EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Euro. Trans. Telecomms. 2005; 16:107111

Published online 29 September 2004 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/ett.997
Letter
Communication Theory
Evaluation of SIR statistics in a DS/CDMA system with signal-level-based
power control and multipath dispersion
Y.-H. You
1
*, H.-K. Song
1
, Han-Jong Kim
2
, Chang-Kyu Song
3
and We-Duke Cho
4
1
uT Communication Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
2
School of Information Technology Electronics Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Chungnam, Korea
3
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
4
National Center of Excellence in Ubiquitous Computing and Networking (CUCN), Kyounggi-Do, Korea
SUMMARY
The statistical evaluation of the estimated short-term signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) for power control is
presented in many-to-one reverse link. As mentioned in other previous works, the statistical evaluation
shows that the estimated short-term SIR can be approximated by a log-normal distribution. The analysis has
applications to a cellular system employing direct-sequence spread-spectrum code-division multiple access
(CDMA) with M-ary orthogonal modulation on the uplink. Copyright #2004 AEI.
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been a growing interest for
direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS/
CDMA) cellular communication networks. The well-
known ability of cellular system is to both combat multi-
path fading and allow multiple users to access a channel
simultaneously. However, as pointed out in recent studies
[1, 2], because of the near/far problem and all adjacent
interferences, to fully exploit the potential advantages of
cellular system, power control must be used. Among these
schemes, closed-loop power control based on received sig-
nal strength, where power is adjusted at the portable every
1.25 ms based on commands from the base station, has
been suggested for a cellular radio communication system
[2, 3]. This power control scheme is intended to overcome
the uplink near/far problem.
In this letter, the estimated signal-to-interference ratio
(SIR) statistics are evaluated in a cellular system employ-
ing direct-sequence spread-spectrum system with the sig-
nal-level-based power control and M-ary orthogonal
modulation on the uplink. With the assumption of the clas-
sical multipath fading model, for which there is ample
experimental evidence for wideband signals and a conven-
tional waveform, the signal level distribution is determined
for M-ary orthogonal modulation with noncoherent envel-
ope detector modulation. As mentioned in Reference [3], it
is shown from the evaluated SIR statistics that the signal
level distribution can be approximated by a log-normal
distribution. The statistical analysis has potential applica-
tions to cellular system with M-ary orthogonal modulation
on many-to-one reverse link. Next section provides SIR-
based power control model in a DS/CDMA cellular sys-
tem. In Section 3, the SIR statistic for power control is
Received 11 June 2002
Revised 14 November 2003
Copyright # 2004 AEI Accepted 11 June 2004
* Correspondence to: Y.-H. You, uT Communication Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea. E-mail: yhyou@sejong.ac.kr
Contract/grant sponsors: Ubiquitous Autonomic Computing and Network Project; The Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST) 21st Century
Frontier R&D Program, Korea.
evaluated in many-to-one reverse link. Section 4 provides
some examples and nally the concluding remarks are
given in Section 5.
2. POWER CONTROL MODEL
Figure 1 illustrates the feedback power control model,
where the user transmitting signal power p
i
[dB] is updated
by a xed step D
p
[dB] every T
p
s. During ith interval, the
signal power received at the base station is the sum of the
variation due to channel x
i
and the transmit power of
mobile unit p
i
, i.e. p
i
x
i
[dB], which is compared to a
desired signal level at the base station assumed to be
0 dB. Then, a hard-quantized power command bit is trans-
mitted back to the user over the return channel and the
power control error e
i
[dB] represents the received signal
level after power control. This model includes the possibi-
lity of return channel errors and the extra loop delay kT
p
.
Figure 2 shows the power control method to estimate the
received signal strength expressed as the sum of the varia-
tion due to channel x
i
and the transmit power of mobile
unit p
i
. The signal strength-based power control uses a
method for estimating the short-term average SIR as the
power information.
The transceiver structure used in our analysis is
described in Reference [2]. It employs a combination of
convolutional coding and orthogonal signaling. M-ary
orthogonal waveforms can be generated using Hadamard
or Walsh functions whose duration is M chip times. In a
base station receiver, the outputs of the corresponding
Hadamard correlators from each diversity branch are
square-law combined, weighted with equal gain. Thus,
the output of the square-law combiner is made up with
M values, which is used for power control and for the soft
decision Viterbi decoder. The deinterleaver performs the
inverse operation of the interleaver.
3. EVALUATION OF SIR STATISTICS
The classical model for multipath is a delay line, with
delays corresponding to discernable paths each scaled by
a complex random variable with Rayleigh distributed
amplitude and uniformly distributed phase. Thus, the over-
all complex transfer function of the L-component multi-
path channel can be dened as Reference [1]. If
assuming that all L paths are mutually independent, the
sum of all L paths for the correct signal correlator, y, has
probability density which is the L-fold convolution of that
for each path as [1]
f
C
y
y
L1
e
y=S1
LS 1
L
1
Figure 1. Feedback power control model.
108 Y.-H. YOU ET AL.
Copyright # 2004 AEI Euro. Trans. Telecomms. 2005; 16:107111
with x x 1! for any integer x. For each of the
incorrect signal correlator, it has a following probability
density
f
I
y
y
L1
e
y
L
2
It is assumed that automatic gain control has normalized
the noise variance to unity and S is the normalized mean
received energy per path. As adopted in Reference [2], a
method for estimating the short-term average SIR for
power control uses the outputs from the square-law com-
biner of the base station. The short-term average SIR is
estimated by

1
N
s

N
s
k1

k
3
where, N
s
is the number of symbols in the power control
measurement interval of T
P
ms and

k

maxy
k1
; . . . ; y
kM

1=M 1

M
i1
i6imax
y
ki
4
In Equation (4), i
max
is the index of the largest value for the
given symbol interval, y
ki
(i 1; . . . ; M) is the output from
the square-law combiner for the kth information bit period
T
b
, the numerator represents the signal power over T
b
, and
the denominator denotes the noise and interference power
over T
b
.
We rst consider the probability density function (PDF)
of
k
. The PDF of numerator of
k
has the following dis-
tribution,
f
n
y f
C
yF
I
y
M1
M 1f
I
yF
C
yF
I
y
M2
5
where, F
C
y and F
I
y are the corresponding distribution
functions of f
C
y and f
I
y respectively, while the PDF of
denominator of
k
has the following distribution,
f
d
y M 1

3
i1

m
i
k1
F
ik
M 1y f g
K
i
e
a
i
M1y
6
where,
F
11

P
C
K
1
1
7
and
F
ik

1 P
C

ik
a
i

S 1
L
K
i
1k
8
In Equation (6), m
1
1, m
2
LM 2, m
3
L,
a
1
a
2
1, a
3
1=S 1, K
1
LM 1 1,
K
i
m
i
k (i 2; 3), and
ik
a
i
and P
C
can be written as

ik
a
i
1
k1
m
i
k 1
m
i
1
1
i
S
1 S
_ _
m
i
k1
9
Figure 2. Signal strength-based power control model.
EVALUATION OF SIR STATISTICS IN A DS/CDMA SYSTEM 109
Copyright # 2004 AEI Euro. Trans. Telecomms. 2005; 16:107111
and
P
C

_
1
0
y
L1
e
y=S1
LS 1
L
1 e
y

M1
k0
y
k
k!
_ _
M1
dy

M1
n0
1
n M1
n
_ _
1 n nS
L

nM1
k0
b
kn
L k
L
1 S
1 n nS
_ _
k
10
For deriving Equation (10), we adopt the following
expansion

M1
k0
y
k
k!
_ _
n

nM1
k0
b
kn
y
k
11
where, b
kn
is the set of coefcients in the above expansion
[4]. Using Equations (411), the distribution function of

k
can be expressed as
F

k
y
_
1
0
f
d
xF
C
xyF
I
xy
M1
dx

3
i1
M 1
K
i
_

m
i
l1
F
il

M1
n0
1
n
M 1
n
_ _

nM1
k0
b
kn
k K
i
1
ny a
i
M 1 f g
kK
i
1
y
k

m
i
l1
F
il

L1
j0
a
3

j
j 1

M1
n0
1
n
M 1
n
_ _

nM1
k0
b
kn
k K
i
l 1
ny a
3
y a
i
M 1 f g
kK
i
l1
y
jk
_
12
Using the above result, the distribution function of the
short-term average SIR can be easily obtained.
4. ANALYTIC EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSIONS
The uncoded bit rate is assumed to be 9.6 kbits/s. With a
rate of 1/3 convolutional code and M-ary orthogonal mod-
ulation (M 64), the symbol rate is 4800 symbols/s. We
assume that a power control command is sent every
1.25 ms, i.e. every six Walsh symbols (in which case
N
s
6). The normalized mean received energy per path S
is dened as S

EE=N
0
=L, where

EE is the total received
energy per orthogonal waveform summed over all L paths
and N
0
denotes the additive noise density.
Figure 3 shows the distribution of
k
versus normal-
ized signal level with L as a parameter. It is shown
from Figure 3 that the distribution function of
k
is approximated by log-normal. From these results,
we can make the approximation that (which is a
sum of log-normal r.vs) is also log-normal (this was
justied in [5, 6]). This result is consistent with the
results in Reference [3]. In addition, for high maximum
Doppler shift, it was suggested that the signal level
distribution can be approximated by a log-normal
distribution [1, 3].
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this letter, the estimated short-term average SIR statis-
tics are evaluated in cellular systems with the signal-level-
based power control and multipath dispersion. Based on
the assumption of the classical multipath fading model,
the signal level distribution is determined for M-ary ortho-
gonal modulation with noncoherent envelope detector
modulation. The statistical analysis has applications to a
cellular system with M-ary orthogonal modulation on the
reverse link.
Figure 3. Signal level distributions of
k
: (i) L 3 (ii) L 6 (iii)
L 9 (iv) L 12.
110 Y.-H. YOU ET AL.
Copyright # 2004 AEI Euro. Trans. Telecomms. 2005; 16:107111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research is supported by the Ubiquitous Autonomic Comput-
ing and Network Project, the Ministry of Science and Technology
(MOST) 21st Century Frontier R&D Program, Korea.
REFERENCES
1. Viterbi AJ, Viterbi AM, Zehavi E. Performance of power-controlled
wideband terrestrial digital communication. IEEE Transactions on
Communications 1993; 41(4):559569.
2. Chang LF, Ariyavisitakul S. Performance of a CDMA radio commu-
nications system with feed-back power control and multipath disper-
sion. Globecom91, 1991; pp. 10171021.
3. Ariyavisitakul S, Chang LF. Signal and interference statistics of a
CDMA system with feedback power control. IEEE Transactions on
Communications 1993; 41(11):16261634.
4. Proakis JG. Digital Communications. McGraw-Hill: New York,
1989.
5. Schwartz SC, Yeh YS. On the distribution function and moments of
power sums with log-normal components. Bell System Technical
Journal 1982; 61(7):14411462.
6. Fenton LF. The sum of log-normal probability distributions in scatter
transmission systems. IRE Transactions on Communications Systems
1960; 8(3):5767.
AUTHORS BIOGRAPHIES
Young-Hwan You received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electronic Engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, in 1993,
1995 and 1999 respectively. From 1999 to 2002, he was a senior researcher at the Wireless PAN Technology Project Ofce, Korea
Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), KyungGi-Do, Korea. Currently, he is with the School of Computer Engineering, Sejong
University, Seoul, Korea. His research interests are in the areas of wireless/wired communications systems design, spread spectrum
transceivers and system architecture for realizing advanced digital communication systems.
Hyoung-Kyu Song received his B.S., M.S. degrees and Ph.D. in Electronic Engineering in 1990, 1992 and 1996 respectively from
Yonsei University, Korea. From 1996 to 2000, he was a managerial researcher in Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI),
Korea. Since 2000, he has been an associate professor of the Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Sejong
University, Seoul, Korea. His research interests include digital and data communications, information theory and their applications
with an emphasis on mobile communications.
Han-Jong Kim received his B.S. degree from Hanyang University, Korea, in 1986 and the M.S. degree and Ph.D. in Yonsei
University, Korea, in 1988 and 1994 respectively. He is currently with the School of Information Technology Electronics Engineering
at Korea University of Technology and Education, Korea. His main areas of interest are communication systems, error control methods
and modulation and demodulation methods. In particular, he has been working on multicarrier modulation techniques, turbo codes and
space-time codes.
Chang-Kyu Song was born in Cungcheong-Bukdo, Korea, on 12 January 1970. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical
Engineering from Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea, in 1995 and 1997 respectively. He has been a Ph.D.
student in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University. His current research interests are in
image processing, image compression, image analysis and wavelets.
We-Duke Cho was born in Pusan, Rep of Korea on 17 November 1958. He received his M.S. degree and Ph.D. in Electronic Engi-
neering from KAIST, Seoul, Korea, in 1983 and 1987 respectively. Since 2003, he has been a director of Center of Excellence in
Ubiquitous Computing and Networking (CUCN) (21-century Frontier Project ofce of MOST, Korea). From 1991 to 2002, he had
been a vice president of KETI and as head of System Research LAB. He had worked for developing GSM Modem, HDTV system and
VOIP system. And from 1984 to 1990, he was project manager, LG Electronics (LGE) company, Korea. His main research interests are
ubiquitous system solution design, proactive fusion technology (BTITCT) and self-growing interactive ubiquitous platform
design.
EVALUATION OF SIR STATISTICS IN A DS/CDMA SYSTEM 111
Copyright # 2004 AEI Euro. Trans. Telecomms. 2005; 16:107111