
93 ? 9ind 3oad
LIST OF TABLES
8. "#'#</T- O< GR##' "U/3&/'G.
,. /G"$ %'& 3##& R%T/'G -B-T#4.
). R#CU/R#4#'T- T2%T %R# #--#'T/%3 /' %' /T "U/3&/'G.
;. R#/'<OR$#4#'T &#T%/3-
;.8Reinforcement details of slabs
;.,Reinforcement details of beams
;.)Reinforcement details of columns
;.; Reinforcement details of footings
*. $O4P%R/--/O' O< 'OR4%3 %'& 9U3D-
LIST OF ABBRE!ATIONS
/G"$ 0 /ndian Green "uilding $ouncil
3##& 0 3eadership in #nergy and #nironmental &esign $ertification
93U 0 9ater less Urinals
%$P 0 %luminum $omposite Panel
.O$ 0 .olatile Organic $ompounds
2.%$ 0 2eating. .entilation and %ir $onditioning
G&P 0 Growth &eelopment Period
#P% 0 #nironmental Protection %gency
-GG 0 -elf $leaning Glass
INDE6
# INTRODUCTION 8
8.8 General
8., /nformation Technology Park
8.) %dantages of /T0Park
8.; Green "uilding $oncept
8.* 'eed for study
8.( Objecties
' RE!IEW OF LITERATURE +
,.8 General
,., Types of %nalysis
& STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION E
).8 3ocation
)., &ata $ollected
7 (ETHODOLOGY 87
;.8 &escription
" PLANNING 8,
*.8 Aey plan 8;
*., Plan
8 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN WITH REINFORCE(ENT DETAILS 8(
(.8 &esign of -lab 8F
(., &esign of "eams )7
(.) &esign of lintel )E
(.; &esign of $olumns ;;
(.* &esign of <ooting *,
(.( &esign of -taircase *(
9 GREEN (ATERIALS (7
F.8 W-te) .e++ u)i/-.+
F.8.8 #conomic payback
F.8., Green building credits
F., A.umi/um C:m;:+ite P-/e. *ACP1
F.,.8 #conomic payback
F.,., Green building credits
F.) G.-++
+.).8 #conomic payback
+.)., Green building creditsG
F.; P-i/t
F.;.8 #conomic payback
F.;., Green building credits
F.* C-);et
F.*.8 #conomic payback
F.*., Green building credits
F.(Ot<e) P):;:+-.
F.(.8 2.%$ .entilation $O, sensor
F.(., $hillers
= REFERENCE (E
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
/nformation Technology as it denotes to technology, /T spans a wide ariety of
areas that include but are not limited to things such as Processes, $omputer -oftware,
$omputer 2ardware, Programming 3anguages, and &ata $onstructs. /n short, anything
that renders &ata, /nformation or perceied Anowledge, in any isual format whatsoeer,
ia any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered to be a part of the domain
space known as /nformation Technology.
%s /T is applicable to organi:ations within enterprises, it represents an operational
group that helps sole problems as those related to data, information and knowledge
capture, persistence, processing, brokering, discoery and rendering.
/nformation Technology 5/TH Parks, which are also referred to as Techno Parks,
$yber Parks and -cience Parks, hae been established to facilitate the deelopment of /T
industries that foster new business deelopment and technological innoation by
emerging ideas within a cluster enironment.
1.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PAR IN INDIA
The /ndian /nformation Technology industry accounts for a *.8EI of the
countryJs G&P and e1port earnings as of ,77E, while proiding employment to a
significant number of its tertiary sector workforce. 4ore than ,.) million people are
employed in the sector either directly or indirectly, making it one of the biggest job
creators in /ndia and a mainstay of the national economy.
/ndiaJs /T -erices industry was born in 4umbai in 8E(F with the establishment
of Tata Group in partnership with "urroughs. The first software e1port :one -##PK was
set up here way back in 8EF), the old aatar of the modern day /T park. 4ore than +7
percent of the countryJs software e1ports happened out of -##PK, 4umbai in +7s.Today
"angalore is considered as the /T hub.
8
!1.
"
1.#
ADVANTAGES OF IT-PAR
/T Parks proide infrastructure and support serices for businesses, particularly
high0!uality 5high0capacityH communications, real estate and office space.
<re!uently, /T Parks hae links to research institutions proiding a pipe line of
both innoations personnel and adice. This seres as the technology transfer function.
Today, /T Parks are present throughout the deeloping world, including /ndia,
$hina, 4alaysia, the Philippines, $osta Rica and the &ominican Republic.
To recruit and co0locate new and established knowledge0based companies,
Promote innoation based on LsmartL technologies, Proide an interface or shared
research enironment for research organi:ations and priate industry.
GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT
Green building 5also known as green construction or sustainable buildingH is the
practice of creating structures and using processes that are enironmentally responsible
and resource0efficient throughout a buildingJs life0cycleM from siting to design,
construction, operation, maintenance, renoation, and deconstruction. This practice
e1pands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility,
durability, and comfort.
S$%& $' (h& )*+,&-( '&*(.r&) $' * Gr&&- B.,+/,-0 *r&1
8. Use of Recycled and #nironmental <riendly "uilding 4aterials.
,. Use of 'on0To1ic and recycled6recyclable 4aterials.
). #fficient use of 9ater and 9ater Recycling.
;. Use of #nergy #fficient and #co0<riendly #!uipment.
*. Use of Renewable #nergy.
(. Cuality of /ndoor %ir Cuality for 2uman -afety and $omfort.
F. #ffectie $ontrols and "uilding 4anagement -ystems.
,
P.r2$)& $' Gr&&- B.,+/,-0
8. Green buildings are designed to reduce the oerall impact of the built
enironment on human health and the natural enironment.
,. #fficiently using energy, water, and other resources.
). Protecting occupant health and improing employee productiity.
;. Reducing waste, pollution and enironmental degradation.
E3*+.*(,$- 4$/,&) $' Gr&&- 4.,+/,-0
8. /ndian Green "uilding $ouncil 5/G"$H
o 53aunched by $onfederation of /ndia /ndustry 5$//H in ,778H
,. Pioneering Green "uilding moement in /ndia
o 3eadership in energy and enironmental design certification
53##&H
B&-&',()
T*-0,4+& B&-&',() I-(*-0,4+& B&-&',()
#lectricity saing0;7I to *7I &aylight and .iews
9ater saing0,7I0)7I 2ealth and productiity
T*-0,4+& C$)( Pr&%,.%)
8. 3##& Registration and %pplication $osts
,. $ommissioning %gent $osts
). #nergy 4odeling $osts
;. /mproed 2.%$ e!uipment and controls
*. /mproed lighting and controls
(. /mproed building enelope or gla:ing
F. -torm water !uantity or !uality improements
+. -howers, bike racks, etc.
)
8. Plumbing fi1ture premiums
,. Green Power contracts
). Green Aiosks
;. .egetatie Roofing materials
I-(*-0,4+& C$)( Pr&%,.%)
8. 3##& &ocumentation $osts
,. 9aste 2auling Premiums and additional on site labor
). $onstruction cleanliness to meet /%C 4easures
%dditional babysitting on site
;. 4aterial premiums
A/3*-(*0&) $' Gr&&- B.,+/,-0)
4eets high standards of energy efficiency and enironmental responsibility.
<ocus is mainly on resources such as energy, water and materials and attains efficiency of
these resources. /t is said to reduce the energy bills and offer a healthier and more
comfortable liing enironment. Reduce the effect of enironmental ha:ards and ease its
effects on human health and enironment too. /t is said that natural daylight design
reduces a buildingJs electricity needs, and improes peopleJs health and productiity.
/t is the use of eco0friendly materials that highlights the concept of green building.
5Purchase eco0friendly products to build a green home or a sustainable enironmental
buildingH. #nhance the energy efficiency of our building.Put to use enironmental
friendly technology and see how energy efficient your building can get. Passie solar
design can dramatically lower down the heating and cooling costs of a building, as with
high leels of insulation and energy0efficient windows.
/t usually re!uires a systemic attention to the full life cycle impacts of resources
which is embodied in such green building and to the resource consumption and pollution
emissions oer the buildingJs complete life cycle. Green buildings are also popularly
known as eco0homes or sustainable buildings. /t is generally agreed that green buildings
;
are structures which are designed, sited, built, renoated and operated to energy0efficient
guidelines, and that they will hae a positie enironmental, economic and social impact
oer their life cycle.4ake use of low energy appliances, energy efficient lighting and
renewable energy technologies which uses solar panels and wind turbines.
1.#.1 IGBC AND LEED RATING SYSTEM
IGBC Gr&&- B.,+/,-0 C&r(,',5*(,$- L&3&+)
C&r(,',5*(,$- L&3&+
$ertified
-iler
Gold
P+*(,-.%
P$,-()
,(0),
))0)+
)E0*8
52 $r %$r&
Th& '$++$6,-0 *r& (h& 4*),5 2r&-r&7. '$r *-8 4.,+/,-0 ($ *((*,- (h& 0r&&-
r*(,-01
5'o points will be gien for these re!uisites since they are the eligibility criteria for the
certificationH
8. #rosion and sedimentation control.
,. <undamental building system commissioning. ).
4inimum energy performance.
;. $<$ reduction in 2.%$ and R e!uipments. *.
-torage and collection of recyclables. (. 4inimum
/%C performance.
F. #nironmental tobacco smoke control.
*
RE9UIREMENTS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL IN IT-PAR1
-.'O $R/T#R/% &#-$R/PT/O'- PO/'T-6$R#&/T-
8 &aylight /ndoor enironmental 8
!uality
, 3ighting $ontrollability of 8
system
) $hemical and pollutant source $ontrollability of 8
-ystem
; $omposite wood,agrifiber products 3ow emitting 8
4aterials
* Paints 3ow emitting 8
4aterials
( $arpet 3ow emitting 8
4aterials
F points 4aterials and reuse 8)
+
E
87
88
Optimi:e energy performance
Onsite renewable energy
9ater use reduction ,7I
9ater use reduction
#nergy
%tmosphere
#nergy
%tmosphere
9ater efficiency
9ater efficiency
%nd 87
%nd )
8
8
8, &eelopment density and -ustainable sites 8
community connectiity
(
1.5 NEED FOR STUDY
&ue to the comple1ity of design and implementation, /T Parks can often take a number of
years to mature and become fully sustainable, as well as re!uiring a significant inestments in
infrastructure.
1.5.1 GREEN RATED BUILDINGS IN TAMILNADU:CHENNAI;
8. 4otorola 4anufacturing <acility0siler.
,. T$- Techno park0Gold.
). 9ipro $hennai &eelopment $enter0 -#K0-iler.
;. $ogni:ant Green $ampus0$oimbatore0Gold.
*. Olympia Technology Park in $hennai.
(. Tamilnadu 3egislatie %ssembly in $hennai0Gold.
1.6 OB<ECTIVES
8. To plan the GR##' T#$2'O0P%RA building.
,. To design the Green Techno0Park building based on edge condition.
To design the beam and column. To design the foundation.
). To analyse the structure using software -T%%& Pro.
;. To study GR##' "U/3&/'G $O'$#PT and itJs importance.
Properties of certain GR##' "U/3&/'G 4%T#R/%3-.
*. To gie an estimate comparison between conentional and green materials in the
proposed building.
(. To gie some salient features based on GR##' "U/3&/'G $O'$#PT in our
project.
F
CHAPTER 2
LITREATURE REVIE=
2.1 GENERAL
/n the case of 4ulti0storey frames, the degree of indeterminacy is ery high and
hence solution by consistent deformation, slope deflection, moment distribution or
column analogy methods is almost ruled out. AaniJs method, howeer, may be employed,
but it needs more computational efforts. <or !uicker solution, design engineers use the
following appro1imate methods of analysis
2.2 TYPES OF ANALYSIS
.ertical loads are taken from the appropriate code 5/- +F*H
%ny one of the following methods for hori:ontal loadsM
8. Portal method
,. $antileer method
). <actor method
;. -T%%& Pro
*. %'-B-
+
CHAPTER "
STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION
".1 LOCATION
The study area of the project is located at Aelambakkam 2igh Road in $hennai
district, Tamilnadu. The plot area of the site is E(77 m
,
, the plinth area of the building is
F87 m
,
.The Google map of study area is gien figure 8 below.
".2 DATA COLLECTED
Type of soil M $oarse sand
Ultimate bearing capacity of soil M ;;7 k'6m
,
F,0.r& 1 G$$0+& I%*0& $' S(./8 Ar&*
E
CHAPTER #
METHODOLOGY
#.1DESCRIPTION
<irst of all the plan for the building should be drafted. %ccording to the needs
and the usage of the building the loads are calculated and the slabs are then design for the
loads based on its edge conditions specified. The si:e of the beam, area of steel
reinforcement and the spacing of stirrups are calculated.
The columns are designed according to the loads transmitted from the floors, from
the design the si:e of the column, area of steel reinforcement and the spacing of lateral
ties re!uired are determined.
%ccording to the bearing capacity of the soil and the load from the super0structure
the type of foundation suitable is chosen and it is designed. "ased on the space,
re!uirement and the usage of the building the type of staircase suitable is chosen and it is
designed. The reinforcement details of the arious structural elements should be drafted.
The schematic representation of methodology of &esign, #stimation N %nalysis
of /T0P%RA is presented in figure ,.
87

&ata $ollection
&rafting Plan
&esign Of
-taircase
-oftware %nalysis
&esign Of slabs
&esign of "eams,
3intels N $olumns
&esign of <ooting
F,0.r& 2 Sh$6) S5h&%*(,5 r&2r&)&-(*(,$- $' (h& %&(h$/$+$08 $' (h& D&),0-, E)(,%*(,$- *-/
A-*+8),) $' %.+(,-)($r&8 4.,+/,-0
88
PLANNING
SPECIFICATION REPORT
The project work has been proposed as an /T building. #ach floor consists of working
cabins haing enough spacing proision. #ach room has minimum dimension as per rules laid by
goernment. The parking area has been proide at ground floor.
F$.-/*(,$-
The earth work e1caation for foundation shall be carried out up to hard dense soil which is
aailable at ,.; meters. The safe bearing capacity of soil at ,.; m is taken as ;;7A'6m
,
.
C$-5r&(&
R.$.$ column footing shall be designed and constructed with 4)7 concrete, <e;8* steel, shape,
dimension are followed as per detailed drawing.
F,++,-0 ,- 4*)&%&-(
The basement of ground floor will be filled with sand, crushed dust and it is consolidated with
watering and ramping.
A-(, (&r%,(& (r&*(%&-(
Pre construction anti termite treatment to the foundation bed, floor wall, floor junction, perimeter
of the building has to be carried out through pest control of termites.
S.2&r )(r.5(.r&)
-uper structures elements like column N beam shall be reinforced cement concrete of 4,*
concrete and <e;8* steel and the main walls to super structures shall be brick work in cement
mortar using best !uality of first class bricks.
F+$$r )+*4
The floor slab of building shall be R.$.$ of 4,* grade concrete and <e;8* steel. The depth of
slab are designed and detailed as shown in drawings.
R$$' )+*4
The roof slab of building shall be R$$ of 4,* grade concrete and <e;8* steel. The depth of slab
and reinforcement details is designed as per code proision and details are shown in diagrams.
The top of floor slab e1posed to weather is finished with the best !ualiy of hydraulic pressed
mangalore clay tiles oer the weathering course of surkhi concrete and tiles are laid oer $4 8M)
and pointed with $4 8M).
8,
P+*)(&r,-0
%ll walls are to be plastered with $4 8M* , 8, mm thick e1ternally and internally. %ll e1posed
R$$ works are plastered with $4 8M), 87 mm thick. %n approed water proofing compound is
to be mi1ed with mortar for e1ternal work.
F+$$r,-0
4abonite tiled flooring is laid oer P$$ 8M;M+ with $4 8M). %ll toilets shall be finished with
ceramic tiles att floor and finished with gla:ed tiles in all four sides.
F,-,)h&)
%ll wood works are painted with best !uality synthetic enamel paint to get een shade and )
coats oer primer coat. %ll e1ternal and internal surfaces shall be painted with ) coats of best
!uality cement paint of approed colors.
E+&5(r,',5*(,$-
$oncealed wiring is carried out for all electrical lights, special fittings etc. suitable switch board
N 4$" are proided in each room, to hae control oer the electrification. % main line supply is
aailable at outside.
S*-,(*r8 *-/ /r*,-*0& *rr*-0&%&-()
<or eery toilet sanitary arrangements are carried out with necessary proision made for closets,
urinals and wash basins and proper disposal lines are proided and connected with septic tank.
%ll around the building, concrete paement is proided with plinth protection from rain water
and proper drains are proided to collect rain water.
8)
A#B P3%'
8;
&#-/G' O< -3%"
8*
DESIGN OF SLAB
I-(r$/.5(,$-
The Reinforced concrete slabs may be designed in two ways.
One way -labs Two
way -labs
O-& 6*8 S+*4
The reinforced concrete -labs may be supported on two parallel long edges only and free
on any support along the parallel short edges. The -tructural action of the -lab is essentially one
way. The -lab in the &irection perpendicular to the supporting beams or walls, carries the loads.
-uch -labs are called slab spanning in one direction. These are known as one0way slabs.
C$-/,(,$-) '$r * O-& 6*8 S+*4
$onsider long span as 3
y
and -hort span as 3
1
.
/f the ratio between the 3
y
and 3
1
is greater than ,, then it is said to be a one0way -lab.
T6$ 6*8 S+*4
The reinforced concrete slabs supported on its four sides on beams or walls haing the
ratio of a long span less than or e!ual to two are called as slabs spanning in two directions or two
way slabs. The structural action in such slabs is in two way. The loads are carried by the slab
along both short span and long span. The bending moments and deflection in two way slabs are
considerably lesser than those in one way slab for similar loading and similar support conditions.
The deflected surfaces of such slabs hae double curature.
C$-/,(,$-) '$r * T6$ 6*8 )+*4
$onsider long span as 3
y
and -hort span as 3
1
.
/f the ratio between the 3
y
and 3
1
is lesser than ,, then it is said to be a two0way -lab.
4ost of the -labs in our project are two0way -labs.
8(
DESIGN OF T=O =AY SLAB
EDGE CONDITION-T=O AD<ACENT EDGES DISCONTINUOUS
S(&2 11 D&),0- 5$-)(*-(),
<y ? ;8*'6mm,
<ck ? ,* '6mm
S(&2 21 )+&-/&r-&)) r*(,$
l
y
? *.,)m
l
1
? ;.,)m
? ? 8.,) O , 5therefore two way slabH
S(&2 "1D&2(h $' S+*4
#ffectie depth ? 5span6depthH
? ;7 1 7.+ ? ),
& ? ? 8),.+ mm
%dopt d ? 8;7 mm
S(&2 #1
S(&2 51
&? d P dJ ? 8;7 P 8* ? 8** mm
Oerall depth, &?8**mm.
E''&5(,3& )2*-
a. $lear span P effectie depth ? ;.,) P 7.8; ? ;.)F m
b. $lear span P wall thickness ? ;.,) P 7.,) ? ;.;( m
Thus, effectie span l
e1
? ;.)F m
L$*/ C*+5.+*(,$-)
-elf weight of the slab ? b 1 & 1 ,*
? 8 1 7.8**1 ,*
? ).+F* A'6m
,
<loor <inishes ? 8 A'6m
,
$eiling plastering ? ,8 1 7.7, 1,8
? 7.;, An6m
3ie load ? * A'6m
,
5from /-+F*H
00000000000000000000000,
Total 3oad, 9 ? 87.,E* A'6m
00000000000000000000000
Ultimate load, 9
u
?8.* 1 9 ? 8.* 1 87.,E*
?8*.;; A'6m
,
8F
S(&2 61B&-/,-0 %$%&-( *-/ Sh&*r F$r5&
#nd conditionM Two adjacent edges discontinuous
-horter span longer span
'egatie 7.7(8 7.7;F
Positie 7.7;( 7.7)*
-horter span M
4
1
?
1
9
u
3
,1e
0e
Pe
3onger span M
0e
Pe
4
1
? 7.7(8 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? 8F.E+ kn.m
4
1
? 7.7;( 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? 8).*( kn.m
4
y
?
y
9
u
3
,1e
4
y
? 7.7;F 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? 8).+* kn.m
4
y
? 7.7)* 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? 87.)8 kn.m
.
u
?7.* 1 w
u
1 l
1e
?7.* 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F ? )).F) A'
S(&2 >1 Ch&5? '$r E''&5(,3& /&2(h
4
u
( ? 7.8)+ <
ck
bd
,
8F.E+Q87 ?7.8)+Q,)Q8777Qd
,

& ? F,.8E mm O 8;7 mm
2ence the proided depth is safe.
S(&2 @1 M*,- R&,-'$r5&%&-(
F$r )h$r(&r )2*-1
4
u
? 7.+F fy %
st
d R 8 0 S
8F.E+ 1 87
(
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 8;7 R 8 0 S
*.EE %
st,
0 *7*;F %
st
P 8F.E+ 1 87
(
? 7
%
st
? )F*mm
,
Proide 8,mm bars
8+
-pacing - ?
? ? )78.*F mm
2ence , 8, mm bars proided T)77mm c6c in shorter span .
Therefore, actual %
st
? 18777 ? )F( mm
,
.
F$r L$-0&r )2*-1
#ffectie depth ? short span eff. depth 0
? 8;7 0 ? 8)7 mm
4
u
? 7.+F f
y
%
st
d R8 0 S
8).)* 1 87
(
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 8)7 R8 0 S
*.EE %
st,
0 ;(E)( %
st
P 8).)* 1 87
(
? 7
%
st
? ,E( mm
,
%dopt, %
st
? )77 mm
,
proide 8,mm bars
-pacing - ?
? 1 8777
? )*7 mm
2ence, 8, mm bars proided T)*7 mm c6c in longer span.
Therefore, actual %
st
? 18777 ? ),7 mm
,
S(&2 A1 M,-,%.% R&,-'$r5&%&-(
%
st
5minH ? 7.8, I b &
? 7.778, 1 8777 18** ?8+( mm
,
%
st
5minH
O
%
st,
2ence proided reinforcement is safe.
S(&2 101 Ch&5? '$r )h&*r )(r&))

?
? ? 7.,; '6mm
,
P
t
?
? ? 7.,(
<rom page no F) /-;*(M,777
A
c
? 8.,( 1 7.)( ? 7.;*'6mm
,
A
c
U

2ence the slab is safe against shear stress.
8E
S(&2 111 Ch&5? '$r /&'+&5(,$- 5$-(r$+
5 H proided ?
5 H ma1 ? 5 H basic 1 k
t
1 k
c
k
t
? f
s
N p
t
relationship from page no )+ /-;*(M,777
f
s
? 7.*+ 1 f
y
? 7.*+ 1 ;8* ? ,;7.F
p
t
?
? ? 7.,(
A
t
? 8.F7 5from graph )+H
? ,7 1 8.(* 18
? ))
)) U )8.,
5 H ma1 U 5 Hproided
2ence it is safe.
,7
DESIGN OF T=O =AY SLAB
EDGE CONDITION- ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS
S(&2 11 D&),0- 5$-)(*-(),
<y ? ;8*'6mm,
<ck ? ,* '6mm
S(&2 21 )+&-/&r-&)) r*(,$
l
y
? *.,)m
l
1
? ;.,)m
? ? 8.,) O , 5therefore two way slabH
S(&2 "1D&2(h $' S+*4
#ffectie depth ? 5span6depthH
? ;7 1 7.+ ? ),
& ? ? 8),.+ mm
%dopt d ? 8;7 mm
&? d P dJ ? 8;7 P 8* ? 8** mm
Oerall depth, &?8**mm.
S(&2 #1
S(&2 51
E''&5(,3& )2*-
a. $lear span P effectie depth ? ;.,) P 7.8; ? ;.)F m
b. $lear span P wall thickness ? ;.,) P 7.,) ? ;.;( m
Thus, effectie span l
e1
? ;.)F m
L$*/ C*+5.+*(,$-)
-elf weight of the slab ? b 1 & 1 ,*
? 8 1 7.8**1 ,*
? ).+F* A'6m
,
<loor <inishes ? 8 A'6m
,
$eiling plastering ? ,8 1 7.7, 1,8
? 7.;, An6m
3ie load ? * A'6m
,
5from /-+F*H
00000000000000000000000
Total 3oad, 9 ? 87.,E* A'6m
,
00000000000000000000000
Ultimate load, 9
u
?8.* 1 9 ? 8.* 1 87.,E*
?8*.;; A'6m
,
,8
S(&2 61B&-/,-0 %$%&-( *-/ Sh&*r F$r5&
#nd conditionM ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS
-horter span longer span
'egatie 7.7*) 7.7)F
Positie 7.7;7 7.7,+
-horter span M
4
1
?
1
9
u
3
,1e
0e
Pe
3onger span M
0e
Pe
4
1
? 7.7*) 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? 8*.(, kn.m
4
1
? 7.7;7 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? 88.FE kn.m
4
y
?
y
9
u
3
,1e
4
y
? 7.7)F 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? 87.E7 kn.m
4
y
? 7.7,+ 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? +.,* kn.m
.
u
? 7.* 1 w
u
1 l
1e
? 7.* 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F ? )).F) A'
S(&2 >1 Ch&5? '$r E''&5(,3& /&2(h
4
u
( ? 7.8)+ <
ck
bd
,
8*.(, 1 87 ? 7.8)+ 1 ,* 1 8777 1 d
,
d ? (F.,+ mm O 8;7 mm
2ence the proided depth is safe.
S(&2 @1 M*,- R&,-'$r5&%&-(
F$r )h$r(&r )2*-1
4
u
? 7.+F fy %
st
d R 8 0 S
8*.(, 1 87
(
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 8;7 R 8 0 S
*.EE %
st,
0 *7*;F %
st
P 8*.(, 1 87
(
? 7
%
st
? ),,mm
,
,
%dopt %
st
? ),* mm
Proide 8,mm bars
,,
-pacing - ?
?
? );F.E mm );7mm
2ence , 8, mm bars proided T);7mm c6c in shorter span .
Therefore, actual %
st
? 18777 ? ))) mm
,
.
F$r L$-0&r )2*-1
#ffectie depth ? short span eff. depth 0
? 8;7 0 ? 8)7 mm
4
u
? 7.+F f
y
%
st
d R8 0 S
87.E7 1 87
(
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 8)7 R8 0 S
*.EE %
st,
0 ;(E)( %
st
P 8).)* 1 87
(
? 7
%
st
? ,;7 mm
,
proide 8,mm bars
-pacing - ?
?
? ;F8., mm ;*7 mm
2ence, 8, mm bars proided T;*7 mm c6c in longer span.
Therefore, actual %
st
? 18777 ? ,*8 mm
,
S(&2 A1 M,-,%.% R&,-'$r5&%&-(
%
st
5minH ? 7.8, I b &
? 7.778, 1 8777 18** ?8+( mm
,
%
st
5minH
O
%
st,
2ence proided reinforcement is safe.
S(&2 101 Ch&5? '$r )h&*r )(r&))

?
? ? 7.,; '6mm
,
P
t
?
?
? 7.,)
<rom page no F) /-;*(M,777
A
c
? 8.,( 1 7.)( ? 7.;*'6mm
,
A
c
U

2ence the slab is safe against shear stress.
,)
S(&2 111 Ch&5? '$r /&'+&5(,$- 5$-(r$+
5 H proided ?
5 H ma1 ? 5 H basic 1 k
t
1 k
c
k
t
? f
s
N p
t
relationship from page no )+ /-;*(M,777
f
s
? 7.*+ 1 f
y
? 7.*+ 1 ;8* ? ,;7.F
p
t
?
? ? 7.,)
A
t
? 8.F7 5from graph )+H
? ,7 1 8.(* 18
? ))
)) U )8.,
5 Hma1 U 5 Hproided
2ence it is safe.
,;
DESIGN OF T=O =AY SLAB
EDGE CONDITION- INTERIOR PANEL
S(&2 11 D&),0- 5$-)(*-(),
<y ? ;8*'6mm,
<ck ? ,* '6mm
S(&2 21 )+&-/&r-&)) r*(,$
l
y
? *.,)m
l
1
? ;.,)m
? ? 8.,) O , 5therefore two way slabH
S(&2 "1D&2(h $' S+*4
#ffectie depth ? 5span6depthH
? ;7 1 7.+ ? ),
d? ? 8),.+ mm
%dopt d ? 8;7 mm
&? d P dJ ? 8;7 P 8* ? 8** mm
Oerall depth, &?8**mm.
S(&2 #1 E''&5(,3& )2*-
a. $lear span P effectie depth ? ;.,) P 7.8; ? ;.)F m
b. $lear span P wall thickness ? ;.,) P 7.,) ? ;.;( m
Thus, effectie span l
e1
? ;.)F m
S(&2 51 L$*/ C*+5.+*(,$-)
-elf weight of the slab ? b 1 & 1 ,*
? 8 1 7.8**1 ,*
? ).+F* A'6m
,
<loor <inishes ? 8 A'6m
,
$eiling plastering ? ,8 1 7.7, 1,8
? 7.;, An6m
3ie load ? * A'6m
,
5from /-+F*H
00000000000000000000000
Total 3oad, 9 ? 87.,E* A'6m
,
00000000000000000000000
Ultimate load, 9
u
?8.* 1 9 ? 8.* 1 87.,E*
?8*.;; A'6m
,
,*
S(&2 61B&-/,-0 %$%&-( *-/ Sh&*r F$r5&
#nd conditionM INTERIOR PANEL
-horter span longer span
'egatie 7.7;; 7.7),
Positie 7.7)) 7.7,;
-horter span M
4
1
?
1
9
u
3
,1e
0e
Pe
3onger span M
0e
Pe
4
1
? 7.7;; 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? 8,.EF kn.m
4
1
? 7.7)) 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? E.F kn.m
4
y
?
y
9
u
3
,1e
4
y
? 7.7), 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? E.;) kn.m
4
y
? 7.7,; 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F
,
? F.7F kn.m
.
u
? 7.* 1 w
u
1 l
1e
? 7.* 1 8*.;; 1 ;.)F ? )).F) A'
S(&2 >1 Ch&5? '$r E''&5(,3& /&2(h
4
u
( ? 7.8)+ <
ck
bd
,
8,.EQ87 ?7.8)+Q,)Q8777Qd,
& ? (8.) mm O 8;7 mm
2ence the proided depth is safe.
S(&2 @1 M*,- R&,-'$r5&%&-(
F$r )h$r(&r )2*-1
4
u
? 7.+F fy %
st
d R 8 0 S
8,.EF 1 87
(
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 8;7 R 8 0 S
*.EE %
st,
0 *7*;F %
st
P 8,.EF 1 87
(
? 7
%
st
? ,(* mm
,
%dopt %
st
? ,+7 mm
,
,(
Proide 8,mm bars
-pacing - ?
?
? ;7).+ mm )+7mm
2ence , 8, mm bars proided T)+7mm c6c in shorter span .
Therefore, actual %
st
? 18777 ? ,EF mm
,
.
F$r L$-0&r )2*-1
#ffectie depth ? short span eff. depth 0
? 8;7 0 ? 8)7 mm
4
u
? 7.+F f
y
%
st
d R8 0 S
E.;) 1 87,
(
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 8)7 R8 0 S
*.EE %
st
0 ;(E)( %
st
P E.;),1 87
(
? 7
%
st
? ,7(.);,mm
%dopt %st?,87mm
proide 8,mm bars
-pacing - ?
?
? *)+.*, mm *77 mm
2ence, 8, mm bars proided T*77 mm c6c in longer span.
Therefore, actual %
st
? 18777 ?,,( mm
,
S(&2 A1 M,-,%.% R&,-'$r5&%&-(
%
st
5minH ? 7.8, I b &
? 7.778, 1 8777 18** ?8+( mm
,
%
st
5minH
O
%
st,
2ence proided reinforcement is safe.
S(&2 101 Ch&5? '$r )h&*r )(r&))

?
? ? 7.,; '6mm
,
P
t
?
?
? 7.,
<rom page no F) /-;*(M,777
A
c
? 8.,( 1 7.,E ? 7.)('6mm
,
A
c
U

2ence the slab is safe against shear stress.
,F
S(&2 111 Ch&5? '$r /&'+&5(,$- 5$-(r$+
5 H proided ?
5 H ma1 ? 5 H basic 1 k
t
1 k
c
k
t
? f
s
N p
t
relationship from page no )+ /-;*(M,777
f
s
? 7.*+ 1 f
y
? 7.*+ 1 ;8* ? ,;7.F
p
t
?
? ? 7.,
A
t
? 8.F7 5from graph )+H
? ,7 1 8.F 18
? );
); U )8.,
5 H ma1 U 5 Hproided
2ence it is safe.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF SLABS
T*4+& # R&,-'$r5&%&-( /&(*,+) $' )+*4)
This table shows Reinforcement details of slabs
D,*%&(&r
S+*4
8
,
)
E/0& 5$-/,(,$-)
Two %djacent edges
discontinuous
One long edge
discontinuous
/nterior panel
T82& $' )+*4
Two way
Two way
Two way
A
)(
:%%
2
;
)F(
)))
,EF
$'
4*r):%%;
8,
8,
8,
S2*5,-0
:%%;
)77
);7
)+7
,+
&#-/G' O< "#%4
,E
DESIGN OF BEAM
$onsidering a beam, bending moment and shearing stresses are greater than those of
slabs. Therefore, the depth of the beam is goerned by the bending moment criteria while
deflection criteria normally get satisfied.
% beam simply supported at its ends carrying a uniformly distributed loads bends with a
concaity upwards. /t is subjected to a ma1imum sagging or positie bending moment at its mid
span and :ero at its supports. -ometimes the beam will be subjected to ma1imum negatie or
hogging bending moment.
The point where the curature changes from sagging to hogging is called at the point of
contra fle1ure.
9hile designing a beam, according to the bending moment we design as a flanged
section or rectangular section or a Tee "eam or 3 "eam.
%t the time of load calculation, end shear from slab, load due to the wall carried by the
beam, self weight of the beam, concentrated load transferred by secondary beam resting on the
main beam are considered.
)7
DESIGN OF T BEAM
S(&2 11 D*(*
<
y
<
ck
3
?
?
?
;8*'6mm,,
,* '6mm
*.,)m
S(&2 21 D,%&-),$-
#ffectie depth, d ? ? 5*,)768,H ? ;)( mm
-ay, d ? ;*7 mm
Oerall depth, & ? ;*7 P *7 ? *77 mm
&epth of the rib ? *77 0 8** ? );* mm
9idth of the rib, b
w
? ,)7 mm
#ffectie flange width b
f
? R Pb
w
P(&
f
S
?R P ,)7 P 5(1 8**H S ? ,7), mm O ;,)7 mm
S(&2 "1 L$*/ C*+5.+*(,$-)
-elf weight of the slab? 7.8** 1 ;.,) 1 ,*
? 8(.)E A'6m
<loor <inishes ? 57.( 1 ;.,)H ? ,.*)+ A'6m
-elf weight of the rib ? 7.,) 1 7.);* 1 ,*
? ,.7; A'6m
3ie load ? ; 1 ;.,)
? 8(.E, A'6m
Plaster finishes ? 7.;* A'6m
Total 3oad, 9 ? )+.)) A'6m
Ultimate load, 9
u
? 58.* 1 9H ? *F.;EA'6m
S(&2 #1B&-/,-0 %$%&-( *-/ Sh&*r F$r5&
4
u
? 7.8,*9
u
3
,
? 7.8,* 1 *F.;E1 *.,)
,
? 8E(.*( A'm
.
u
? 7.* 1 w
u
1 l
1
? 7.* 1 *F.;E 1 *.,) ? 8*7.)) A'
S(&2 51M*,- R&,-'$r5&%&-(
1
u
? 7.;+ d
? 7.;+ 1 ;*7 ? ,8( mm U &
f
? 8** mm
%ssuming the neutral a1is depth, 1
u
? 8** mm
4
ur
? 7.)( f
ck
b
f
&
f
5d07.;,1
u
H
? 7.)( 1 ,* 1 ,7), 1 8** 5;*7 0 7.;, 1 8**H
? 87E8.7* A'm U 8E(.*( A'm
4
u
? 7.+F f
y
%
st
d R8 0 S
8E(.*( 1 87
(
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 ;*7 R8 0 S
)8
,.E; %
st,
0 8(,;F,.* %
st
P 8E(.*( 1 87
(
? 7
%
st
? 8,;7 mm
,
Proide ; nos. of ,7 mm bars.
4in. ReinforcementM
%
st5minH
? ? ? 87;+ mm
,
%
st5minH
O
%
st
2ence, the proided %
st
is safe.
S(&2 61Ch&5? '$r )h&*r )(r&))

?
? ? 8.;* '6mm
,
Two bars of ,7 mm are bent up near the supports, the two remaining bars proides an area,
%
st
? , 1 1
,
? (,+.)8 mm
,
P
t
?
? ? 7.(7F
<rom table 8E 5/-;*(M,777H

c
A
c
? 7.*, '6mm
,

? 8.,F 1 7.*, ? 7.((

O
A
c
5but here A
c
less than

H
since,

c
shear reinforcement are to be designed. -hear carried by bent0up bars
is gien by M
.
us
? 7.+Ff
y
%
s
, 1 sin
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 )8; 1 , 1 sin ;*
? 8(7.(; A' U 8*7.)) A'
Proide nominal shear reinforcement using + mm bars two legged stirrups, the spacing of
stirrups is gienM
-

? ? ? )EF.* mm ? )*7 mm.
Use + mm bars two legged stirrups throughout the span T)*7 mm c6c.
),
S(&2 >1$heck '$r /&'+&5(,$- 5$-(r$+
/gnoring the contribution of flanges 5conseratieH
P
t
?
?
? 8.,8 N f
y
? ,;7.F
5 H
ma1
? 5 H
basic
1 k
t
1 k
c
? ,7 1 7.E* 1 8 ? 8E
5 H
proided
? ? 88.(,
5 H
ma1
U 5 H
proided
2ence it is safe.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF BEAMS
This table shows Reinforcement details of T 4&*%
B&*%
%ll floors
S2*-
:%;
*.)
A
)(
:%%
2
;
8,;7
R&,-'$r5&%&-(
;0,7mm
B&*%
),B&
,)7mm 1
*77mm
S2*5,-0 $'
)(,rr.2)
)*7mm
c6c
))
S(&2 11D*(*
<
y
<
ck
3
?
?
?
;8*'6mm,
,
,* '6mm
*.,) m
DESIGN OF L BEAM
#ffectie depth, d ? ? ;*7 mm
Oerall depth, & ? *77 mm
&epth of the rib ? );* mm
9idth of the rib, b
w
? ,)7 mm
S(&2 21L$*/ C*+5.+*(,$-)
-elf weight of the slab ? 7.8** 1 7.* 1 ;.,) 1 ,*
? +.8E A'6m
<loor <inishes ? 7.( 1 7.* 1 ;.,)
? 8.,( A'6m
-elf weight of the rib ? 7.,) 1 7.); 1 ,*
? ,.7F A'6m
3ie load ? ; 1 7.* 1 ;.,)
? +.;( A'6m
Plaster finishes ? 7.EF* A'6m
Total 3oad, 9 ? ,7.E** A'6m
Ultimate load, 9
u
? )8.;) A'6m
S(&2 "1 B&-/,-0 %$%&-( *-/ Sh&*r F$r5&
"ending moment at,support section
4
u
? 9
u
3 68,
? )8.;) 1 *.,)
,
68, ? F8.(; A'm
"ending moment at,center of the section
4
u
? 9
u
3 6,;
? )8.;) 1 *.,)
,
6,; ? )*.+, A'm
.
u
? 7.* 1 w
u
1 l
1
? 7.* 1 )8.;) 1 *.,) ? +,.8+ A'
S(&2 #1E''&5(,3& '+*-0& 6,/(h
8. b
f
? R53
7
68,H Pb
w
P)&
f
S
? R 5*,)768,H P ,)7 P 5) 1 8**H S ? 88)8 mm
,. b
f
? b
w
P 7.* 5 spacing b6w ribsH
? ,)7 P 7.* 5 ;777H ? ,,)7 mm
Therefore effectie flange width, b
f
? 88)8 mm
S(&2 51T$r),$-*+ %$%&-( *( ).22$r( )&5(,$-
Total self weight of the rib ? ,7.E** 0 ,.7F
?8+.++ A'6m
);
Total ultimate load on 3 beam ? 8.*58+.++ 1 *.,)H
? 8;+.8E A'
<actored shear force, .
u
? 7.* 1 8;+.8E
? F;.7EA'
The distance between the centroid of the shear force from the center line of the beam is gien by
& ? b
f
6, 0 d6,
? 588)86 ,H 0 5,)76,H
? ;*7.* mm
Torsional moment, T
u
? F;.7E1 7.;*7*
? )).)F A'm
STEP 61 E9UIVALENT BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE
4
u
? T
u
R S
? )).)FR S ? (,.)7 A'm
#!uialent ".4. 4
el
? 4
u
P 4
t
? F8.(; P(,.)7 ? 8)).E;A'm
#!uialent shear force, .
e
? .
u
P 7.(5 H
? +,.8+P 7.(5 H ? )8;.)8 A'
STEP >1 MAIN REINFORCEMENT
A( (h& ).22$r( )&5(,$-1
4
u
? 7.+F f
y
%
st
d R 8 0 S
8)).E; 1 , 87
(
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 ;*7 R 8 0 S
,(.7* %
st
0 8(,;F,.* %
st
,P 8)).E; 1 87
(
? 7
%
st
? EF+ mm
Thus proide ; nos. of ,7 mm bars,
%ctual %
st
? 8,*( mm
A( 5&-(r& $' )2*- )&5(,$-1
4
u
? 7.+F f
y
%
st
d R 8 0 S
)*.+,1 87
(
%
st
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 ;*7 R 8 0
,
? ,,, mm
S
4inimum reinforcement as per clause ,(.*.8.8 /-;*(M,777
%
st
min ?
?
? ,8(.E mm
,
O ,,, mm
,
2ence proide , nos. of 8,mm bars on the tension side at the centre of the span
section.
)*
S(&2 >1 Sh&*r r&,-'$r5&%&-()

P
t

c
-ince
c
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
O
).7)'6mm
,
8.,8
7.(+ '6mm
,
5<rom Table 8E of /-;*(M,777H

shear reinforcement are re!uired

%
s
? R S not less than R S
Using 87 mm diameter two legged stirrups with *7 mm coer,
b
8
d
8
%
s
-

?
?
?
?
?
?
?
b 0 coer
d 0 coer
,1
R
RR
S
?
?
?
,77 mm
;87 mm
8*F mm
,
S
S ? 88F.8( mm
? 87;.+F mm
Therefore Proide 87 mm bars T 877 mm c6c near supports gradually increasing to ,)7 mm
c6c towards the canter of the span
)(
This table shows Reinforcement details of L 4&*%
B&*%
%ll floor
S2*-
:%;
*.)
A
)(
:%%
2
;
8,*(
R&,-'$r5&%&-(
;0,7mm
B&*% ),B&
,)7mm 1
*77mm
S2*5,-0 $'
)(,rr.2)
877mm
c6c
)F
&#-/G' O< 3/'T#3
)+
DESIGN OF LINTEL
STEP 11 DATA
&oor si:e ? ;m Q )m
%ssume si:e of the lintel ? ,)7 1 8*7 mm
Using + mm diameter with a nominal coer of ,7 mm
#ffectie depth aailable ? 8*7 0 5,70+6,H
?8,( mm V 8)7mm
STEP 21 EFFECTIVE SPAN
8. $entre to centre of bearings ? ;777 P 7.,)7 ? ;,)7 mm
,. $entre of opening P effectie depth ? ;777 P 8)7 ? ;8)7 mm
#ffectie span ? ;8)7mm
STEP "1 LOAD CALCULATIONS
2eight of e!uilateral triangle
9
8
? 7.+(( 1 3
? 7.+F(( 1 ;.8)7
? ).*F m
? W 1 ;.8) 1 ).*F 1 7.,)7 1 ,7
? )).E8A'
/mpose load ? ;.8) 1 7.( 1 F*7
? 8.+*A'
-elf weight of lintel ? 7.,)7 1 7.8* 1 ;.8) 1 ,*
? ).*( A'
Total u.d.l w
,
? )).E, P 8.+* P ).*(
? )E.), A'
STEP #1 MACIMUM BENDING MOMENT AT MID SPAN
4
4
u
.
u
?
?
? ;).((A'6m
? 8.* 1 ;).((? (*.;E A'm
? )E.), 1 8.*
? *+.E+A'
STEP 51 MAIN REINFORCEMENT
4
u
(*.;E Q 87
(
%
st
? 7.+F f
y
%
st
d R 8 0
? 7.+F Q ;8* Q 8)7 R 80
? E7,.( mm
,
S
S
Proide + nos. of 8, mm bars.
)E
STEP 51

P
t

c
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
?
?
? 8.EF '6mm
,
?
?
? ).78
? 7.E,'6mm
,

c
Q A ? 7.E, Q 8.)7 ? 8.8E
-

?
? ? )E; mm
-pacing of the stirrups is the least of
8. -

? )E7 mm
,. 7.F*d ? 7.F* 1 8)7 ? EF.* mm V 877 mm
2ence proide +mm two legged stirrups T 877 mm c6c.
;7
DESIGN OF LINTEL
STEP 11 DATA
&oor si:e ? 8.,m Q 8.,m
%ssume si:e of the lintel ? ,)7 1 8*7 mm
Using + mm diameter with a nominal coer of ,7 mm
#ffectie depth aailable ? 8*7 0 5,70+6,H
?8,( mm V 8)7mm
STEP 21 EFFECTIVE SPAN
). $entre to centre of bearings ? 8,77 P 7.,)7 ? 8;)7 mm
;. $entre of opening P effectie depth ? 8,77 P 8)7 ? 8))7 mm
#ffectie span ? 8))7mm
STEP "1 LOAD CALCULATIONS
2eight of e!uilateral triangle
9
8
? 7.+(( 1 3
? 7.+F(( 1 8.))7
? 8.8*8 m
? W 1 8.)) 1 8.8*81 7.,)7 1 ,7
? ).*,A'
/mpose load ? 8.)) 1 7.( 1 7.F*
? 7.*EA'
-elf weight of lintel ? 7.,)7 1 7.8* 1 8.)) 1 ,*
? 8.8;A'
Total u.d.l w
,
? ).*, P 7.*E8 P 8.8;
? *.,* A'
STEP #1 MACIMUM BENDING MOMENT AT MID SPAN
4
4
u
.
u
?
?
? 8.(*A'6m
? 8.* 1 8.(*? ,.;F* A'm
? *.,*1 8.*
? F.+FA'
STEP 51 MAIN REINFORCEMENT
4
u
,.;F Q 87
(
%
st
? 7.+F f
y
%
st
d R 8 0
? 7.+F Q ;8* Q 8)7 R 80
? **mm
,
S
S
Proide , nos. of + mm bars.
;8
STEP 51

P
t

c
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
?
?
? 7.,( '6mm
,
?
?
? 7.))
? 7.)('6mm
,

c
Q A ? 7.)(Q 8.)7 ? 7.;(
7.,( 7.;(
2ence it is safe.
;,
&#-/G' O< $O3U4'-
;)
DESIGN OF COLUMN
:AD,*+ +$*/&/ 5$+.%-;
GROUND FLOOR1
STEP 11 DATA
<actored load, P
u
, ? )877 A'
<
ck
? )7 '6mm
< y ?;8*'6mm
Unsupported length of the column ? ;.;, m
STEP 21 GROSS SECTIONAL AREA
%ssume percentage of reinforcement, P ? 8
Using the chart ,*,
Re!uired gross sectional area of column, %
g
? ,7,* cm
,
Thus proide a section ;* cm 1 ;* cm.
S TEP " 1 MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY
? P
? P
e
min
? 7.++; P 8.*? ,.)+; cm
?
? 7.7* O 7.7*&
? P
? P ? 7.++; P 8.*? ,.)+; cm
e
min
? ? 7.7* O 7.7*&
STEP #1 AREA OF STEEL
%
s
?
?
? ,7,* mm
,
Proide + nos. of ,7mm bars.
;;
STEP 51 LATERAL TIES
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
The diameter of the transerse links shall not be less than
X th the column of the largest longitudinal bar
( mm
$ & 6 ; ? ,7 6 ; ? *mm $ (
mm.
SPACING OF TRANSEVERSE LINS1
This shall not e1ceed the least of the followingM
The least lateral dimension of the column
8. 8( times the dia of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rod in the column
,. ;+ times the dia of the transerse reinforcement
). 2ere spacing
aH#50%%
bH8( Q ,7?),7 mm cH;+
Q ( ?,++mm
Proide (mm dia of lateral ties T)77mm c6c.
;*
DESIGN OF COLUMN
:AD,*+ +$*/&/ 5$+.%- 6,(h .-,*D,*+ 4&-/,-0;
STEP 11 DATA
<actored load, P
u
4
U
<
ck
<
y
? 8F*7 A'
? 8E(.*( A'
? )7 '6mm
,
,
? ;8* '6mm
STEP 21 MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY
? P
? P
e
min
? 7.++; P 8.*? ,.)+; cm
?
? 7.7* O 7.7*&
? P
? P ? 7.++; P 8.*? ,.)+; cm
e
min
? ? 7.7* O 7.7*&
STEP "1 REINFORCEMENTS
U),-0 20 %% of bars with ;7 mm coer
?
? 7.88
%dopt, ? 7.8*
?
? 7.,+
?
? 7.7F
Using the chart ;;,
? 7.7;
P ? 7.7; 1 )7
?8.,
;(
STEP #1 AREA OF STEEL
%
s
?
?
? ,;)7 mm
,
Proide + nos. of ,7mm bars.
STEP 51 LATERAL TIES
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
The diameter of the transerse links shall not be less than
X th the column of the largest longitudinal bar
( mm
$ & 6 ; ? ,7 6 ; ? *mm $ (
mm.
SPACING OF TRANSEVERSE LINS1
This shall not e1ceed the least of the followingM
The least lateral dimension of the column
8. 8( times the dia of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rod in the column
,. ;+ times the dia of the transerse reinforcement
). 2ere spacing
aH#50%%
bH8( Q ,7?),7 mm
,
cH;+ Q ( ?,++mm
Proide (mm dia of lateral ties T)77mm c6c.
;F
DESIGN OF COLUMN
:AD,*+ +$*/&/ 5$+.%- 6,(h 4,*D,*+ 4&-/,-0;
STEP 11 DATA
<actored load, P
u
? 8777 A'
4
u1
? F8.(; A' 4
uy

? )*.+,A'
&
b
<
ck
<
y
? ;*7 mm
? ;*7 mm
? )7 '6mm ,
? ;8* '6mm
STEP 21 MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY
? P
? P
e
min
? 7.++; P 8.*? ,.)+; cm
?
? 7.7* O 7.7*&
? P
? P ? 7.++; P 8.*? ,.)+; cm
e
min
? ? 7.7* O 7.7*&
STEP "1 REINFORCEMENTS
Reinforcement distributed e!ually on four sides
%ssume percentage of reinforcement, p ? 8.,
?
? 7.88
%dopt, ? 7.8*
?
? 7.8(
? ? 7.7;
Using -p 8( chart ;;,
? 7.7+
4
u1
P
u:
P
u:
? 7.7+ Q )7 Q ;*7 Q ;*7
,
?,8+.F A'.4
? %1ial load capacity of the section under pure a1ial load.
? 7.;* f
ck
%
c
P 7.F* f
y
%
sc
;+
%
sc
%
c
%
g
P
u:
? 8., I %
g
? 7.78, 1 ;*7 1 ;*7
? ,;)7 mm
,
? %
g
0 %
sc
? 5;*7 Q ;*7H ? ,7,*77 mm
,
? ,7,*77 0 ,;)7
? ,777F7 mm
,
? 57.;* 1 )7 1 ,777F7H P 57.F* 1 ;8* 1 ,;)7H
? );*F., A'
?
? 7.,+
/- ;*(M,777 recommends a simplified procedure based on breslerJs empirical formulation
inoling the salient design parameters,
4
u1
N 4
uy
are moments about Q and B a1es due to design loads
4
u18
N 4
uy8
are ma1imum unia1ial moment capacity for an a1ial load P
u
bending about
Q and B a1is respectiely.
a
n
is an e1ponent whose alue depends on the ratio 5P
u
6P
u:
H
The alues of a
n
aries linearly from 8 to ,. <or
5P
u
6P
u:
H less than 7.,, a
n
? 8.
<or 5P
u
6P
u:
H greater than 7.,, a
n
? ,.
7.8) O 8.7
2ence the assumed area of reinforcement satisfies.
STEP #1 AREA OF STEEL
%
s
?
?
? ,;)7 mm
,
Proide + nos. of ,7mm bars.
STEP 51 LATERAL TIES
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
The diameter of the transerse links shall not be less than
X th the column of the largest longitudinal bar
( mm
$ & 6 ; ? ,7 6 ; ? *mm $ (
mm.
;+
SPACING OF TRANSEVERSE LINS1
This shall not e1ceed the least of the followingM
The least lateral dimension of the column
8( times the dia of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rod in the column
;+ times the dia of the transerse reinforcement
2ere spacing
aH #50%%
bH8( Q ,7?),7 mm
,
cH;+ Q ( ?,++mm
,

Proide (mm dia of lateral ties T)77mm c6c.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF COLUMN
This table shows Reinforcement details of columns
M*,- L*(&r*+ (,&) S2*5,-0 $' +*(&r*+
S,B& r&,-'$r5&%&-( D,*%&(&r (,& F+$$r
O' 5$+.%- /,*%&(&r :%%; :%%;
:%%;
;*7mm 1 ,7 ( )77 Ground
;*7mm <loor
;*7mm 1 ,7 ( )77 <irst to
;*7mm fourth floor
*7
&#-/G' O< <OOT/'G
*8
D&),0- $' F$$(,-0
D,%&-),$-)1
-i:e of column ? ;*7mmQ;*7mm
<actored load ? ),77A'.
-afe bearing capacity ? ;;7 A'6mm
,
f
cA
? )7 '6mm
,
f
y
? ;8* '6mm
,
*; L$*/) $- '$$(,-0M
Total load
-elf wt.
Total load
4; S,B& $' '$$(,-0M
%rea
? ),77 A'
?87I ? ),7 A'
?)*,7 A'
? )*,76;;7
? ,).;( m
,
-i:e of footing ?
? ,.+* m
%dopt si:e of the footing ? ,.+*m Q ,.+*m
%dopt width of strap beam,b ? ;*7mm
? 7.;*m.
5; D&),0- $' '$$(,-0M
-oil pressure ,P
u
? ),7765,.+*Q,.+*H
? ;7+.8( A'6m
,
;;7 A'6m
,
<actored soil pressure
? 8.* Q ;7+.8(
?7(8,.,;A'6m
$antileer projections from the short side face of the column
? 7.*5,.+* 0 7.;*H ? 8., m
$antileer projections from the long side face of the column
? 7.*5,.+* 0 7.;*H ? 8., m
Ultimate design moment ? m
u
.
4 ? 7.* P
ul,
?7.*Q(8,.,;Q8.,
,
? ;;7.+8 A' m.
*,
/; E''&5(,3& /&2(h $' '$$(,-0M
d? 54
u
67.8)+ fcA bH
? 5;;7.+8Q87
(
67.8)+Q)7Q87
)
H
? ),(.) mm
Y ?
)*7 mm.
&epth 5dH based on shear consideration will be double than that due to moment
consideration.
#ffectie depth ? d ? , Q )*7 mm ? F77 mm.
Oerall depth ? d ? F,7mm ;7mm
& ? dPdJ ? F;7mm
&;R&,-'$r5&%&-(1
4
u
? Z7.+FQ fy Q %stQd[ R80 Z%st Q fy6 bd fcA[S
;;7.+8Q87
(
%
st
? 57.+FQ;8*Q%stQF77H R80 ;8*Q %st687
)
Q)7QF77S
? 8+87 mm
,
A/$2( 20%% /,*%&(&r 4*r) :@ -$); E 200 %% 5F5
%st proided ? ,*8) mm
,
'; Ch&5? '$r )h&*r )(r&)) M
-hear stress at a distance ? .
u
.
5 e!ual to effectie depthH
.
u
? 58.,07.F7H (8,.,; ? )7(.8, A'
? .
u
6bd ? )7(.8,Q87
)
687
)
QF77
@ ? 7.;) '6mm
,
877%st6bd ? Z877Q,*8)687
)
QF77[
? 7.,+
@c ? 7.;* '6mm
,
Permissible shear stress ?
As
@c

?
8Q
@c
?7.;* '6mm
,
5As

@cHU
Y
@
-afe factor shear permissible limit 5within safety limitH
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF FOOTING
This table shows Reinforcement details of footing
S,B& M*,- M*,- S2*5,-0 D&2(h $'
$' '$$(,-0 R&,-'$r5&%&-( R&,-'$r5&%&-( $' 4*r '$$(,-0
:$-& /,r&5(,$-; :$(h&r /,r&5(,$-; :%% ; :%;
,.+*m 1,.+*m + 'os of + 'os of ,77 7.F;
,7mm ,7mm
*;
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
**
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
-tair cases are generally proided connecting successie floors of a building and in small
buildings they are the only means of access between the floors. The staircases comprise of flight
of steps generally with one or more intermediate landings proided between the floor leels. %
flight of steps consists of two landings and one going with 87 to 8, steps.
The structural component of a flight of stairs consists ofM
5aH Tread which forms the hori:ontal portion of the step. The tread is usually ,*7 to )77
mm wide depending upon the type of the building.
5bH Riser is the ertical distance between the adjacent treads or the ertical projection of
the step, generally in the range of 8*7 to 8E7 mm depending upon the type of the
building. The width of the stairs aries in the range of 8 to 8.*m with a minimum
alue of +*7mm.
5cH Going forms the hori:ontal plan projection of an inclined flight of steps between the
first and the last riser.
*(
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
5&OG 3#GG#& -T%/R$%-# 9/T2 9%/-T -3%"H
STEP 11 DATA
Tread, T
Rise, R
9idth of landing
9idth of passage
9idth of each flight
2eight of each flight
'o of Rises in each flight
'o of Tread
? ,*7 mm
?,77mm
?E77mm
? +*7 mm
?,,*7 mm
?,777 mm
? ,7776,77 ? 87 'os
? E 'os
STEP 21 EFFECTIVE SPAN
#ffectie span ? 5,)76,H P +*7 P ,,*7 P E77 P 5,)76,H
? ;,)7 mm
Thickness of waist slab ? ?
? ,88.* mm V ,8* mm
#ffectie depth ?,8* 0 ,* ? 8E7 mm
STEP "1 LOAD CALCULATION
&ead load of the slab ? 7.,8* 1 8 1 ,* ? *.)F* A'6m
&ead load of the slab on hori:ontal span 68m, 9 ?R S
?R S
? (.++ A'6m
&ead load of one step ? 7.* 1 7.,7 1 7.,* 1 ,*
? 7.(,* A'
&ead load of one step 6m ? ? ,.* A'6m
<inishes ? 8 A'6m
3ie load ? * A'6m 5liable to oercrowdingH
Total load ? 8*.)+ A'6m
Ultimate load, 9
u
? ,).7F A'6m
STEP #1 BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE
4
u
? 7.8,*w
u
3
,
? 7.8,* 1 ,).7F 1 ;.,)
,
? *8.*E A'm
.
u
? 7.* w
u
3 ?7.* 1 ,).7F 1 ;.,)
?;+.FE A'
STEP 51 CHEC FOR EFF,ECTIVE DEPTH
4
u
? 7.8)+ f
ck
b d
d ? ? 8,,.,+ mm
8,,.,+ O ,8*
2ence it is safe.
*F
STEP 61 MAIN REINFORCEMENT
4
u
? 7.+F f
y
%
st
d R8 0 S
*8.*E 1 87
(
%
st
? 7.+F 1 ;8* 1 %
st
1 8E7 R8 0
? +87 mm
,
S
%ssume 8,mm bars
-pacing - ? ? 8)Emm
%dopt - ? 8)7mm
Thus proide 8, mm bars T8)7mm c6c.
STEP >1 DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
%
st
5minH ? 7.8, I b &
? 7.778, 1 8777 1 ,8* ?,*+ mm
,
Proide +mm bars
-pacing - ? ? 8+7 mm
Thus proide + mm bars T8+7 mm c6c.
STEP @1 CHEC FOR SHEAR

?
? ? 7.,* '6mm
,
P
t
?
? ? 7.;,(
A
c
? 8., 1 7.)( ? 7.;) '6mm
,
A
c
U

*+
2ence the design of doglegged staircase is safe.
*E
GREEN MATERIALS
>.1 =ATER LESS URINALS
%s urine is about E(I li!uid, no additional water is really needed to wash
it down the drain. The waterless, urinal, looking much like its conentional
counterpart, takes adantage of this concept with generally positie results.
9aterless urinals do away with the re!uirement of water for flushing and result in
saing of between *(,+77 litres to 8F7,777 litres of water per urinal per year. To achiee
odour control in waterless urinals, odour traps using sealant li!uid, microbial control,
rubber membrane and curtain ale hae been deeloped across the world.
The waterless urinal appears and works like a conentional urinal, e1cept that it
does not flush and, therefore, re!uires no water. 3ike their traditional counterparts,
waterless urinals are made of fibreglass or itreous china, and are offered in white as well
as arious custom colours.
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
9aterless urinals contribute positiely to the enironment. <irst, the absence of
water for flushing reduces the demand for water, an increasingly scarce commodity in
some areas. %lso, since no water goes down the drain, additional wastewater re!uiring
treatment is not generated. 'e1t, the special drain cartridges and inserts used in some
models are recyclable. <inally, the sealant li!uid composed of natural oils, is
biodegradable.
(7
COMPARISSION OF NORMAL AND =ATERLESS URINALS
-.'O
8
,
)
;
*
'OR4%3 UR/'%3-
4aintenance cost is high
3abour cost 5maintenance and
cleaningH02igh
9et operation in flush proide
faourable conditions for
gems.5unhygienicH
2igh water consumption
$hances for $ommunicable
diseases
9%T#R3#-- UR/'%3-
2igh cost in initiali:ation but can be paid back
during itJs life time
3abour cost 5maintenance and cleaningH0less
&ry operation makes hostile conditions for
bacteria and iruses
'o water consumption
'o handle5Touch0freeH thus reducing the
spreading of communicable diseases
>.1.1 ECONOMIC PAYBAC OF =ATERLESS URINALS
8. 9aterless urinals can be installed in both UR"%' and RUR%3 areas.
,. $onsere water and energy, Reduces the waste water generation.
). $ollected urinals can be used in productie industrial and agricultural applications
5'ew Paradigm in waste water managementH.
8. Rebates and /ncenties0-ome water utility companies offer rebates and incentie
payments to owners installing waterless urinals. Payments range from a partial to full
reimbursement for the cost of no0flush urinals.
,. Repair of flush ales due to use, failure, or andalism will not be re!uired. 'either is
cleanup resulting from backed up drains and oerflows
). Therefore, labor costs for no0flush urinals should be less than for flush0types. The costs
of replacement cartridges can outweigh the maintenance labour saing.
F.8., GGREEN BUILDINGG CREDITS
4any new construction projects nowadays are earning certification as Lgreen
buildingsL under the 3##& program deeloped by the U.-. Green "uilding $ouncil.
/nstallation of waterless urinals helps gain water conseration points.
(8

>.2 ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL
A+.%,-,.% C$%2$),(& P*-&+ :ACP; or A+.%,-,.% C$%2$),(& M*(&r,*+
:ACM; is a widely0used term describing flat panels that consist of a non0aluminium core
bonded between two aluminium sheets. %luminium sheets can be coated with Polyester
paint.
%$P is ery rigid and strong despite its light weight. %luminium can be painted in
any kind of colour, and %$Ps are produced in a wide range of metallic and non0metallic
colours as well as patterns that imitate other materials, such as wood or marble.
%pplications of %$Ps are not limited to e1ternal building cladding, but can also
be used in any form of cladding such as partitions, false ceilings etc. %luminium
$omposite Panels are also widely used within the signage industry as an alternatie to
heaier, more e1pensie substrates.
F&*(.r&)
#1cellent fireproof property.
-uper peeling strength.
Perfect cold resistance performance.
#1cellent surface flatness and smoothness.
-uperior weather,corrosion,pollutant resistance.
-uperior impact resistance.
3ightweight and easy to process.
#asy to maintain.
>.2.1 ECONOMIC PAYBAC OF :ACP;
3ess maintenance.
%esthetic look for longer period of time.
Reduces health ha:ards.
(,
>.2."GGREEN BUILDINGG CREDITS
4any new construction projects nowadays are earning certification as Lgreen
buildingsL under the 3##& program deeloped by the U.-. Green "uilding $ouncil.
/nstallation of %luminium $omposite Panel 5%$PH helps gain indoor enironment !uality
points.
>." GLASS
Glass is completely recyclable and non0to1ic in nature. /t satisfies all the
ecological parameters of being the most sought after LgreenL building material in Green
"uildings
Green building design criteria emphasi:es the energy0efficient performance of
fenestration materials and ma1imum use of natural daylight. Gien this background,
Glass is an indispensable material for green building. /t has a wide range of functional
benefits. /ts transparency allows day0lighting of the interiors and integrates the interiors
with the e1teriors. -tudies hae proen time and again that this substantially improes the
productiity and health of the occupants of the building.
GGREEN BENEFITSG $' GLASS
&ay0lighting 0 The use of glass brings in lot of light that helps in giing a high
amount of natural day lighting instead of depending solely on artificial lighting
thus reducing considerably electricity consumption.
"lending interiors with e1teriors 5.iewsH 0 Glass facades gie a spectacular iew
of the outside world from the co:y interiors.
Recyclability 0 Glass being recyclable satisfies the important parameter of being a
LGreenL building material.
%chieing energy efficiency 0 2igh performance glass helps in controlling the
solar and thermal heat in the interiors and helps to maintain the temperature at its
minimum best and in turn helps to tone down the air0conditioning e1penses.
/nnoatie application 0 "eing ery fle1ible building material glass helps to
satisfy and capture an architectJs utmost imagination in its shape and form.
()
$ontrols noiseM &ouble gla:ed glass facades help in achieing a high degree of
acoustic comfort by keeping away noise penetrating from the e1teriors to the
interiors thus ensuring a calmer atmosphere inside.
-elf $leaningM The future belongs to self0cleaning glass which keeps itself clean
on its own and brings out an eer sparkling effect.
>.# PAINTS
Today, most interior and e1terior paints are found to hae high leels of .O$s,
which help them to dry faster. "ut, these .O$s emit smog0forming chemicals into the air
and thus become the major contributor to ground0leel o:one pollution. These release
low0leel emissions into the air for years after the application. %nd the major source of
these to1ins is a ariety of olatile organic compounds, which, until recently, were
essential to the performance of the paint.
.olatile organic compounds are substances that eaporate from paint allowing it
to dry and are ery to1ic to humans. #en after the paint has dried, .O$s can continue to
be released from the paint for years, thus, harming the occupants. The easiest solution is
to use paints that do not contain .O$s and instead contain a non0harmful drying agent.
3ow .O$ paints are the ones which use water as a carrier instead of petroleum0
based solents. They contain reduced leels of olatile organic compounds 5.O$sH,
which emit smog producing pollutants into the air.
The new enironmental regulations hae resulted in alternatie solutions 0 3ow
.O$ and Kero .O$ paints. 3ower .O$ paints presere both indoor and outdoor air
!uality and reduce the incidence of eye or respiratory irritation from e1posure to .O$
fumes.
T82&) $' -$--VOC 2*,-()1
1. N*(.r*+ P*,-() *-/ F,-,)h&) - These are paints made from natural raw ingredients
such as water, plant oils and resins, plant dyes and essential oils,natural minerals such as
clay, chalk and talcum\ milk casein, natural late1, bees wa1, earth and mineral dyes.
9ater based natural paints gie off almost no smell. The oil based natural paints usually
(;
hae a pleasant fragrance of citrus or essential oils. %llergies or sensitiities to these
paints are uncommon. These paints are the safest for oneJs health and also for the
enironment.
2. H&r$ VOC 2*,-() - %ccording to the #P% 5#nironmental Protection %gencyH
standard, any paint in the range of * grams6litre or less can be called JKero .O$J paint.
%dding a colour tint usually brings the .O$ leel up to 87 grams6litre, which is still !uite
low.
". L$6 VOC 2*,-() - %s described aboe, the leel of harmful emissions are lower than
solent0borne surface coatings, as they carry water as a carrier instead of petroleum base
solents. These certified coatings also contain no, or ery low leels, of heay metals and
formaldehyde. The amount of .O$s in paints should not e1ceed ,77 grams6litre and in
arnishes, it should not e1ceed )77 grams6litre. 3ow .O$ paints tend to emit odour until
dry. To aoid this, one should buy paints that contain .O$s less than ,* grams6litre.
A/3*-(*0&)1
8. #nironment friendly, as there are lower leels of o:one pollution.
,. <ewer emissions of smog0forming chemicals.
). "etter indoor and outdoor air !uality.
;. %llergies or sensitiities to these paints are uncommon.
*. /deal for commercial applications, and offer e1cellent scrub ability.
(. Cuick &rying.
F. 3ow Odour.
+. 'on0yellowing.
E. /ncreased U. resistance, fle1ibility.
/n order to meet #P% 5#nironmental Protection %gencyH standards, paints and stains
must not contain .O$Js in e1cess of ,77 grams per litre and arnishes must not contain
.O$Js in e1cess of )77 grams per liter.
(*
GGREEN BUILDINGG CREDITS
4any new construction projects nowadays are earning certification as Lgreen
buildingsL under the 3##& program deeloped by the U.-. Green "uilding $ouncil.
Using LO= VOC PAINTS helps gain O:one safety and /nnoatie design points.
>.5 CARPETS
% carpet is a te1tile floor coering consisting of an upper layer of LpileL attached
to a backing. The pile is generally either made from wool or a manmade fibre such as
polypropylene, and usually consists of twisted tufts which are often heat0treated to
maintain their structure.
=OOL CARPET MATERIAL
9ool carpet has no synthetic dyes. 9ool carpeting is usually dyed with natural
pigments so you can aoid synthetic dyes. This is important for people allergies or
chemical sensitiities. 'atural wool offers ama:ing insulating properties.
9ool is naturally fire0resistant\ 9ool carpet comes in endless design options.
$arpet made from synthetic fibers often contains petroleum products, and petroleum is a
non0renewable resource. 9ool, on the other hand, renews itself !uite rapidly.
Th& B&-&',() $' Ch$$),-0 C*r2&(
The benefits deried from selecting good !uality carpets in any type of
application are manifoldM what other type of floor coering will proide sound insulation,
energy saings, underfoot comfort, a safe, non0slip floor, and be easy to clean and install,
with good wear and non0allergenic properties.
ECONOMIC PAYBAC OF CARPET USE
S$.-/ I-).+*(,$-
The usage of carpet gies e1cellent noise proof thus proiding a !uiter
enironment for the workers.
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E-&r08 S*3,-0
$arpets can make a measurable contribution to retaining the warmth in a room
and therefore saing energy. $arpets hae low heat conduction and are natural thermal
insulators creating a heat barrier.
%s a result, as much as 87I of the heat in a room which would be dissipated with
smooth floor coering is retained in the room by the carpet.
This, combined with the outstanding underfoot comfort of a carpet, can result in a
considerable reduction in the use of heating in the transition from a warm to a cold
season. /t has been estimated that up to )7 days heating can be saed, resulting in an
energy saing of around ;0(I and a conse!uent reduction in heating bills.
S*'&(8
-afety coers two aspects 0 reduced slippage, especially when wet, and a decrease
in stress on joints The soft resilient fibres of a carpet proide a cushioning effect and
e1cellent orthopedic properties.
The underfoot safety of carpets is an important feature, both in the home and the
workplace. /nfants and the elderly in particular benefit from the non0slip aspects of
carpets and, in the eent of a fall, the soft resilience of the carpet lowers the risk of injury.
H&*+(h
9ith their superb dust0trapping properties, carpets are conducie to a healthy
liing enironment. &ust settles !uickly and is then securely held by the pile fibres of the
carpet until it is acuumed again.
C+&*-,-0 *-/ M*,-(&-*-5&
$leaning and maintenance of carpet is !uick, easy and low cost.
(F
GGREEN BUILDINGG CREDITS
4any new construction projects nowadays are earning certification as Lgreen
buildingsL under the 3##& program deeloped by the U.-. Green "uilding $ouncil.
Proision of 9OO3 $%RP#T helps gain #nergy saing and /nnoatie design points.
>.6 OTHER PROPOSALS
HVAC 3&-(,+*(,$- 5$
2
)&-)$r)
HVAC 52eating, .entilating, and %ir $onditioningH refers to technology of
indoor or automotie enironmental comfort. 2.%$ system design is a major sub
discipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid
mechanics, and heat transfer.
CHILLER
% 5h,++&r is a machine that remoes heat from a li!uid ia a apor0compression or
absorption refrigeration cycle. This li!uid can then be circulated through a heat
e1changer to cool air or e!uipment as re!uired.
/n air conditioning systems, chilled water is typically distributed to heat
e1changers, or coils, in air handling units, or other type of terminal deices5.entsH which
cool the air in its respectie space5sH, and then the chilled water is re0circulated back to
the chiller to be cooled again. These cooling coils transfer sensible heat and latent heat
from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and usually dehumidifying the air stresam.
(+
REFERENCE1
8. L%danced Reinforced $oncrete -tructuresL, by &r. Arishna Raju.
,. LR.$.$ &#-/G'L, by &r.-. Ramamrutham.
). /'&/%' -T%'&%R& code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete,
/-;*(M,777
8. $ode of practice for load calculation /- +F*M8E+F.
,. $ode of practice for load calculation -P 8(.
). L3imit state &esign of reinforced concreteL by P.$. .arghese .
;. /llustrated design of R.$ "uildingsL by A.3 -hah and -.R Aare.
*. -tructural design and drawingsL by &r. ArishnaRaju.
(. -oil mechanics and foundation engineeringL by ".$ Punmia.
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