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2009 by Landmark Graphics Corporation
Release 5000.0.0 First Quarter 2009
2009 Landmark Graphics Corporation
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Note
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Landmark MIMIC+ Software User Guide
Release 5000.0.0 Contents v
Contents
Overview .......................................................................................................... 1
MIMIC+ Functionality ............................................................................... 1
Features ........................................................................................................ 2
Key Words .......................................................................................................... 4
Coordinate System and Units .......................................................................... 5
Coordinate System ...................................................................................... 5
Units .............................................................................................................. 6
2D Definition ................................................................................................. 7
File Names and File Types ................................................................................ 8
File Types ...................................................................................................... 8
File-Naming Conventions ............................................................................ 11
Menu Overview .................................................................................................. 13
Main Menu ..................................................................................................... 13
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 14
Setup Menu Commands ......................................................................... 14
Workflow Overview ........................................................................................... 15
Starting MIMIC+ Software ............................................................ 19
Batch Mode ........................................................................................................ 21
Interactive Mode ................................................................................................ 23
Interactive Startup Command ................................................................ 23
Building Contour Maps ....................................................................... 25
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vi Contents Release 5000.0.0
Setting Layer Parameters ................................................................................. 26
Layer Setup Menu ........................................................................................ 27
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 28
Creating and Gridding Layers .......................................................................... 30
Layer Command Menu ................................................................................. 30
Creating Layers by Combining Geometric Shapes .................................. 31
Forms Shape Command Menu ................................................................... 34
Menu Commands ................................................................................. 34
Relationship Choice Menu .......................................................................... 37
Building the Top Layer, French Model Using Forms ................................ 39
Gridding Layers ............................................................................................ 42
Gridding 2D Layers ................................................................................. 42
Gridding 3D Layers ................................................................................. 42
Sierra Gridding Control Menu Commands ....................................... 45
Prespecified Layer Option Menu ................................................................ 46
Menu Commands. ................................................................................... 47
Editing Layers .................................................................................................... 49
Layer Correction Command Menu ............................................................. 50
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 51
Changing Layer File Header Information ................................................... 52
3D Layer Header Correction Menu ............................................................ 52
Menu Commands ................................................................................... 53
3D Map Editing Commands ......................................................................... 54
Map Edit Command Menu ........................................................................... 55
Menu Commands ................................................................................... 55
Landmark MIMIC+ Software User Guide
Release 5000.0.0 Contents vii
3D Graphics Point Edit Menu ...................................................................... 57
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 57
3D Graphics Fault Edit Menus .................................................................... 59
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 59
Fault Segment Menu Commands .......................................................... 61
Editing Layers .............................................................................................. 62
2D Layer Editor Menu .................................................................................. 70
2D Map Editing Commands ................................................................... 71
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 71
Interactively Editing Layers ........................................................................ 71
Types of Patches for 3D Editing ............................................................ 72
Editing Layers .............................................................................................. 74
Grid Edit Patch Definition Choices Menu .................................................. 75
Menu Commands. ................................................................................... 76
Grid Edit Contour Data Definition Menu .................................................... 77
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 77
Choice B Menu Commands ................................................................... 79
Choice C Menu Commands ................................................................... 79
Grid Operation Command Menu ................................................................. 80
Menu Commands ................................................................................... 81
Smoothing Layers ........................................................................................ 82
Layer Smoothing Choice Menu .................................................................. 86
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 87
Multiple Grid Operation Command Menu .................................................. 89
Menu Commands ................................................................................... 90
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viii Contents Release 5000.0.0
Interpolating Layers ..................................................................................... 92
Building 3D or 2D Models ................................................................. 93
Modeling Concepts ...................................................................................... 95
Layer Pinchout Conventions ...................................................................... 96
Model Building Overview ............................................................................ 98
Layer Position vs. Order of Input .......................................................... 99
Specifying Layer Parameters ........................................................................... 101
Layer Entry Menu ......................................................................................... 104
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 104
Velocity Options Menu Commands ...................................................... 107
Vertical Velocity Gradient Menu Commands ....................................... 107
Density Options Menu Commands ....................................................... 108
Building a Two-Layer Model ............................................................................. 109
Editing 3D or 2D Models ................................................................................... 111
Model Correction Command Menu ............................................................. 112
Menu Commands.. .................................................................................. 113
Changing Model File Header Information .................................................. 115
Model Header Correction Menu .................................................................. 115
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 116
Changing Physical Properties in a Model File Header ........................ 117
Physical Property Menu ............................................................................. 118
Menu Commands. ................................................................................... 119
Vertical Velocity Gradient Menu Commands ....................................... 120
Velocity Option Commands ................................................................... 120
Landmark MIMIC+ Software User Guide
Release 5000.0.0 Contents ix
Density Options Commands .................................................................. 120
Editing Structural Models ............................................................................ 121
Structural Modification Menu ...................................................................... 121
Menu Commands ................................................................................... 123
Modeling Faults ............................................................................................ 124
Generating 2D Models from 3D Models ..................................................... 126
Line End Points Definition Menu ................................................................ 126
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 128
Building 2D Geologic Models ........................................................................... 129
Starting the 2D Model Builder ..................................................................... 132
2D Model Initialization Menu ....................................................................... 133
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 134
2D Model Editor Menu ............................................................................ 136
Color Display Menu Commands ............................................................ 137
Editing Two-Dimensional Geologic Models .................................................... 138
2D Model Editor Graphics Commands ................................................ 140
Editing 2D Layers ......................................................................................... 141
Adding Time or Depth Layers to 2D Models .............................................. 148
2D Layer Input Menu ................................................................................... 150
Menu Commands ................................................................................... 151
Entering Velocities in 2D Models ................................................................ 153
Fitting 2D Data Points to a Surface ............................................................ 156
Storing Time or Depth Layers in 2D Models .............................................. 157
2D Layer Entry Menu Commands ......................................................... 158
Velocity Options ..................................................................................... 159
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Velocity Gradient Options ...................................................................... 159
Density Options ...................................................................................... 159
Deleting Layers From 2D Models ............................................................... 160
Replicating a Layer in a 2D Model ............................................................. 161
Changing 2D Model File Header Information ............................................ 164
Model Header Correction Menu .................................................................. 165
Commands Menu .................................................................................... 166
Output from MIMIC+ Software ...................................................... 169
Color-Fill Contour Maps .................................................................................... 170
Contour Map Menu (Color-Fill) ................................................................... 172
Menu Commands: ................................................................................... 172
Display Type Menu Commands ............................................................. 175
General Display Menu Commands ........................................................ 178
Title Menu Commands ........................................................................... 180
Wellbore Parameter Choices Commands ............................................ 180
Post Data Menu Commands .................................................................. 181
Post and Annotation Menu Commands ................................................ 181
Wells Read and Display Parameters Menu .......................................... 182
Line Contour Maps ............................................................................................ 183
Contour Map Menu (Line) ............................................................................ 184
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 185
Display Type Menu ................................................................................ 187
Contour Definition Menu ............................................................................. 189
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 190
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Release 5000.0.0 Contents xi
Line Display Menu .................................................................................. 190
Post Data Menu ...................................................................................... 192
Post and Annotation Menu Commands ................................................ 192
Horizon Menu .......................................................................................... 194
Wells Read and Display Parameters Menu Commands ...................... 194
Cross Sections .................................................................................................. 196
Cross Section Menu ..................................................................................... 198
Menu Commands. ................................................................................... 198
Selection Menu Commands ................................................................... 201
Display Parameter Choices Menu ........................................................ 201
Title Display Menu Commands .............................................................. 204
3D Perspective Plots ......................................................................................... 205
Perspective Plot Menu ................................................................................. 206
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 207
Surface Display for 3D Perspective Plots .................................................. 210
Surface Display Menu (for 3D files) commands .................................. 211
Mask Type Selection Menu .................................................................... 212
Contour Definition Menu ............................................................................. 213
Contour Definition Menu ........................................................................ 214
Surface Display Menu (for 2D files) ...................................................... 214
Title Block .......................................................................................................... 216
Title Block Menu ..................................................................................... 216
Reports ............................................................................................................... 217
Layer Reports Menu ..................................................................................... 217
Report Menu (for Layers) ....................................................................... 219
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Model Report Menu ...................................................................................... 221
Menu Commands .................................................................................... 223
Disk File Output ................................................................................................. 228
Landmark MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide
Release 5000.0.0 Overview 1
Overview
Digital geologic models have many important applications in
exploration, including prospect evaluation, seismic raytracing, gravity
and potential field modeling, field data acquisition, and reservoir
calculations. Most importantly, models allow you to visualize and
better understand three-dimensional spatial relationships that may
otherwise be difficult to comprehend. The MIMIC
+
program is a
powerful tool for easy and efficient building of digital models of
complex, three-dimensional geologic structures. MIMIC+ software
helps you to augment the numerical capabilities of the computer with
your own expertise.
MIMIC+ Functionality
MIMIC+ functions can be separated into three categories:
Creating and editing contour maps
Compiling depth, velocity, time, density, or gradient layers into 2D
or 3D models
Examining and verifying maps and models using color graphics
displays
Maps can be constructed from irregularly sampled data, from
independently contoured and gridded data, and from standard
geometric shapes. Two-dimensional interfaces can also be easily
defined from cross sections. Following initial model construction, the
horizon shapes can be modified by either point or grid editing. Using
this interactive approach, morphology conforming to your expectations
can be quickly achieved.
Three-dimensional geologic models are constructed as a set of seismic
reflectors, faults, and other structural interfaces with their associated
velocities and other physical properties. Velocities may vary both
vertically and laterally, and program defaults assist you in defining
physical properties. Horizon depth can be shifted upon entry into the
model to honor a well control point. Also, any interface can be used
more than once to model, for instance, a layer with constant isopach.
Automatic handling of pinchouts allows you to combine two or more
MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide Landmark
2 Overview Release 5000.0.0
layers to easily model reverse faults, recumbent folds, and necking on
the sides of salt domes. Pinchout characteristics can be assigned to each
layer to ease the model building task. Existing models can be modified
by adding, deleting or replacing horizons, as well as by changing
material properties for any layer. Finally, layers and models can be
constructed in terms of two-way travel time and then converted to depth
by vertical time shift. Conversely, depth models can be converted to
two-way time.
Two-dimensional models are easily constructed and edited through the
use of interactive graphics menus. Layer creation occurs in three ways:
by creating your own layers on the screen using the cursor, by gridding
digitized points files, or by entering a pregridded MIMIC+ layer.
Additionally, two-dimensional models can be created by taking a cross
section of a 3D model.
Throughout MIMIC+ software, graphic display options are available
for viewing structures as contour maps, isopach maps, cross sections,
or three-dimensional perspectives. The ability to produce high quality
hard copies for presentation, analysis, and verification of the structure
are thus explicitly provided for your use. Construction of a three-
dimensional geologic model is a major task. MIMIC+ software has
been written to be a helpful assistant to you so that the job is greatly
simplified. Intermediate results are saved along the way so that the
entire process need not be completed at one time. MIMIC+ software
can markedly improve the accuracy of geologic model construction
while reducing analysis cost through increased productivity.
Features
Contour Mapping
Acceptance of interpreted horizon data from SeisWorks software
via the SeisWorks import tool.
Acceptance of OpenWorks grids via the OpenWorks import
tool.
Acceptance of digitized maps from our QUIKDIG+ program
Acceptance of digital data via the ASCII Import Tool
Fault recognition
Posting and annotation of digitized points, wells, wellbores and
cultural data
Interactive map editing
Interactive grid editing
Landmark MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide
Release 5000.0.0 Overview 3
Geologic Modeling
Interactive model building and modification
On-screen construction of 2D models
2D models defined in 3D space
Cross section editing for 2D layers
Acceptance of digitized cross sections from our QUIKDIG+
program
Acceptance of digital data via the ASCII Import Tool
Laterally varying or constant model properties include:
P-wave velocity
S-wave velocity
Velocity Gradient
Density
Constant velocity with vertical velocity gradients
Preparation of models for QUIK+ raytracing program
Vertical velocity gradients for time models
Color Graphics
Color-fill contour maps
Line mode contour maps
Cross sections
Three-dimensional perspective plots
Scaled hardcopy plots
Ability to dynamically submit hardcopy plots
Dual Head support
Color tool
Other Features
Online help
Dynamic memory allocation
ASCII Formatted layers or models
Report generation
ASCII data Import Tool
OpenWorks data import/export tool
SeisWorks data import tool
SigmaView data import/export tool
Connection to our OpenVision visualization application,
including editing
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4 Overview Release 5000.0.0
Key Words
The terms layer, model, and contour map appear in menus, prompts,
and help files throughout this user manual and the MIMIC+
program. This section defines these terms and the associated term
digital map.
Contour map. A contour map is a representation of some quantity (Z),
in terms of lines of equal Z value (contour lines). Z can be depth,
reflection time, velocity, or any quantity that can be represented as a
function of a coordinate system. A contour map may be drawn by hand
or derived by numerical contouring methods from a digital map.
Digital map. A digital map is a numerical representation of a map,
specifically a contour map, on a uniformly sampled X,Y grid. Digital
maps may be multivalued (several Z values defined for an X,Y) or
incomplete (no Z values defined for an X,Y). In Landmark software,
the term map can mean either an analog planar representation or a
numerical representation.
Layer. A layer is a digital map that is single-valued and continuous to
all edges of a rectangular area. The term layer is used for stratigraphic
or structural interface maps in either depth or time, or for laterally
varying internal velocity, density, vertical gradient fields, or general
Model. An ordered set of depth or time layers with associated geologic
properties, i.e., velocity, density, V
s
/V
p
ratio (the ratio of S-wave
velocity to P-wave velocity), and the P-wave and S-wave quality
factors, Q
a
and Q
b
, respectively. The lateral variation of P-wave
velocity, S-wave velocity, density, and vertical gradients can be
represented as a continuous, single-valued digital map.
Landmark MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide
Release 5000.0.0 Overview 5
Coordinate System and Units
MIMIC+ software provides a coordinate system whose only
requirement is that the system be rectangular and that the edges of the
rectangle be aligned with the axes of the coordinate system. By
convention, the vertical axis (on the screen) is north-south and the
horizontal axis is east-west. The origin of coordinates (0,0) may be at
any map corner or may be outside the map boundaries. Depth can be
defined as either positive or negative downwards. Units are specified in
feet, meters, kilofeet or kilometers, and axis values may increase in
either direction. Time units may be specified in seconds or
milliseconds.
Coordinate System
MIMIC
+
software uses a generalized coordinate system such that:
The east-west direction is horizontal on the screen.
The north-south direction is vertical.
For 3D maps specify the lower left and upper right corners. For 2D
models, models can be defined in distance or in 3D space by
specifying starting and ending coordinates of the 2D model. There
are no restrictions on the map origin location or direction of
increasing values.
The Z-axis can be defined as positive or negative downwards. Z
may represent depth, time, or velocity.
In depth, the Z-axis extends down from the reference plane at
Z=0.
In time, the time axis also extends down, and can be defined as
positive or negative.
Velocity and density are always positive.
Gradients and general layers can have positive or negative
values.
All map views of models or interfaces are in this standard orientation;
the northwest corner is in the upper left.
The reference plane is defined as Z=0. All models are bounded on the
top by the zero depth/time reference plane.
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6 Overview Release 5000.0.0
Coordinate System and Units
Units
Map coordinate units, the N-S and E-W axes, are specified in
kilometers, kilofeet, meters or feet. The Z-axis is specified in
kilometers, kilofeet, meters, or feet for depth, in milliseconds or
seconds for time, and in kilometers per second, kilofeet per second,
meters per second, or feet per second for velocity.
Distance
Two-way time:
Velocity:
Density
English - kilofeet (kft), feet (ft)
Metric - kilometers (km), meters (m)
Seconds (sec), milliseconds (msec)
English - kilofeet per second (kft/sec), feet per second (ft/sec)
Metric - kilometers per second (km/sec), meters per second (m/sec)
Grams per cubic centimeter (gm/cm
3
)
Map View Cross Section View
(looking north)
Z
Positive or
negative
Z axis
East
Take off angle
Units
North
West
South
East
Azimuth measured
clockwise from North
upper
right
lower
left
Easting axis
East-West
Map View
of Area
of Interest
N
o
r
t
h
-
S
o
u
t
h
N
o
r
t
h
i
n
g
a
x
i
s
Landmark MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide
Release 5000.0.0 Overview 7
Density units are grams per cubic centimeter (gm/cm
3
). Density is
specified as a constant, a laterally varying file, or laterally varying
value according to Gardners density law.
Map coordinates and Z-axis can be defined in different unit systems.
For example, a layer with map units defined in meters can have Z units
defined in feet. However, once you define map units and Z-axis units
for one layer, you must define the units of all layers and velocity maps
within that model in the same manner. Once the coordinate system is
defined, all prompts and plots are in the defined coordinates.
2D Definition
2D files can be defined by one of two methods. The first method is by
distance. You define the length of the model between the two end
points. The origin of the 2D file is 0 at the left end of the model. The
2D file is always considered to be horizontal and has no reference into
any 3D space. The second method is to define the 2D file in 3D space
by entering the starting and ending coordinates (N-S, E-W).
Orientation of the 2D file is based on the defined coordinates. 2D files
defined in 3D space can be displayed in the OpenVision visualization
tool if the tool is active. 2D files defined in distance cannot be
displayed in OpenVision software.
MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide Landmark
8 Overview Release 5000.0.0
File Names and File Types
During a MIMIC+ modeling sequence, you can generate as output or
require as input many different types of data files. Descriptions of these
file types are described in this section as are Landmark's file-naming
conventions.
File Types
Color Spectrum Files (.spc, .clm, .rgb)
This formatted input file contains color cell definitions for the color
spectrum to use in MIMIC+ displays. An example of a spectrum file
name is Rainbow42.spc..spc files are a 42 color spectrum. SeisWorks
spectrums (.clm) and ProMAX spectrums (.rgb) can also be read in to
define the applications colormap. Both the SeisWorks and
ProMAX spectrums are a 64 color spectrum.
Data Size Files (.DSZ)
This is a formatted file that defines the startup memory needed by the
program. This file can be generated from the Data Size Menu.
Depth Layer Files (.DEP, .DPF)
Depth layer files have a .DEP suffix and are binary files. A .DPF suffix
represents a formatted depth layer. These files contain a uniformly
gridded depth surface, created by migration, used for model updates.
An example of a depth map file name is REEF02.DEP.
Digitized Points Files (.DIG, .DG2, .DV3, .DV2)
Points files have a .DIG suffix (3D) or a .DG2 suffix (2D) and are
formatted files. These files contain the X, Y, Z data necessary as input
for gridding a property (velocity, density, or gradient) map or depth
layer along with X, Y fault data associated with the layer. The
.DV3/.DV2 velocity points files, which may be created from SIVA+,
share the same format as the .DIG/.DG2 files, but contain velocity data
points exclusively. An example of a digitized points file name is
NORTH_SEA01.DIG.
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Release 5000.0.0 Overview 9
General Layer Files (.NFI, .NFF)
General layer files have a .NFI suffix and are binary files. A .NFF
suffix represents a formatted general layer. These files contain a
uniformly gridded surface. There is no unit definition for the Z
variable. The file can only be created in grid operations or in layer
definition. An example of a general map file name is
GENERAL01.NFI.
Grid Edit Patch Files (.PCP)
This file is a formatted file which contains a subset of a layer as
required for Grid Edit. See page 71.
Log Files (.LOG)
A log file contains the menus and prompts presented by MIMIC+
software, and your responses to these menus and prompts. This file
type is helpful for use as input to a later MIMIC+ session or for
documenting a particular path. Note that unlike the previous file types,
the LOG file can be overwritten. To keep a particular LOG file, rename
it before creating a different one. An example log file is MIMIC.LOG.
Model Files (.MOD, .MDF)
Binary depth or time model files have a .MOD suffix while model files
with a .MDF suffix are ASCII formatted files. These files contain
model information, such as velocities, densities, times/depths, and
faults, for an ordered set of layers, plus useful header information. An
example of a model file name is FRENCH01.MOD.
Prespecified Layer Files
These files contain contour map data that have already been processed
through a surface fitting routine. To be read by the MIMIC+
program, this data must be stored as a formatted (alphanumeric) file.
MIMIC+ software will reformat the data to be MIMIC+
compatible.
MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide Landmark
10 Overview Release 5000.0.0
Property Layer Files (.VEL, .VLF, .DEN, .DEF, .VKS, .VKF)
Velocity layer files with a .VEL suffix are binary files and velocity files
with a .VLF suffix are ASCII formatted files. These files contain
gridded velocity information for a single geologic interval. These files
are used to specify laterally variable velocities. An example of a
velocity layer file name is HISPEED01.VEL. Density layer files with
.DEN suffix are binary files and density files with .DEF suffix are
ASCII formatted files. Vertical velocity gradient files with a .VKS
suffix are binary files and files with .VKF suffix are ASCII formatted
vertical velocity files. Variable density and gradient files contain
gridded property information for a single geologic interval.
Report Files (.REP)
You have the option of writing header information from layer or model
files along with subsets of depth values into a formatted file. This is
useful documentation of the results of model or layer construction. See
Reports for a complete description of reports.
Report Window Files (.RPT)
Any information that is displayed to the MIMIC+ Report Window can
be saved to a formatted file. Information about models, maps, layers
and raypath files can be displayed in the report window. For example,
the name of a report file containing information on the
FRENCH01.MOD model file may be FRENCH_MODEL.RPT
Time Layer Files (.TIM, .TMF)
MIMIC+ time layer files with a .TIM suffix are binary files, time
files with a .TMF suffix are ASCII formatted files. You can create a
time patch from a .TIM file using the Header Correction (HC) option in
the Layer Edit portion of RAYMAP+ software.
Wellbore Files (.WBR)
Wellbore files are an ASCII file denoted with the suffix .WBR or
.WBF. All data is in user defined units. They can be displayed in cross
sections, P3, contour maps, and OpenVision software. A wellbore
file can be read in for multiple wells for overposting on a display. An
example of a wellbore file is WELLBORE01.WBR.
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Release 5000.0.0 Overview 11
Wells Files (.DAT)
Wells files have a .DAT suffix. A wells file can be read in for
overposting on a display. An example of a wells file is WELLS01.DAT.
File-Naming Conventions
As you perform modeling and mapping activities in MIMIC+
software, many different file types are created. To avoid confusion and
increase efficiency, MIMIC+ software controls the names of files it
creates through standardized file extensions and versioning. When you
need a particular type of file, the program can quickly locate all those
available. This becomes significant when you want to read in a data
file. MIMIC+ software understands the type of file your activity
demands. The program presents a list of all the files matching that task,
for instance, velocity data. It does this by searching for all files having a
particular suffix.
In addition to the suffix supplied by the program, files created in
MIMIC+ software need a user-defined prefix. For example, after you
build a new depth layer, the following question appears:
What depth layer (.DEP) should be written?
At the same time the prompt line tells you to enter the file name prefix.
Use a meaningful prefix, such as an abbreviation of the prospect or
horizon name. MIMIC+ software automatically appends a sequential
version number, between 01 and 99, and the suffix DEP, which
identifies a depth file. Whatever prefix you choose to help keep track of
your modeling effort, it becomes part of the file-naming system used in
MIMIC+ software and other Landmark applications. This system
ensures that MIMIC+ software and the other programs can
distinguish among the types of data in files.
.
File Type Name*
Binary or
Formatted
3D digitized points PREFIXnn.DIG formatted
2D digitized points PREFIXnn.DG2 formatted
3D digitized velocity points PREFIXnn.DV3 formatted
2D digitized velocity points PREFIXnn.DV2 formatted
Prespecified layer user specified formatted
MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide Landmark
12 Overview Release 5000.0.0
Depth layer PREFIXnn.DEP binary
Depth layer PREFIXnn.DPF formatted
Velocity layer PREFIXnn.VEL binary
Velocity layer PREFIXnn.VLF formatted
Time layer PREFIXnn.TIM binary
Time layer PREFIXnn.TMF formatted
Density layer PREFIXnn.DEN binary
Density layer PREFIXnn.DEF formatted
Gradient layer PREFIXnn.VKS binary
Gradient layer PREFIXnn.VKF formatted
Grid edit patch points PREFIXnn.PCP formatted
Model PREFIXnn.MOD binary
Model PREFIXnn.MDF formatted
General layer PREFIXnn.NFI binary
General layer PREFIXnn.NFF formatted
Data size PREFIXnn.DSZ formatted
Color spectrum PREFIXnn.spc formatted
Report PREFIXnn.REP formatted
Report Window PREFIXnn.RPT formatted
Log MIMIC.LOG formatted
Wellbore PREFIXnn.WBR formatted
Wells PREFIXnn.DAT formatted
Key:PREFIX = User-defined prefix
nn = Program-defined version number (01-99)
DIG = Program-defined file extension
File Type Name*
Binary or
Formatted
Landmark MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide
Release 5000.0.0 Overview 13
Menu Overview
The majority of your interaction with MIMIC+ software occurs with
the MIMIC
+
Menu Window. The first menu is the MIMIC
+
Main
Menu. This is also the menu that you return to after completing major
subtasks of the model building process.
Main Menu
Commands allow you to create layers, modify those layers, insert
layers in a model, make model corrections, and build and edit 2D
models. In addition, four display and output commands are available
allowing you to create contour maps, cross sections, 3D perspective
plots, and reports on a model or layer. Finally, there is a command to
reset the sizes of the internal data storage in MIMIC+ software; this
command provides you with flexibility in customizing computer
memory for your particular needs.
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14 Overview Release 5000.0.0
Menu Commands
Setup Menu Commands
L Layer entry. Use this L command to access the Layer Setup Menu to define
your map (depth, time, or velocity).
LC Layer correction. Select the LC command to access the Layer Correction
Command Menu in order to modify layers, including interactive editing of
contour maps.
M Model entry. Use M to construct 3D time or depth models from maps created
in layer entry or layer correction.
MC Model creation and correction. Use MC if you want to modify existing time
or depth models or build new models from existing layers.
M2 2D editor/model builder. Select M2 for construction and interactive editing
of 2D models, including layer definition.
CM Contour map. Select CM to make a plot of a layer (or layer in a model) using
a color-fill or line contour map. See Line Contour Maps.
CS Cross section. By selecting CS, you can display a vertical cross section view
of a model or layer. See Menu Commands..
P3 3D perspective plot. Use the P3 command to view a three-dimensional view
of a model or layer. See Surface Display for 3D Perspective Plots.
RP Report on a model or layer file. Selecting RP lists information on a model or
layer, and allows writing of formatted model files. See Reports.
SU Setup definitions. Selecting SU brings up the Setup Menu. The
available options are as follows:
DS Data sizes. The DS command allows you to access a menu containing the
storage allocation parameters for MIMIC+ software. You can change the
amount of space allocated for model and layer sizes, fault sizes and data points
for the gridder. The IO command allows you to write out a data size file that
can be used to configure memory at startup time or read a data size menu to
setup desired memory parameters.
LS Layer selection for model is. Toggle between
Alphameric and Graphics to define how you want to select layers for
the model. The default is Alphameric.
CL Color-spectrum-line thickness selection is. Select CL to define how
you wish to select colors, spectrums, or line thicknesses. The default is
Graphics. If toggled to Alphanumeric, you will be asked to select a
color by number instead of a color palette.
RV Restore all global parameters to original values. Select RV to reset
all persistent variables that were set to desired values to their original
values.
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Release 5000.0.0 Overview 15
Workflow Overview
All MIMIC+ software functions are accessed from the Main Menu.
The display functions: Contour Map, Cross Section, 3D Perspective
Plot, and Report
are available here and also from all other major menus.
Five of these activities are available only through the MIMIC
+
Main
Menu. The display functions are accessible through the MIMIC
+
Main
Menu and also from the menus for each of the first four activities.
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
LAYER ENTRY
Creation of time, depth or property
layers by combining geometric
shapes
Surface fitting of 2D and 3D layers
Reformatting of non-Sierra files
DISPLAY FUNCTIONS
LAYER CORRECTION
Interactive map editing
Interactive grid editing
Correction of layer file header info.
Grid Operations
Extraction of layers from models
Surface interpolation
DISPLAY FUNCTIONS
Contour maps
Cross sections
3D perspective plots
Layer and model reports
Report
DISPLAY FUNCTIONS
MODEL CREATION AND CORRECTION
Structural modification
Correction of model file header information
Conversion of two-way travel time models to
depth models by vertical shift
Conversion of depth models to two-way
travel time models
Surface interpolation, Static Shift
Generation of 2D model from 3D model
Insertion of layers into 2D or 3D models
Assignment of material properties for layers
User-defined pinchout characteristics
2D EDITOR/MODEL BUILDER
Interactive creation of 2D models
Interactive editing of 2D layers in time,
, density, gradient, or velocity
Correction of model file header information
Insertion of time or depth layers in a 2D
DISPLAY FUNCTIONS
DISPLAY FUNCTIONS
depth
model
.
MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide Landmark
16 Overview Release 5000.0.0
2D
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
MC Model correction
MODEL CORRECTION
COMMAND MENU
Write output model file
STRUCTURAL
MODIFICATION MENU
LINE END POINTS
DEFINITION MENU
Select input time/depth
model file name:
HC SM TD
DT,SS,SI
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
M Model entry
LAYER ENTRY MENU
Write output model file
Physical
Properties
specification
MODEL HEADER
CORRECTION MENU
WR
Viewing options
Report
Viewing options
Report
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
M2 2D editor/model builder
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Release 5000.0.0 Overview 17
FO
LAYER COMMAND MENU
FORMS SHAPE
COMMAND MENU
Select 2D or 3D digitized
data points file name:
Select input 2D digitized
data points file name:
GR/GF L2
Select 2D or 3D
data points file name:
Write output layer file
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
LC Layer correction
LAYER CORRECTION
COMMAND MENU
GE HC OP EM LE
LAYER HEADER
CORRECTION MENU
MAP EDIT MENU
CONTOUR MAP MENU
GRID OPERATIONS
COMMAND MENU
Select input layer
file name:
Select input TIME OR
DEPTH MODE Lfile name:
SI
Write output layer file
Viewing options
Report
External Mapping
Program Layer File
Contour Map or
Cross Section
Digitized data points file
No Map
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
L Layer entry
Viewing options
Report
PS
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
M Model entry
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18 Overview Release 5000.0.0
Complete geologic model
ready for raytracing in QUIK+
or stratigraphic interpolation
in QUIKWELL+
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
M2 2D editor/model builder
2D MODEL EDITOR MENU
GRAPHICS
WINDOW MENU
2D LAYER
INPUT MENU
LAYER ENTRY
MENU
MODEL HEADER
CORRECTION MENU
ED
DE
AD LR HC
CS only
Write output model file
Viewing options
Report
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Release 5000.0.0 Starting MIMIC+ Software 19
Starting MIMIC+ Software
The command used to start MIMIC+ software may vary slightly,
depending on your computer environment and the manner of
installation. Typically, MIMIC+ software can be started in interactive
mode by simply typing
MIMIC
Please see your system administrator or the Sierra Release Notes for
more information.
If the Sierra Application Launcher (SAL) is actively can select the
MIMIC+ application icon for startup. To activate SAL, type
SAL
For more information on the Sierra Application Launcher, please see
the Sierra Products Utilities Guide.
Regardless of which operating system you use, when running
interactively (without the batch command), MIMIC+ software
creates two windows: the MIMIC
+
Graphics Window and the MIMIC
+
Menu Window. These two windows allow you to interact with
MIMIC+ software to execute commands, set parameters, and direct
program flow. You can arrange your screen work space so that both
windows are always viewable.
There are three basic ways to alter the behavior of MIMIC+ software
at start up:
Add arguments on the command line (the line that is entered to
start up MIMIC+ software) to allow you to run the program in
non-interactive mode or control when and how much space
MIMIC+ software allocates.
As an alternative to the previous method, the .wconfig file can be
used to control the behavior and size of memory. Also the default
units (feet, meters, kilofeet, kilometers) can be set, and the default
company name, which is used to label hardcopy plots, can be
defined with the .wconfig file.
Use an application resource default file to set Motif features, such
as font, window color, and the size of windows.
MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide Landmark
20 Starting MIMIC+ Software Release 5000.0.0
The use of these three methods, other than batch mode, is discussed
more completely the Sierra Products Configuration Manual. Please
also refer to the Sierra Products Utilities Guide for information on
the Sierra Application Launcher (SAL) and easy ways to customize the
start up behavior of MIMIC+ software.
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Release 5000.0.0 Starting MIMIC+ Software 21
Batch Mode
MIMIC+ software can be run non-interactively, taking all of its input
from a file; this mode is referred to as batch. Batch mode is typically
used when there are repetitive compute-intensive tasks to be
accomplished. It is more typically used in the QUIK
+
raytracing codes
than in MIMIC+ software. In batch mode, MIMIC+ software does
not create any interactive windows; in fact, it does not even access any
of the Motif graphical user interface. It can be run on a simple text
terminal or in a text terminal emulator, such as an xterm.
Batch mode can be started using a command line of
MIMIC -batch batch_file_name
Batch_file_name, the parameter after -batch, is the name of the file
containing the commands to be executed by MIMIC+ software. In
batch mode, the command interpreter in MIMIC+ software interprets
any batch file line that begins with an exclamation point as a comment.
Any other line is considered to be one or several commands.
The commands needed for a batch run are the same as those used for
keyboard command and parameter entry. When running interactively,
parameters for many menus can be directly entered using the text field
boxes. When running in batch mode, these parameters must be entered
at the keyboard command line, using the commands associated with the
parameters. The command to be used is the one- or two-letter
mnemonic on the left of the parameter field on the menu.
The sample command file in shows the commands that must be in a
command file to set parameters in the Layer Setup Menu to create a
depth map of an area that spans an E-W range from 10.2 to 22.5
kilometers, and a N-S range from -68.4 to -40 kilometers. Comments
are indicated by lines starting with the exclamation mark (!); and, for
this example, the commands are in boldface.
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22 Starting MIMIC+ Software Release 5000.0.0
The following is a file containing commands needed for setting
parameters in the Layer Setup Menu in a batch run.
This command file could be used in a batch mode execution of
MIMIC+ software or as the file used with the Read Log File...
command, which is described later in this section. Also, these
commands could be typed in at the keyboard command line.
The Log All command, which is described later in this section, can be
used to create a command file, which, when run in batch mode, will
perform the same operations as was performed interactively. This file
can be edited with any standard text editor to change the operations that
MIMIC+ software will perform, if desired.
Note that a batch command file must include the command to stop
execution of the run. Therefore, at the end of each batch command file
the command
ST Y
should be inserted to properly stop the execution of MIMIC+
software.
! create a map in current working area
!
! first, execute the L command from the MIMIC+ main menu
! to get to the Layer Setup Menu
!
L
!
! now use the commands in the Layer Setup Menu
! to define the parameters of the Layer
!
! set lateral units to kilometers
MU KM
! set the layer boundaries
CD -40 10.2 -68.4 22.5
! proceed to the Layer Command Menu
OK
...
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Release 5000.0.0 Starting MIMIC+ Software 23
Interactive Mode
The interactive mode consists of using a keyboard and window to
interact with MIMIC+ software. It is different from the batch mode
in that commands are entered on the MIMIC+ software menu
command line, through the selection of command buttons on a
MIMIC+ text or graphic window, or on the system command line.
Regardless of which operating system you use, when running
interactively, MIMIC+ software creates two windows:
MIMIC+ Menu Window
MIMIC
+
Graphics Window
These two windows allow you to interact with MIMIC+ software to
execute commands, set parameters, and direct program flow. You can
arrange your screen work space so that both windows are always
viewable.
Interactive Startup Command
To start MIMIC+ software in an interactive mode:
1. Type MIMIC in the command line.
2. Press Return.
To start MIMIC+ software in an interactive mode from SAL:
1. Type sal to initiate the Sierra Applications Launcher.
2. Select MIMIC+ icon.
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24 Starting MIMIC+ Software Release 5000.0.0
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Release 5000.0.0 Building Contour Maps 25
Building Contour Maps
Digital geologic models have many important applications in
exploration, including prospect evaluation, seismic raytracing, gravity
and potential field modeling, field data acquisition, and reservoir
calculations. Most importantly, models allow you to visualize and
better understand 3D spatial relationships that may otherwise be
difficult to comprehend. The MIMIC+ program is a powerful tool for
easy and efficient building of digital models of complex, 3D geologic
structures. MIMIC+ software helps you to augment the numerical
capabilities of the computer with your own expertise. Acceptance of
interpreted horizon data from SeisWorks via the SeisWorks import tool.
MIMIC+ software allows:
Acceptance of OpenWorks grids via the OpenWorks import
tool.
Acceptance of digitized maps from our QUIKDIG+ program
Acceptance of digital data via the ASCII Import Tool
Fault recognition
Posting and annotation of digitized points, wells, wellbores and
cultural data
Interactive map editing
Interactive grid editing
MIMIC+ Software Reference Guide Landmark
26 Building Contour Maps Release 5000.0.0
Setting Layer Parameters
A MIMIC+ 3D layer is a digital contour map that is continuous to all
sides of a rectangular area. A MIMIC+ 2D layer is a digital curve
that is continuous between specified starting and ending coordinates.
Because MIMIC+ software can define a variety of maps, map values
are referred to as Z-values. Before layer creation begins, the layer
parameters must be defined.
Layer parameters are reset by reading in a layer or model file. For
example, if you use any of the display options, such as Contour Map or
Report, the layer parameters are set to those of the most recent layer or
model read in for those commands. Thus, to ensure that new layers
have the same parameters as an existing layer, read the existing layer
using a display option and then accept the parameters shown on the
Layer Setup Menu by entering APPLY.
It is recommended that you create 2D layers and models using the
2D Editor/Model Builder.
After you select the Layer Entry (L) command from the MIMIC+ Main
Menu, the Layer Setup Menu is displayed.
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Release 5000.0.0 Building Contour Maps 27
Layer Setup Menu
Select input 3D digitized
data point file name
SIERRA GRIDDING CONTROL MENU
LE
MX
SM
FS
SD
DP
RV
Number of levels for gridding
Maximum number of iterations to
determine solution at each level
Relative smoothing for each level
Fault smoothing
Smoothing distance away from faults
Display detailed surface parameters
Reset parameters to calculated defaults
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
L Layer entry
LAYER SETUP MENU
DM
MR
MU
MT
ZU
ZD
Dimensionality
Map resolution (number of grid nodes)
Map units
Map type
DEPTH units
DEPTH direction is POSITIVE downwards
LAYER COMMAND MENU
FO
GF
L2
PS
Geometric forms
Surface gridding (points and faults)
Grid a layer with 2D symmetry
Pre-specified layer
PRESPECIFIED 3D
LAYER OPTION MENU
SK
SF
LO
FO
RO
Skip 0 lines of header
Scale factor
- Z data is assumed to be in KF
Location of (0.0,0.0) corner is NW
Read format
Read order
PRISM SHAPE COMMAND MENU
FL
PL
HS
CO
EL
Flat layer
Sloping plane
Hemisphere
Right cone
Half an ellipsoid
FORMS SHAPE COMMAND MENU
FL
PL
HS
CO
EL
PY
PR
FI
P3
RS
Flat layer
Sloping plane
Hemisphere
Right cone
Half an ellipsoid
Pyramid with N-sided base
Truncate a shape with an N-sided prism
Shape commands are in a file (first call)
or at the end of that file (second call)
3-dimensional perspective plot of
current layer
Restore previous shape
RELATIONSHIP CHOICE MENU
Add current shape to existing form
Replace existing shape with current shape
Discard current shape
A
R
D
Select input 2D
data point file name
APPLY
FL
PL
HS
CO
EL
PY
FO
GF
L2
PS
PR
Display Functions
CD Map coordinates
RP RePort on data points file
GF(2D)
SA Select Area of interest
GS Grid spacing
CC Convert coordinates is
CC Close/clean all faults
CM Contour map of current layer
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28 Building Contour Maps Release 5000.0.0
Menu Commands
DM Dimensionality. Use the DM command to change from 3D to 2D or
from 2D to 3D.
SA Select area of interest. Use SA to extract parameter information for a
layer from SeisWorks software (if available), a digitized points file (the
minimum and maximum spatial coordinates are determined), or another
layer or model file.
CD Map coordinates. For 3D layers, enter data for the lower left corner (N-
S, E-W) and upper right corner (N-S, E-W). For 2D layers, enter the
starting and ending coordinates if 2D model defined in 3D space; other-
wise enter the distance or length of the 2D model. When defining a 2D
layer, first select the MR command, and set the map resolution for N-S
equal to 5 or toggle the DM command to 2D.
DS Distance. This command is only available of the layer is 2D. User
defines the length or distance of the 2D layer.
MR Map resolution (number of grid nodes). Use the MR text fields to
change the number of grid nodes; enter the number of grid points for N-
S and E-W. DN-S and DE-W are calculated based upon the resolution
numbers you set. When defining a 2D layer, set the resolution for N-S
equal to 5 or toggle the DM command to 2D.
GS Grid spacing. Use GS to set the grid spacing for the layer. The number
of rows and columns is determined from the entry.
CC Convert coordinates. Use CC for spatial unit conversion of grid spac-
ing and map coordinates. This command toggles On or Off. If On and
you change the units of measure, from meters to feet for example, the
spatial units are converted accordingly. If Off, spatial coordinates and
grid spacing are not changed.
MU Map units. Select the MU command to change the units for the map
coordinates. Choices are kilometers, kilofeet, meters or feet.
MT Map type. Use the MT command to change the layer type to either time,
depth, velocity, density, gradient or a general type.
ZU Depth/Time/Velocity units. To change the units for the Z-axis, use the
ZU command. Measurement choices are:
For depth:kilofeet, feet, kilometers, or meters
For time:seconds and milliseconds
For velocity: kilometers per second, kilofeet per second, meters per sec-
ond, and feet per second
For density:grams/cubic centimeter
For gradient (time defined), general:none
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After you have set all layer parameters at the Layer Setup Menu, select
APPLY to display the Layer Command Menu.
ZD Z-axis direction. Use this command to change the Z-axis from positive
to negative downwards. Velocity, density, gradient and general must
always be positive downwards.
RP Report on data points file. You select a data points file and a statistical
report on the file will be presented.
APPLY Go to Layer Command Menu. Select APPLY to accept the current
parameters and display the Layer Command Menu. The
commands at this menu are discussed in the following sections of this
chapter.
CANCEL Return to previous menu. Selecting CANCEL returns you to the
MIMIC+ Command Menu without creating a layer.
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30 Building Contour Maps Release 5000.0.0
Creating and Gridding Layers
From the Layer Command Menu you can perform the following:
Create layers by combining geometric shapes using the FO
command.
Grid 3D digitized points files using the GF and hidden GR
commands.
Grid 2D digitized points files using the GF command.
Use an output file from a non-Landmark mapping program to
create a layer using the PS command.
Layer Command Menu
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Release 5000.0.0 Building Contour Maps 31
Creating Layers by Combining Geometric Shapes
To create layers by combining geometric shapes, select the Geometric
Forms Command (FO) from the Layer Command Menu. Select Yes to
create shapes on a previously existing layer. After you respond, the
Forms Shape Command Menu is shown. Use the following steps to
create a new shape.
To create a layer:
1. Choose a shape command.
2. Provide the input.
3. Define the relationship of the shape to the developing layer.
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32 Building Contour Maps Release 5000.0.0
Geometric shapes defined using the forms command: a) flat surface;
b) sloping plane; c) hemisphere; d) right cone; e) half an ellipsoid; f) pyramid with 5-
sided base; g) 4-sided prism truncating hemisphere (dome).
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One semi-major axis and one semi-minor axis define the extent of the shape in the
XY plane. A second semi-minor axis defines a length in the Z direction. A rotation
angle is specified between the first ellipsoid axis entered and the N-S axis.
0,0
5 kf
10 kf
E-W
N-S
10 kf
5 kf
0,0
-5 kf
10 kf
E-W
N-S
5 kf
3 kf
3 kf
4.3 kf
-35
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34 Building Contour Maps Release 5000.0.0
Forms Shape Command Menu
In MIMIC+ software you can combine geometric shapes to form
new layers or add geometric shapes to existing layers to model complex
structures. For example, you can add a dipping plane to an existing
layer to simulate tilting when deposition occurred, or you can add an
ellipsoid to build the core of an anticline. A single layer can be
composed of one or a combination of shapes. Time, depth or velocity
layers can be created is a flow chart for the Forms command.
Besides the seven shape commands in the Forms Shape Command
Menu, you can perform other activities: read commands from a
command file (execute mode), write a forms layer to disk, view the
current form in 3D perspective, or restore the previous form.
Menu Commands
FL Flat layer. To create a flat layer, enter the distance above or below the
reference plane.
PL Sloping plane. To create a sloping plane, input the N-S, E-W, and Z
coordinates of three non-colinear points through which the plane
passes.
HS Hemisphere. This is not the radius of the hemisphere, but the radius of
the circular projection as seen in map view. To keep the layer single-val-
ued, the height must be less than or equal to the circular radius.To create
a hemisphere, you will be prompted to enter the following:
(1) D or B to define the hemisphere as a dome or basin.
(2) Height from the reference plane to the apex of the hemisphere.
(3) Horizontal distance along the reference plane from the center of the
hemisphere, to its intersection with the plane.
(4) N-S, E-W coordinates of the center of the circular projection of the
hemisphere.
CO Right cone. To create a right cone, you will be prompted to enter the
following:
(1) Direction of the cone point, up or down.
(2) Height of the cone.
(3) Radius of the base.
(4) N-S, E-W coordinates of the center of the base.
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EL Half an ellipsoid. To create an ellipsoid, you will be prompted to enter
the following:
(1) Orientation: mound (projecting up) or trench (projecting down).
(2) Length of the semi-major and two semi-minor axes.
Assume that the semi-major axis and the first semi-minor axis lie in the
XY plane and that the second semi-minor axis defines a length in the Z
direction (depth or time).
(3) Angle between the first ellipsoid axis and the N-S axis (in degrees).
(4) N-S, E-W coordinates of the center.
PY Pyramid with an N-sided base. To create an N-sided base, you will be
prompted to enter the following:
(1) N-S, E-W, and Z coordinates of the apex of the pyramid.
(2) Number of sides of the pyramid.
(3) N-S, E-W coordinates, in order, of the vertices of the pyramid base.
PR Truncate a shape with an N-sided prism. To truncate the shape, you
will be prompted to enter the following:
(1) Number of sides of the prism (N).
(2) N-S, E-W coordinates, in order, of the vertices of the prism base on
the reference plane (2 N numbers).
(3) Shape command (FL, PL, HS, CO or EL) for the geometric shape
to be truncated.
(4) Required inputs for the shape requested in step 3.
The PR command is extremely important since it allows pieces of the
other shapes to be put into the layer.
FI Shape commands are in a file (first call) or end of that file (second
call). Select this command and when prompted by the File Selection
Window, click on the name of the file containing forms commands.
Commands in this file are used to read and continue Forms processing.
Your terminal will be tied up during this time.
The last command in the file must be either FO or APPLY. In the first
case, program flow returns to the Forms Shape Command Menu for fur-
ther processing. The second case, described next, involves writing the
new layer file to disk.
CM Contour map of current layer. Select CM to make a plot of the current
layer using a color-fill or line contour map. See Color-Fill Contour
Maps and Line Contour Maps.
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P3 3-dimensional perspective plot of current layer. At any time
during layer creation, you can select this command to generate a plot and
view the current layer. Rotation of viewing angles to 90,0 gives you
access to contour map plots. See 3D Perspective Plots for more infor-
mation.
RS Restore previous shape. If the most recent form you added is incorrect,
use the RS command to recover the previous form. RS cannot always
recover a replaced form.
APPLY Write forms layer to disk. The current layer is saved in a disk file.
When prompted, enter the output layer file name prefix and some identi-
fying information (maximum of 80 characters). An
appropriate suffix (.DEP, .TIM, or .VEL) will be added to the
prefix to create a file name.
CANCEL Return to layer command level. Select CANCEL to redisplay the
Layer Command Menu.
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Relationship Choice Menu
After creating a geometric form, it is necessary that you define the
relationship of that form to the developing layer. Three alternatives
exist on the Relationship Choice Menu for defining the relationship
between a form and the layer:
adding the form to the existing layer,
replacing the previous layers non-zero values with the current
form
discarding the form without altering the existing layer morphology
You can construct a single layer using a combination of geometric
forms. As forms are combined, two factors affect the resulting layer:
the vertical distance of the form from the reference plane, and the
decision to add to or replace the current form. The currently active form
can also be discarded without altering the existing layer morphology.
The simplest way to show the difference between the add and replace
options is by the following example:
1. Use the Geometric Forms (FO) command on the Layer Command
Menu to modify existing time, depth, or velocity layers created
through gridding or through your own mapping program. For
example, you can introduce the effect of regional dip by adding a
sloping plane to the current structure.
2. MIMIC+ software adds or replaces forms only over the region
of non-zero Z-values of the form itself. For example, a dome
modifies a layer only over the area of its circular projection.
3. The Replace (R) command replaces any or all of the existing layer
shapes with the current form in the region of nonzero Z-values.
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Adding versus replacing shapes when building a layer
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Building the Top Layer, French Model Using Forms
The Forms option can be used to build the top layer of the French
Model. Flat planes, prisms, a sloping plane, and hemispheres are
combined using both the Add and Replace options.
1. Select the Layer Entry (L) command from the MIMIC+ Main
Menu.
2. At the MR command in the Layer Setup Menu, enter 81 for both
the N-S and E-W map resolution.
3. At the CD command set the lower-left coordinates to 8.212, 0.0
and the upper-right coordinates to 0.0, 8.212. Also, check that map
units (MU) is set to kilofeet, map type (MT) is set to depth, depth
units (ZU) is set to kilofeet, and depth direction (ZD) is set to
negative downwards.
4. Then select APPLY to display the Layer Command Menu.
5. Initialize the geometric forms option. Select the FO command on
the Layer Command Menu. Build a flat layer by entering the FL
command from the Forms Shape Command Menu. When
prompted for a vertical shift, enter a depth of -1.412 kft. When the
Relationship Choice Menu appears, select R for replace. On the
Forms Shape Command Menu use the P3 command to generate a
3D plot. When the Perspective Plot Menu appears, select APPLY.
Select CANCEL at this 3D plot menu and return to the Forms
Shape Command Menu.
6. Build a fault plane rising from the flat layer. Return to the Forms
Shape Command Menu and select the PR command. When
prompted for the number of points defining the prism base, enter 4.
Enter the corner coordinates in a clockwise direction for the base
of the four-sided prism.
7. To give the evolving fault plane some definition, fill the prism with
a sloping plane. Note that the back side of the fault plane cannot be
vertical since every surface must be single-valued in depth, time,
or velocity at all points. When the Prism Shape Command Menu is
displayed, select the PL command, and list the coordinates for a
sloping plane. Set the vertical shift of the filled prism to Z = 0.0.
Replace the filled prism onto the existing flat plane by entering R
from the Relationship Choice Menu. Use the P3 and APPLY
commands to view the result.
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8. Define the upthrown side of the fault. Create a three-sided prism
by selecting the PR command from the Forms Shape Command
Menu, and enter the coordinates. Fill the prism with a flat plane by
selecting the FL command from the Prism Shape Command
Menu, and enter a vertical shift of Z = -0.757 kft. Select R at the
Relationship Choice Menu to replace the prism onto the current
layer. Use the P3 and APPLY commands to plot the result.
CANCEL and return to the Forms Shape Command Menu.
9. Add two hemispherical domes to your existing layer. Select the HS
command from the Forms Shape Command Menu, and define the
hemisphere as a dome by entering D. Enter a height of 0.566 and a
radius of 1.720. Build the domes at the reference elevation, by
entering a vertical shift of Z = 0.0. Add the domes to the
developing layer by selecting A from the Relationship Choice
Menu. After adding both domes, save the new layer by selecting
the APPLY command from the Forms Shape Command Menu.
View your completed layer by using the P3 and APPLY
commands.
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Construction of the top layer of the French Model
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42 Building Contour Maps Release 5000.0.0
Gridding Layers
Gridding 2D Layers
The GF command on the Layer Command Menu allows you to create
2D layers. A smooth curve is fit through the digitized points to create a
regularly sampled layer.
The curve fitting algorithm used in MIMIC+ software is the
weighted average slope algorithm. The curve obtained with this method
does not overshoot or undershoot input data point values, since the
algorithm requires that all curve maxima and minima be at input data
locations. The algorithm maintains continuity of the fit and continuity
of slope at all points. The resulting curve is much smoother than one
produced by linear interpolation and will not ring (overshoot) like
curves produced by cubic spline. A fault point in the input data will
cause GF to create a discontinuity in the curve at the fault. Toggle
Dimensionality (DM) to 2-D and click APPLY on the Layer Setup
Menu.
To create a 2D layer from a 2D digitized points file:
1. Select the GF command from the Layer Command Menu.
2. Select a 2D digitized points file name. Gridding then proceeds
uninterrupted until completed.
3. Enter an output file name followed by a line of text describing the
file.
Gridding 3D Layers
The Sierra Gridding Method is one of two gridding algorithms
available for gridding 3D points files to create 3D layers. Use L2 to
create 3D layers with 2D (cylindrical) symmetry. In the 3D case,
visualize the defining cross-section as a perfect dip cross section.
MIMIC+ software prompts you to specify whether the defining
curve runs east-west or north-south. Only layers with symmetry
parallel to an axis can be defined. This algorithm has been hidden
because it is not appropriate for a vast majority of input data points
files, but may be useful in certain specific cases.
The second algorithm available for gridding 3D points files is the
Akima algorithm, which can only be accessed by entering GR. This
algorithm has been hidden because it is not appropriate for a vast
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majority of input data points files, but may be useful in certain specific
cases.
The Sierra gridder handles complex geologic surfaces, surfaces that
contain faults, or surfaces derived from a grid of seismic lines. A fault
is defined here as the trace of a fault on the horizon in map view. Faults
are treated by the Sierra gridder as a discontinuity in the surface.
The Sierra gridder fits irregularly sampled data points to a smooth,
regularly sampled surface defined at a rectangular grid of nodes. The
gridder is based on an inverse interpolation method. The essential
feature of this gridder is that the input surface values can be expressed
as linear combinations of the Z-values at nearby grid nodes. This is
accomplished by using a linear equation that relates an input Z-value to
36 surrounding grid nodes of unknown Z-value. The 36 points must be
adjacent with no intervening faults. Where faults do intervene in a
given set of points, points on opposite sides of faults are not used.
Finally, the Z-values at the grid nodes are determined by inverting the
system of linear equations formed by all of the input digitized points.
The Sierra gridder first defines a very coarse map, then maps with finer
and finer grids until the desired output is reached. These coarse-to-fine
steps are referred to as levels. At each level, the gridder does a number
of iterations to converge to an adequate fit. Relative smoothing occurs
at each level to control the degree to which input data points are used in
the gridding process. The full power of this surface fit technique
requires that you carefully set the parameters that control the above
mentioned features.
Suggestions for Digitizing with the GF Command
To optimize the results obtained from using the Sierra gridder, you
should take care when digitizing the map. If you plan to use the Sierra
gridder, the following suggestions on digitizing should prove helpful.
Digitize densely where the surface changes rapidly. Remember
to increase the point coverage both along and perpendicular to
contour lines. Try to avoid over sampling along contour lines and
under sampling between contour intervals.
Digitize steep slopes along dip lines. When dealing with steep
slopes, digitize adjacent contours with points that are downslope
from one another. This will force contour lines to run along strike.
A structure with little relief can be sparsely digitized; however,
you must take care to completely sample the surface.
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Digitize end points of faults beyond the boundary. Faults that
intersect the map boundary should have end points that lie outside
the boundary. If faults do not have end points that lie outside the
boundary, the Sierra gridding algorithm smooths the surface
around the end of the fault with undesirable results. Other control
points outside the map are unnecessary, but can be used for
positive control of the map surface.
Do not include points inside normal faults. In any area
completely bounded by faults, a single point creates a flat plane;
two or three points create a dipping plane; more than three points
create a complex surface. If no points are used, the gridding
routine defines the fault surface as smooth and as connecting
continuously to the surrounding regions. Use the Map Editor to
remove points from posted maps.
You can input the properly digitized map to the Sierra gridder by using
the GF command. A File Selection window will allow you to select the
input digitized points file. The Sierra Gridding Control Menu is then
displayed. In the Sierra Gridding Control Menu you can reset gridding
parameters to control the accuracy and level of detail of the resulting
digital map.
A contour map of a layer with faults gridded with the Sierra gridder
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Sierra Gridding Control Menu Commands
LE Number of levels for gridding. Enter the number of levels to be grid-
ded. It is recommended that you not reduce the default
number, but in some cases you may find it necessary to increase the
number of levels.
MX Maximum number of iterations to determine solution at each level.
To control the actual gridding at each level use MX. You are prompted to
enter the maximum number of iterations to be
performed at each level. Levels with an MX value greater than zero are
gridded. For levels with an MX value of zero, the grid at this level is
obtained by interpolation from the coarse grid of the previous level.
SM Relative smoothing for each level. Enter a relative smoothing value for
each level given an MX value greater than zero. SM
controls the quality of the surface fit for each level that is gridded. The
recommended value range is between 1 and 10. In general, the larger the
smoothing parameter, the smoother the map. Changes to the default
value depend on data coverage and the roughness of the model.
FS Fault smoothing. The FS command switches fault smoothing between
ON and OFF. The default is OFF. Use fault smoothing to reduce the
sharpness of discontinuities in the gridded surface along faults. This may
be important in raytracing.
SD Smoothing distance away from faults. If FS is ON, the current DN-S
and DE-W values are displayed and you are prompted to enter the dis-
tance to smooth around faults. If FS is OFF, it can be switched on by
entering a non-zero value for SD.
DP Display detailed surface fit control parameters. Selecting DP
displays a list of values for the surface fit control parameters. The param-
eters listed are: the number of levels to be gridded; the number of levels
to be surface fit; the DN-S, DE-W, number of grid nodes in the N-S
direction, number of grid nodes in the E-W direction, maximum iteration
and relative smoothing values for each level; map units, and final grid
dimensions.
RV Reset parameters to calculated defaults. This command resets param-
eters to the original default values. Any parameter changes made using
the above commands will be reset to program defaults.
CC Close/Clean all faults. This command toggles Off or Clean only. Toggle
to Clean only to remove any points that lie inside a closed fault polygon.
The points will be discarded and not used for
gridding.
APPLY Grid with current parameters. Select APPLY to execute the
gridding of your irregularly sampled points file. Information will be dis-
played as the gridding proceeds. When complete, you will be prompted
to enter a file prefix and identifying information.
CANCEL Select CANCEL to return to the Layer Command Menu.
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Prespecified Layer Option Menu
The MIMIC+ program accepts maps that have been gridded using
other mapping programs. MIMIC+ software reads files with either
2D or 3D data and reformats them to be compatible with MIMIC+
software. The input data points are assumed to lie on grid nodes. Files
created outside of MIMIC+ software are called prespecified files.
Prespecified files are read and reformatted to make them compatible
with MIMIC+ software. The reformatting routine is flexible enough
to meet the requirements of most environments. Only the Z-values are
necessary. Header or descriptive information is unnecessary, but if
included, should be skipped by using the SK command.
The output format of a MIMIC+ report file with nominal editing is
compatible with the input format of a prespecified file. Thus, formatted
report files can be read or written in the MIMIC+ program and easily
transported between computer systems.
Select the PS command from the Layer Command Menu. Either the 2D
or 3D Prespecified Layer Option Menu appears, depending on the
number of grid nodes selected in the N-S direction from the Layer
Setup Menu. For 2D files you should set NS to 5 or set the DM
command to 2D. Each menu has the same commands, except the 2D
menu does not include a read order (RO) command as defined later.
After setting your parameters, select APPLY. The File Selection
window appears. Only directory files with a .PRE suffix will be listed
for use, by default.
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Menu Commands.
For a 2D layer, grid resolution N-S = 5, and for a 3D layer, grid
resolution N-S is greater than 5. Grid dimensions must be equivalent
for all layers in a model.
Prespecified 2D files need only values along a single curve (total
number of grid points in the E-W direction). Prespecified 3D files need
a complete grid for the total number of grid nodes in the N-S direction
times the number of grid nodes in the E-W direction.
SK Skip header lines. This option allows you to select the number of header
lines to be skipped.
SF Scale factor. At the SF command, you can change the sign or units of
your input data. For example, to change positive depth to negative depth,
multiply by -1; or to convert feet to kilofeet, multiply by 0.001.
LO Location of (origin) corner. This command specifies in which corner of
the defined map to place the first Z-value in the input data file. The
default is the northwest (NW) corner. Choices are: NW, SW, NE, SE.
Select LO and when prompted enter your change.This command needs
to be used only where the Z-units in the prespecified file differ from the
layer setup definitions
MIMIC+ software stores the grid matrix from left to right and top to
bottom. If the external grid has not been stored as above, you can define
the origin of its grid and MIMIC+ software will automatically store the
grid with respect to MIMIC+ conventions.
FO Read format. This command specifies the FORTRAN format of the
input data. All ANSI standard FORTRAN FORMAT types are allowed
including free format (*), which is the default. The input format of your
prespecified file must be entered in parentheses, for example, (8F10.0),
except for free format.
RO Read order. (For 3D maps only.) This command works as a toggle and
specifies whether the Z-values following the first Z-value define the grid
nodes to the east or to the west of the first grid node (E-W changes faster
than N-S), or to the north or south of the first grid node (N-S changes
faster than E-W).
APPLY Read prespecified file. Select APPLY to read your prespecified file with
the current defaults. A File Selection Window prompts for the name of
the prespecified layer file to be used and for an output file prefix.
CANCEL Select CANCEL to return to Layer Command Menu.
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A prespecified 3D layer file with 2 fault traces appended and no header lines
. . . . . . . .
-1.000 -1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
-1.000 -1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
-1.000 -1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -4.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
-1.000 -1.000 -4.120 -4.225 -4.290 -4.313 -4.290 -4.225
-4.120 0.000
-1.000 -1.000 -4.404 -4.524 -4.599 -4.625 -4.599 -4.524
-4.404 -4.247
-1.000 -1.000 -4.678 -4.817 -4.907 -4.938 -4.907 -4.817
-4.678 -4.499
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-1.000 -1.000 -4.678 -4.817 -4.907 -4.938 -4.907 -4.817
-4.678 -4.499
-1.000 -1.000 -4.404 -4.524 -4.599 -4.625 -4.599 -4.524
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Editing Layers
The maps or layers you have created may require changes to ensure that
they are correct. In Layer Correction, file header information can be
modified, and layers can be edited interactively. A layer can be
smoothed, extracted from a model, resampled to allow for changes in
DN-S and DE-W, and defined as an arithmetic operation between two
or more layers.
After selecting the LC command from the MIMIC+ Command Menu,
the Layer Correction Command Menu appears.
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Layer Correction Command Menu
LC Layer correction
MIMIC+ MAIN MENU
LAYER CORRECTION
COMMAND MENU
HC
EM
GE
OP
SI
Header correction
Edit map
Grid edit
Grid Operations
Surface interpolation
GRID OPERATION COMMAND MENU
AD
SU
ML
Add value to grid
Subtract value from grid
Multiply grid by value
LAYER HEADER
CORRECTION MENU
Rescale layer data to new units
Map coordinates
Map coordinate units
Map type
DEPTH units
DEPTH direction is POSITIVE
downwards
RS
CD
MU
MT
ZU
ZD
CONTOUR MAP MENU
Select input layer file name
MAP EDIT MENU
HC
EM
ED, GE
OP
Select input layer file name
Specify new N-S, E-W
grid resolution
Enter output file name prefix
SI
Display Functions
DV Divide grid by value
SL Smooth layer
RP Replace specifed grid value with
desired value
RG Replace grid greater or equal to
specified value with desired value
RL Replace grid less or equal to specified
value with desired value
MG Multiple grid operations
CM Contour map (current layer only)
WR Write out layer
PW Power of grid value
IV Inverse of grid
MG
ED Graphical edit
GF Surface gridding
LA Add 2 or more layers
LS Subtract 2 layers
LD Divide 2 layers
LM Multiply 2 layers
MULTIPLE GRID OPERATIONS
COMMAND MENU
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Menu Commands
ED Graphical edit. Select the ED command to begin an editing session.
After you select a .DIG file in the File Selection box, the Contour Map
Menu is displayed. From this menu you can change the contour map
type, the hardcopy scaling factor, the depth range, and the contour inter-
val or contour definitions for line contour maps. You can also specify
an area of interest.
After you select APPLY from the Contour Map Menu, a contour map
and menu are displayed on the MIMIC+ Graphics Window.
GE Grid edit. Select GE to interactively edit grid values using a pointer-
activated graphics menu beneath your digital contour map of the layer.
See Interactively Editing Layers.
HC Header correction. Use the HC command to modify the header infor-
mation of a layer file. The layer header information that you can change
using this command includes the map coordinates, map units, Z-units,
direction of the Z-axis and map type. You can write the changes to a
new layer file, leaving the old version unchanged. However, if the old
layer can be discarded, you can save the modified layer under the old
file name to save disk space. An option is available to rescale data to a
new unit system. See Changing Layer File Header Information.
GF Surface gridding (points and faults). Select the GF command to sur-
face-fit your edited map. You can use this command to regrid your
edited map as well as using the GRID command on the graphics menu
beneath the map. This gridding technique is recommended for files con-
taining fault traces, because discontinuous surfaces are considered by
this gridding algorithm. See Gridding 3D Layers for a detailed
description of gridding using the GF command.
OP Grid Operations. Select the OP command to display the Grid Opera-
tions Command Menu. From this menu you can perform arithmetic
operations on a layer grid or grid-to-grid operations.
SI Surface interpolation. Select the SI command to resample a layer to
allow for a larger or smaller DN-S and DE-W. See Interpolating Lay-
ers.
CM Contour map. Use the CM command to view your layer as a contour
map; the map can have either color-fill or line contours. See Color-Fill
Contour Maps and Line Contour Maps.
CS Cross section. To view your layer cut by a vertical plane select the CS
command. See Cross Sections.
P3 3-dimensional perspective plot. Select the P3 command to view your
layer in three dimensions. See 3D Perspective Plots.
RP Report on a layer file. Use the RP command to view the file header
information for your layer. RP also lets you write this information to
disk. See Reports.
APPLY Select APPLY to write current data to disk.
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Changing Layer File Header Information
Layer header correction allows you to change identifying information
for layer files. If specified, unit conversion is made to all data in the file.
3D Layer Header Correction Menu
Select the Header Correction (HC) command from the Layer
Correction Command Menu, and when the File Selection Menu
appears select the layer file name. The Layer Header Correction Menu
appears.
CANCEL Select CANCEL when you are finished editing layers and wish to
return to the MIMIC+ Main menu.
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Menu Commands
RS Rescale layer data to new units. RS is a toggle command. Switching
the command to YES causes layer data to be rescaled when you use the
MU or ZU commands to change units. For example, if the depth at a
grid node were 1000 ft., and you used the ZU command to change feet
to meters, the new value at the node would be rescaled to 304.8 meters.
If the RS command is set to NO, the layer data is not rescaled when
units are changed. For example, if the depth at a grid node were 1000
ft., and you used the ZU command to change feet to meters, the new
value at the node would be 1000 meters. Only the value is relabeled.
CD Map coordinates. Enter the lower-left corner (N-S, E-W) and upper-
right corner (N-S, E-W) for 3D layers and the starting and ending cor-
ners for 2D layers.
DF 2D Definition. This command is only used for 2D files and toggles
how the 2D file is defined, distance or in 3D space.
DS Distance of 2D file. This command is only used for 2D files and
defines the distance or length of the 2D file.
MU Map coordinate units. Select the MU command to change the lateral
units for the map coordinates. The Units Definition Choice Menu offers
four measurement types: kilometers, kilofeet, meters, or feet.
MT Map type. Use the MT command to access the Layer Type Menu and
change the layer type to either time, depth, velocity, density, gradient, or
general.
ZU Depth/Time/Property units. Select ZU to change the units for the Z-
axis. Choices are kilofeet, feet, kilometers, and meters for depth; sec-
onds and milliseconds for time; and kilometers per second, kilofeet per
second, meters per second and feet per second for velocity.
ZD Depth/Time direction. You can use the ZD command to change the Z-
axis to either positive or negative downwards.
APPLY Select APPLY to write a new layer file after resetting parameters.
When prompted, enter a new file prefix and description line (limited to
80 characters). The correct suffix (.DEP, .VEL, or other) will be auto-
matically appended to the prefix to form the full file name.
CANCEL Select CANCEL to return to the previous menu without any
corrections being made to the layer header.
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54 Editing Layers Release 5000.0.0
3D Map Editing Commands
Map Edit allows you to alter the control point information used in
defining maps and to regrid the points to form new maps. Two map
editing modes are available: Point Edit and Fault Edit. Using Point Edit
you can add, delete, and move control points. Fault Edit allows you to
delete, add, extend, redefine, and split faults. Point and fault editing are
interactive and use graphics window menus and contour map displays
on the MIMIC
+
Graphics Window. Either a color-fill or line contour
map can be used as the background for editing.
To edit maps, select the Edit Map (EM) command in the Layer
Correction Menu. A File Selection window allows you to select the file
name of your map. MIMIC+ then checks the header of the map file
for the name of the associated digitized data points file and if it cannot
find it provides another File Selection window to allow you to specify
the data points file to use in the edit map process. The Map Edit Menu
is displayed on the screen. This menu is also available after the editing
session is completed, allowing you to edit, grid, smooth and view the
resulting map before saving the results as layer and data points files.
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Map Edit Command Menu
Menu Commands
ED Graphical Edit. Select the ED command to begin an editing
session.
The Contour Map Menu is displayed. From this menu you can
change the contour map type, the hardcopy scaling factor, the depth
range, and the contour interval or contour definitions for line contour
maps. You can also specify an area of interest. Continued on next page
Select input layer file name
LAYER CORRECTION
COMMAND MENU
LAYER SMOOTHING
CHOICE MENU
AV
FP
Moving average smooth
(user-defined window)
Five point center weighted smooth
CONTOUR DEFINITION MENU
(line contour only)
CI
AC
IC
BC
IB
GB
GP
AD
Contour interval value
- number of contours
Annotate every nth contour
Initial annotated contour
Bold every nth contour
Initial bold contour
Gradient blanking
Gradient parameter
Annotation distance
APPLY
MAP EDIT COMMAND MENU
ED
ED
GF
SM
WR
CM
CS
P3 3-dimensional perspective plot
Graphical edit
Surface gridding (points and faults)
Smooth current layer
Write current data to disk
Contour map of current layer
Cross section of current layer
CONTOUR MAP MENU
DM
ZM
RN
HS
CI
CG
Display mode
Zoom
Time/depth/velocity range
Hardcopy scaling factor
Contour interval
Current graphics device
R
E
T
U
R
N
SM
CI
RW Rectangular Window (honors faults)
MIMIC+ Graphics Window
of current layer
RP Report of current layer
ED Graphical Edit
MD Median average smoothing
(user-defined window)
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ED
(continued)
After you select APPLY from the Contour Map Menu, a contour map
and menu are displayed on the MIMIC+ Graphics Window. See 3D
Graphics Point Edit Menu and 3D Graphics Fault Edit Menus for
details of how to use the point and fault edit menus.
GF Surface Gridding (points and faults). Select the GF command to sur-
face-fit your edited map. You can use this command to regrid your
edited map as well as using the GRID command on the graphics menu
beneath the map. This gridding technique is recommended for files
containing fault traces, because discontinuous surfaces are considered
by this gridding algorithm. See Gridding 3D Layers for a detailed
description of gridding using the GF command.
GR Surface Gridding (points). Select the hidden GR command to surface-
fit your edited map with the Akima gridder. You can use this command to
regrid your edited map instead of using the GRID command on the
graphics window menu. This command is available only through key-
board entry. The Sierra gridder is recommended for the surface fit.
SM Smooth current layer. After selecting SM, you can smooth any layer
with one of the four options available: moving average with rectangular
window, five-point center-weighted smooth, rectangular window that
honors faults, or median average rectangular window. See Smoothing
Layers on page -82 for information on these options.
WR Write current data to disk. When you use the WR command, both a file
of control points and a layer file are written. When prompted, enter the
output digitized points file and the output layer file prefixes and identifi-
cation lines.
CM Contour map. Use the CM command to view your layer as a contour
map; the map can have either color-fill or line contours. See Color-Fill
Contour Maps and Line Contour Maps.
CS Cross section. To view your layer cut by a vertical plane select the CS
command. See Cross Sections.
P3 3-dimensional perspective plot. Select the P3 command to view your
layer in three dimensions. See 3D Perspective Plots.
RP Report on a layer file. Use the RP command to view the file header
information for your layer. RP also lets you write this information to disk.
See Reports.
CANCEL Select CANCEL to return to the Layer Corrections Command Menu. If
you have not already written the changed layer, you will be asked if you
wish to save it.
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3D Graphics Point Edit Menu
To enter the graphical editor, select the ED command from the Layer
Correction Command Menu or the Map Edit Menu Once the Contour
Map Menu appears, make any desired changes to the display
parameters and then select APPLY. When the map first displays, the
editor will be in Point Mode. In this mode, the graphical editor is
referred to as the Point Editor.
Using the Point Edit Menu, you can add, delete, and move control
points, and then grid the edited points to create a new layer. During
editing you can easily reverse your steps if you make an error. You can
also enlarge an area of the map to make editing easier.
The Point Edit Menu has fourteen command boxes which operate like
push buttons. When a command box is activated its border becomes
highlighted. A message area is located directly above the menu
commands. The messages instruct you to perform some action or
provide information about the edit procedure just performed. As you
edit, crosses, circles, or squares representing points are shown in white
on line contour maps and in black on color-fill contour maps.
Menu Commands
.
ADD_PT Add control points. To add points, select ADD_PT. You will be
prompted for the Z-value of the points to add. Accept the default or
change the Z-value. To add new control points, point to a
position on the map and click. Added control points are shown as black
or white crosses (+). As you work, the message area above the graphics
menu displays the N-S, E-W location of your added points. After you
add points at one depth, you can change the depth value assigned to
subsequently added points by reactivating the ADD_PT command. You
can then give a new Z-value and continue adding points. Alternatively,
you can use the VALUE command to define a Z-value location where
you want to add points.
DELETE Delete points. Use the DELETE command to remove points. Activate
the command and then move your pointer to the desired control point,
and click. The nearest control point to the pointer is deleted, and its
deletion is indicated by a white or black square centered over the
removed point.
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MOVE Move points. To move a point(s), use the MOVE command, then select
the desired point. The point is shown as a black or white circle. A black
square forms around it. Move your pointer to the data point's new posi-
tion and click. The new point position is shown as a white or black cross
(+).
INQUIRE Inquire. Select INQUIRE to move to another menu which allows you
to select the type of inquire method as Point or Grid.
DATA_SEL Data select. Select DATA_SEL to activate a subset of data. You define
the subset of data by specifying the active patches and the range of the
current attribute.
UNDO Undo your last action. To cancel your last action, activate the UNDO
command. The UNDO command reverses the effect of the ADD,
DELETE and MOVE commands. When you UNDO an added,
deleted, or moved point, a white or black circle surrounds it.
After gridding, you can erase the current layer and restore the previous
layer by using the UNDO command. You must use the UNDO com-
mand immediately after gridding or the operation cannot be undone.
MODE Change edit modes. There are two modes: point edit and fault edit. The
current mode is displayed under the map. Point edit is the default mode.
Activate the MODE command to switch from one mode to the other.
Upon selecting fault mode, a different set of graphics menus will
appear. See 3D Graphics Fault Edit Menus.
REDRAW Redisplay the current layer and all active edits. Select the
REDRAW command to get a clean display on which to continue edit-
ing or confirm prior actions. Note that the use of the UNDO command
after activating the REDRAW command does not reverse the effect of
the commands which were active prior to selecting REDRAW. Zoom
parameters are not changed. When you activate the REDRAW com-
mand, the Contour Map Menu is displayed to allow plotting options to
be changed. To return to the map, select APPLY.
ZOOM Get an enlarged view of any portion of the map. Activate the ZOOM
command to enlarge a section of the map. Select two diagonal points to
define a rectangular area where you want the zoom area; the Contour
Map Menu appears. Make a selection and/or select APPLY. You can
use the zoom function several times to further enlarge an area. To return
to the original map, click on the ZOOM command twice in succession.
GRID Surface fit your edited map. Use the GRID command to perform a
surface fit over the entire map area The fit uses the Sierra gridding algo-
rithm.
CLEAN_FLT Clean fault. This command allows you to select a closed fault and all
digitized points within the fault will be deleted.
AREAL_DEL Areal delete. This command allows you to select a closed
polygon area and delete all points within the closed polygon.
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3D Graphics Fault Edit Menus
The fault edit function uses two graphics menus. With them you can
add, delete, and extend faults. You can also redefine a fault segment and
split a fault into two smaller faults by deleting a fault segment.
To begin editing faults, select the ED command from the Layer
Correction Command Menu or the Map Edit Menu. Once the Contour
Map Menu appears, make any desired changes to the display
parameters and then select APPLY. When the map first displays, the
editor will be in Point Mode. Select MODE to change from the point
edit default to fault edit mode. In this mode, the graphical editor is
referred to as the Fault Editor.
Menu Commands
OV OpenVision. This command is available only if OpenVision software
is active. A dynamic set of buttons is added to the OpenVision work
area. From these commands, you can interactively edit the point data in
3D space. Select Quit to return to the MIMIC+ Graphics window.
RETURN Return to the Map Edit Menu. To terminate editing in the MIMIC+
Graphics Window, select RETURN. MIMIC+ software goes back to
the Map Edit Menu.
EDIT Edit an existing fault. Select the EDIT command. The Fault Seg-
ment Menu replaces the current one.
DELETE Delete a fault. To delete a fault, use the DELETE command, and
select a point on the fault.
NEW Add a new fault. Select the NEW command, and select a sequence
of points to define the fault. To terminate the definition of a new
fault, reselect the NEW command or activate any other command.
EXTEND Extend a fault. Select the EXTEND command. You are prompted to
choose the end of a fault to extend. Select the end point of the fault,
and click at new points to define the extension. You can extend a fault
at either end. Fault extension is terminated when you select another
command.
CLOSE Close. Selecting CLOSE will close the selected fault by
connecting the two endpoints of the fault that is currently being
added or extended.
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UNDO Cancel your most recent edit. Use the UNDO command to make
multiple corrections in succession for the last function (DELETE,
NEW, or EXTEND) activated; select UNDO once for each correc-
tion. Note that UNDO is only effective before you select another
command.
MODE Change modes. There are two modes, point edit and fault edit. The
default is the point edit mode. Select this command to change modes.
You can see the current mode displayed under the map.
REDRAW Redisplay the current layer and all active edits. Select the
REDRAW command to get a clean display on which to
continue editing or confirm prior actions. When you activate the
REDRAW command, the Contour Map Menu is displayed to allow
you to change plotting options. Continue by selecting APPLY. The
UNDO command is ineffective on changes made before the
REDRAW command has been activated.
ZOOM Get an enlarged view of any portion of the map. Select the
ZOOM command to enlarge a section of the map. Select two diago-
nal points to define a rectangular area where you want the zoom area;
the Contour Map Menu reappears. Make a selection and/or select
APPLY. You can use the zoom function several times to further
enlarge an area. To return to the original map, click on the ZOOM
command twice in succession.
GRID Surface fit your edited map. Use the GRID command to
perform a surface fit over the entire map area The fit uses the Sierra
gridding algorithm.
POINTS Points. This command toggles the display of the digitized points on
and off.
DIG_FILE Digitized File. You can select an output file to add faults to the cur-
rent display.
OV OpenVision. This command is available only if OpenVision soft-
ware is active. Select OV to view the OpenVision display. From
the commands, you can interactively edit the fault data in 3D space.
Select Quit to return to the MIMIC+ Graphics window.
RETURN Terminate editing. Selecting RETURN redisplays the Map Edit
Menu.
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Fault Segment Menu Commands
SELECT Select a segment to edit. The first step in editing a segment of a fault is
to activate the SELECT command. Then use your pointer to click at
two points, defining the active fault segment. These points appear as
asterisks, and the segment changes color. Next you can either redefine
or delete the selected segment by activating the REDEFINE or
DELETE commands, respectively. Deletion of an interior segment of a
fault results in two smaller faults separated by a space that was previ-
ously filled with the selected segment.
Redefinition and deletion are not finalized until you select the
UPDATE command. The UNDO command restores the pre-edited fault
segment. If the RETURN command is used before selecting UPDATE,
MIMIC+ ignores the edit.
DELETE Delete a selected fault segment. First activate the DELETE command,
and then activate the UPDATE command. The affected segment
changes color.
REDEFINE Redefine a fault segment. Select the REDEFINE command, and use
your pointer to enter a new sequence of points to define the new fault
position. The new fault segment can be redefined by starting at either
end of the segment. After entering the last point, activate the UPDATE
command to save the edit.
Moving a fault trace with the REDEFINE command could result in the
improper transfer of contour control points from the down dropped
block to the up thrown block, or the reverse. To prevent this,
MIMIC+ software automatically deletes all surface control points
that lie between the new and the old positions of the fault trace. If you
do not wish to delete these points, use the following sequence of com-
mands: DELETE, UPDATE and RETURN. Then fill in the missing
fault segment using the NEW or EXTEND command.
UPDATE Save all edits. Use the UPDATE command after you are finished with
each function.
UNDO Cancel your last edit. After selecting the UNDO command, you can
make multiple corrections in succession for the last function (SELECT,
REDEFINE, or DELETE). Select each command to make the correc-
tion. Note that UNDO has no effect after you select the UPDATE com-
mand.
REDRAW Redisplay the current layer and all active edits. Use the REDRAW
command to get a clean display on which to continue editing or confirm
prior actions. When you activate the REDRAW command, the Contour
Map Menu is displayed to allow you to change plotting options. Con-
tinue by selecting APPLY.
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Editing Layers
Map Edit allows you to edit control point and fault data interactively
and to regrid this data to form new layers. Map editing uses a contour
map and a graphics menu beneath the display. With Map Edit you can
add, delete, and move points, extend or delete faults, create new faults,
or edit segments of faults. See 3D Graphics Point Edit Menu and 3D
Graphics Fault Edit Menus for complete descriptions of the menu
commands for point and fault edits.
This section demonstrates a map editing session that uses many of the
commands from Point and Fault Edit. In the following sequence, you
will see how to change some contours, extend one fault, and move a
segment from another fault. The new layer will be regridded twice,
once after altering the contours and a second time after altering the two
faults. The final layer will be written to a disk file.
How to edit a map:
1. Choose the ED command from the Layer Correction Command
Menu or the Map Edit Menu.
2. From the File Selection window, choose the file name of the layer
to be edited. When you select the name of the layer file, the layer
file header is checked for the name of the associated digitized
points file. The points file is opened at the same time as the layer
file. If the points file cannot be found, you will be prompted for its
name by another File Selection Window.
3. The Contour Map Menu appears. Select the Display Mode
command to change to line contour. Then use APPLY to display
the map. Below the map display, the Point Edit Menu appears.
ZOOM Get an enlarged view of any portion of the map. Activate the ZOOM
command to enlarge a section of the map. Click at two diagonal points
to define a rectangular area where you want the zoom area; the Contour
Map Menu appears. Make a selection and/or select APPLY. You can
use the zoom function several times to further enlarge an area. To return
to the original map, click on the ZOOM command twice in rapid suc-
cession.
HELP Brings up the a Help window on the current topic.
RETURN Return to the Fault Edit Menu. Use this command to return to the
Fault Edit Menu.
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When in Point Mode, there will be a histogram associated with the data
points that is set by the DATA_SEL option. If you change to Fault
Mode and do a REDRAW, the display will show the normal color bar
scale.
Line contour map
4. Choose a particular section of the map to enlarge to make the
editing task easier. Select ZOOM. When you activate this
command, you are prompted for two diagonal points to define the
zoom rectangle. After you click at two points, the Contour Map
Menu reappears allowing you to change display parameters. Select
APPLY to display the enlarged section.
Notice that all the upcoming changes have been sketched in. The
changes appear in black over the initial map to clearly show the
direction you are heading in this editing session. Portions of two
contours will be changed, one fault will be extended, and a segment
on a second fault will be redefined.
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An enlarged section of the map following execution of the ZOOM command.
Changes to be made are sketched in.
5. Select the ADD_PT command. A Z-value must be specified for
the points to be added. In this example, you are choosing a Z-value
of 6000 and then adding the appropriate points. You again activate
the ADD_PT command, and specify a new Z-value of 6100. New
points are added at this level.
ADD is activated and the pointer is used to position new points
MOVE
FAULT
SEGMENT
CHANGE
CONTOURS
EXTEND
FAULT
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6. Once you have added the new points, use the REDRAW
command. The Contour Map Menu will appear. Select APPLY to
redisplay the map. Note that the zoom function is still in effect. Be
aware also that after a redraw, the UNDO command will not work
to remove added points. Using the REDRAW command produces
a fresh contour map and is helpful for continuing with and
verifying earlier edits.
7. Select the GRID command to initiate a surface fit that
encompasses the entire map region. Alternately, you can select the
RETURN command, display the Map Edit Menu, and select the
GF command (surface gridding for points and faults). This
sequence causes the entire map to be regridded. When gridding is
complete, the Contour Map Menu will reappear. Select APPLY to
display the newly gridded map section. Note that the zoom
window is retained.
If you want to view the entire map, click the ZOOM command
twice in succession.
The GRID command is selected; new section is shown
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8. Two faults will be altered. Select the MODE command to change
edit mode from point to fault. A new graphics menu, the Fault Edit
Menu, appears.
A new graphics menu appears when MODE is used to change to fault edit.
9. To extend a fault, simply use the EXTEND command and choose
the end of the fault to be extended. Add new points to extend the
fault.
Points are added to extend an existing fault.
10. A portion of another fault needs to be changed. Select the EDIT
command and a new graphics menu, the Fault Segment Menu,
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appears. The first fault edit menu dealt with changes to entire
faults; this submenu deals with edits to segments of faults.
11. Activate the SELECT command. Choose two points on the fault
to delineate the segment you wish to edit.
After you select EDIT, a new menu appears for editing fault segments. The SELECT
command specifies the fault segment to be edited.
12. Now that you have specified the fault segment, you have two basic
choices, to delete or redefine the segment. If you were to delete the
segment, you would select the DELETE command. You would
then have two smaller faults created from the original.
In our illustration you are redefining the segment. Choose the
REDEFINE command. Position new points to alter the segment.
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13. Use the UPDATE command to accept a deleted or redefined
segment.
14. With the faults altered as desired, you should now grid the map
section. First activate the RETURN command to return to the
primary fault edit menu. Then choose the GRID command. When
gridding is completed, execute the Contour Map Menu.
Following the final edits, the section is regridded and displayed.
Although in this example the GRID command is activated twice,
the first grid could have been omitted.
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15. Use the RETURN command to return to the Map Edit Menu.
Select the CANCEL command from this menu; a prompt asks if
you want to save the new layer. Respond YES and a prompt asks
for both a new digitized points file prefix and a new layer file
prefix. Enter the prefixes at the command line.
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2D Layer Editor Menu
Select input layer file name
LAYER CORRECTION
COMMAND MENU
Graphical Edit ED
2D LAYER EDITOR MENU
ED
GE
CR
EC
RP
CS
CL
WR
Edit from cross section display
Grid edit from cross section display
Create a new 2D layer
Edit from contour map display
Report
Cross section of current layer
Colors of cross section display
Write layer to disk
CONTOUR MAP MENU
DM
ZM
RN
HS
CI
CG
Display mode
Zoom
Time/depth/velocity range
Hardcopy scaling factor
Contour interval
Current graphics device
EC
CONTOUR DEFINITION MENU
(line contour only)
CI
AC
IC
BC
IB
GB
GP
AD
Contour interval value
- number of contours
Annotate every nth contour
Initial annotated contour
Bold every nth contour
Initial bold contour
Gradient blanking
Gradient parameter
Annotation distance
2D LAYER INITIALIZATION MENU
Map coordinates
(Only if 2D Layer defined
in 3D space)
Map resolution (E-W)
Map units
Layer Input mode
Layer Type
Z Units
Z is POSITIVE downwards
Maximum Z
Layer ID line
CD
MR
MU
LI
ZU
ZD
MX
ID
2D Definition DF
Map coordinates
(Only if 2D Layer is defined
in distance)
DS
LT
CR
APPLY
ED,GE
POINT EDIT MENU
CI
Use the pointer to select option or edit/add points.
FIT_DATA | ADD_POINTS | DEL_POINTS | INQUIRE | ZOOM
ADD_FAULTS | HELP | RETURN
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2D Map Editing Commands
Map Edit allows you to alter the control point information used in
defining 2D layers You can alter the data points, add or delete faults,
edit only the grid, or create a new 2D layer.
Menu Commands
Interactively Editing Layers
Interactive editing using the Grid Edit (GE) option is performed by
altering grid node values rather than by editing digitized control points
(as in the Map Edit option). Grid Edit (GE) allows you to modify any
3D MIMIC+ map, whether created by gridding, by using the
Geometric Forms (FO) command, by reading a prespecified map, or by
extracting a map from a model. Through a combination of text and map
graphics menus, you can complete a grid editing sequence in seven
steps.
ED Edit from cross section display. Select the ED command to begin an edit-
ing session. Points and faults can be added or deleted. The surface created
uses all the points and faults to form the new surface. See Adding Time or
Depth Layers to 2D Models for information on how to add layers.
GE Grid edit from cross section display. Select GE to do a localized fit over
the 2D layer. Only data points used to modify the surface and current grid
points generate the surface. See Editing 2D Layers for a complete discus-
sion of editing 2D layers.
CR Create a new 2D layer. Select CR create a surface from a set of input data
points and faults. An initialization menu is presented to you to define input
type and layer parameters. The command that are not available are model
oriented. See Adding Time or Depth Layers to 2D Models for informa-
tion on how to add layers.
EC Edit from contour map display. Select EC to edit a 2D layer from the con-
tour map. The 2D data points and faults are displayed as a horizontal set of
points across the middle of the contour map display. Faults are displayed as
a solid line. See 3D Graphics Point Edit Menu and 3D Graphics Fault Edit
Menus for edit options available.
RP Report. Select RP to provide a layer report.
CS Cross section display. Select CS to display the current surface as a cross
section map.
CL Colors for cross Section display. Select CL to alter the colors for the edit.
Background color, highlight color, color of cursor pick, spectrum color, and
line thickness.
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For 2D layers, Grid Edit (GE) uses the same functionality as M2s edit
function. See Editing 2D Layers for a complete discussion of editing
2D layers.
Grid Edit (GE) modifies portions of maps called patches. A patch is
defined as the grid points inside a closed polygonal boundary; the
boundary may be specified interactively using your pointer. If desired,
the grid points may be discarded and new grid points developed by
interactively specifying new contour values in the point edit mode.
After surface fit of the new contour points, the new patch grid points
can be placed in the old map.
Types of Patches for 3D Editing
Two types of grid-edit patches can be defined for interactive editing of
surfaces:
Merging Ring Patch. The patch with a merging ring incorporates
a ring of grid points from the old grid into the surface fit of the new
patch. This type patch always blends smoothly into the original
map, and continuity of surface normals is maintained
Non-Merging Ring Patch. When creating a patch without a
merging ring, you must define new contour points outside the
patch boundary to constrain the surface at the patch edges. This
type of patch can be used to independently define smooth areas of
a map that may meet at sharp offsets such as faults.
If a patch intersects the edge of a map, points outside the map boundary
must be entered to control the surface fit at the map edge.
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a) A layer modified using a grid edit patch with a merging ring.
b) An enlargement of the patch area.
You can also extract the patch grid and boundary points into a file. The
extracted patch can then be inserted into any map with the same units
and grid spacing, with vertical and/or horizontal shifts if desired. You
can use this insertion process to model faults of any desired offset or to
add similar features to several maps. You can also create a flat layer
using Geometric Forms, and then insert the extracted patch using Grid
Edit functions to create a new map. The new map will show the isolated
structure from the grid patch surrounded by a region of constant depth.
If the map and patch have exactly the same rectangular size, the new
map may be used to create a model that shows, in effect, a zoom on the
original model.
a.
b.
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Editing Layers
To edit a grid, perform the following steps:
1. Select Grid Edit (GE) from the Layer Correction Command
Menu, and select your layer file name when prompted. Plot a
contour map by executing the Contour Map Menu after you
choose either a color-fill or line contour map.
2. Define a grid-edit patch or add one to the current layer by selecting
one of the first two options on the Grid Edit Patch Definition
Choices Menu, as described below. The grid editing flow varies
according to your choice of patch type.
3. Using the pointer, add points to your map to define the vertices of
a polygon, called a patch boundary, enclosing your area of interest.
When finished, select Return. The Contour Map Menu is
redisplayed. Use Apply to display the Grid Edit Contour Data
Definition Menu.
4. Select an option from the Grid Edit Contour Data Definition Menu
to define new Z-values within your grid-edit patch.
5. You can use the output patch file at a later time to begin another
grid editing sequence. To use this patch, you must exit Grid Edit
and begin again by reading in a predefined grid-edit patch from a
file.
6. Choose a command from the Grid Edit Flow Choice B Menu.
7. Select an option from the Grid Edit Flow Choice C Menu to
determine the disposition of your newly created patch.
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Grid Edit Patch Definition Choices Menu
Select input layer file name:
Change
default
RI, NR
APPLY
LAYER CORRECTION
COMMAND MENU
Grid edit GE
CONTOUR MAP MENU
APPLY
CONTOUR MAP MENU
DM
NU
TI
ZM
HS
RN
CI
PD
CG
Display mode (color fill)
Layer number to be plotted
Title
Zoom
Hardcopy scaling factor
Time/depth/velocity range
Contour interval
Post data
Current graphics device is
GRID EDIT PATCH DEFINITION CHOICES
RI
NR
PB
PA
RW
Define smoothly merging patch (uses a ring)
Define patch with no merging ring
Read patch boundary points from a file
Read patch from a file
Redraw current map
APPLY
DM, NU, TI, ZM,
HS, RN, CI, PD
RW
GRID EDIT CONTOUR DATA DEFINITION MENU
INQUIRE
APPLY
DELETE
Use pointer to select option or edit/add points.
GRAPHICS MENU
ADD UNDO
OV OpenVision grid is
CANCEL
CLOSE
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Menu Commands.
OV OpenVision grid edit is... This command toggles between On and
Off. If On, OpenVision software is activated and when this
command is selected a menu to set grid edit parameters appears.
When parameters are set and you click on APPLY, OpenVision
software displays the active layer. The edit cursor is active and you
can select a grid node to move in the Z direction. Drag and drop MB1
to move a grid node to a new position. The
following grid edit tools are available:
UPDATE saves all edits and returns to the previous menu.
QUIT ignores all edits and returns to the previous menu.
UNDO restores the original grid node(s) value.
ENTER Z allows you to enter an exact Z value to move the selected
grid node.
GRID_PT_ONLY/GRID_PTS+ is a toggle that allows you to
change a single grid node or the selected grid node and its closest
neighbors.
RI Define smoothly merging patch (uses a ring). Displays a map and
menu on the MIMIC+ Graphics Window.
NR Define patch with no merging ring. Displays a map and menu on
the MIMIC+ Graphics Window.
PB Read patch boundary points from a file. This file has the
format of a digitized points file and contains the polygon
corner points.
PA Read patch from a file. This is a special format patch file
containing both the patch boundary points and either the patch grid
points or patch contour points. This file is created by extracting a
patch or defining new contours for a patch.
RW Redraw current map. Returns you to the Contour Map Menu and
then the Grid Edit Patch Definition Choices Menu.
CANCEL Select CANCEL to return to the Layer Correction Command Menu
(map may be saved).
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Grid Edit Contour Data Definition Menu
Menu Commands
CP Interactively define contour data points. You are first prompted to enter
a new Z-value for the current contour. To change the Z-value, select the
ADD command again. Add new contour points to your grid-edit patch
using your pointer. When you are finished, select GRID. The Grid Edit
Flow Choice B Menu is displayed.
Enter
Z values
GRID EDITCONTOUR DATA DEFINITION MENU
CP
RC
EP
RW
PB
Interactively define contour data points
Read contour data points from a file
Extract gridded patch
Redraw patch
Redefine patch boundary
CP
GRID EDIT FLOW CHOICE B
GR
CP
PB
Grid the patch (points)
Redefine contour points
GR
WP
GRID EDIT FLOW CHOICE C
Enter output layer file prefix
APPLY
CONTOUR MAP MENU
WM
WP
PB
RW
CP
DS
Write out map to disk
Write out patch to disk
Redefine patch boundary
Redraw current map
Redefine contour points
Discard current patch
RETURN
RW
INQUIRE DELETE
Use pointer to select option or edit/add points.
GRAPHICS MENU
UNDO
GF Surface gridding (points and faults)
Redefine patch boundary
ADD
REDRAW POST_GRID GRID
NEW _PATCH REDEFINE
HELP CANCEL APPLY
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RC Read contour data points from a file. Select a file. The Grid Edit Flow
Choice B Menu is displayed.
EP Extract gridded patch. You can output a file containing boundary points
and contour points. Give the file name and some identifying information.
The program asks if you wish to define another patch. If YES, flow goes
to the Grid Edit Patch Definition Choices Menu. If NO, program flow
goes to the Grid Edit Contour Data Definition Menu.
RW Redraw patch. This command allows you to change the contour interval
of the plot. The Contour Map Menu is redisplayed and you reenter the
Grid Edit Contour Data Definition Menu.
PB Redefine patch boundary. The flow returns to the Grid Edit Patch Defi-
nition Choices Menu.
CANCEL Select CANCEL to return to the Layer Correction Command Menu (map
may be saved). Before ending the grid edit flow, you are asked if you
wish to save the current map. If YES, enter a file prefix and identifying
information. If NO, the flow returns to the Layer Correction Command
Menu.
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Choice B Menu Commands
Choice C Menu Commands
GF Surface gridding (points and faults). Select the GF command to sur-
face-fit your edited map. You can use this command to regrid your edited
map instead of using the GRID command on the graphics menu beneath
the map. This gridding technique is recommended for files containing
fault traces, because discontinuous surfaces are considered by this grid-
ding algorithm. See Gridding 3D Layers for a detailed description of
gridding using the GF command. Flow proceeds to Grid Edit Flow
Choice C Menu.
GR Grid the patch (points). When you select the hidden GR command, a
surface fit is performed using the gridding algorithm involving the Akima
Gridding Method. New patch grid values are computed. The new grid is
automatically inserted in the layer and a new layer map is plotted. Exe-
cute your grid at the Contour Map Menu. Flow proceeds to Grid Edit
Flow Choice C Menu. This command in only available through keyboard
entry.
CP Redefine contour points. You are returned to the Grid Edit Flow Choice
A Menu.
PB Redefine patch boundary. You are returned to the Grid Edit Patch Defi-
nition Choices Menu.
CANCEL Select CANCEL to return to the Layer Correction Command Menu (map
may be saved).
WM Write out map to disk. A MIMIC+ layer file is output that can be
inserted into a model. Enter a file name prefix along with some informa-
tion describing the file. You have now completed a Grid Edit sequence.
WP Write out patch to disk. You have the option to save the patch boundary
points and either the patch contour points or the patch grid points.
Patch contour points and boundary points can be written separately as
digitized points files or together as a patch file (for extracted patches,
contour points = grid values). The patch points are written to a file and
can be read by reentering Grid Edit and selecting the PB command (read
patch boundary points from a file) from the Grid Edit Patch Definition
Choices Menu. If patch points and contour points are written to a file,
you should select the predefined patch file option from the Grid Edit
Patch Definition Choices Menu when you reenter Grid Edit.
PB Redefine patch boundary. The current patch in the current layer is saved
and the flow returns to the Grid Edit Patch Definition Choices Menu. In
this way, multiple passes through Grid Edit can be accomplished in one
interactive session.
RW Redraw current map. Execute the Contour Map Menu. After the layer
is plotted, the Grid Edit Flow Choice C Menu is redisplayed.
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Grid Operation Command Menu
Grid operations can be performed on layer files using the Grid
Operations (OP) option on the Layer Correction Command Menu. A
layer can be adjusted by adding or subtracting a constant value. The file
can be multiplied or divided by a constant value. Smoothing can be
performed on the specified file as well as substitutions. Multiple grid to
grid operations can be performed using the Grid Operation Command
Menu.
CP Redefine contour points. You are returned to the Grid Edit Flow Choice
A Menu.
DS Discard current patch. The grid or contour points for the patch you
were working with are now lost. The original layer grid values are
restored within the patch boundary. The Grid Edit Flow Choice C Menu
is redisplayed.
CANCEL Select CANCEL to return to the Layer Correction Command Menu. You
can end the Grid Edit sequence, save your current map, and then return to
the Layer Correction Command Menu level.
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Menu Commands
AD Add value to grid. You are queried for a value. This value is then added
to each grid node.
SU Subtract value from grid. You are queried for a value. This value is then
subtracted from each grid node.
ML Multiply value to grid. You are queried for a value. Each grid node is
multiplied by the specified value.
DV Divide value to grid. You are queried for a value. Each grid node is
divided by the specified value.
SL Smooth layer. Four types of smoothing are available. Refer to Smooth-
ing Layers for details on the smoothing options available.
PW Power of grid value. You are queried for a power. Each grid node uses
the power function. For example if you enter .5, the square root of the
grid will be computed.
IV Inverse of grid. Each grid node will be replaced by its inverse, (i.e. 1/z).
RP Replace specified grid value with desired value. You are asked for the
value to be replaced. Then you are queried for the new value. All grid val-
ues that are equal to the specified value will be replaced by the new value.
RG Replace a value if greater than or equal to a specified value with desired
value. You are asked for the value to be replaced. All grid values equal to
or greater than the specified value will be replaced by the new value.
RL Replace a value if less than or equal to a specified value with desired
value. You are asked for the value to be replaced. All grid values equal to
or less than specified value will be replaced by the new value.
CP Closed polygon is. Toggle CP On to define or read in a closed
polygon and perform grid operation only within or outside the closed
polygon.
MG Multiple grid operation. You select the type of operation and then are
queried for another file. The file must have the same attributes and Z-
value units for LA and LS. For all operations, the grid must be the same
size and spatial definition. Refer to Multiple Grid Operation Com-
mand Menu details on multiple grid operations.
APPLY Upon completion of desired grid operations, select APPLY to apply all
operations to the current grid and return to the Edit menu.
CANCEL Select CANCEL to return to the previous menu without applying any of
the grid operations. The original grid prior to grid operations will be
restored.
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Smoothing Layers
Layer smoothing can be desirable when noisy data have been
contoured. There are four methods for smoothing a layer:
the moving average
the five-point filter,
a rectangular window smoother that honors faults
the median average
In general, the five-point filter has less of a smoothing effect than the
moving average filter; the five-point filter uses fewer points to calculate
a smoothed value.
The Sierra gridding algorithm also contains simple parameters that you
can adjust to control the smoothness of the gridded surface.
Layer smoothing is desirable when:
Anomalous results are obtained from surface fit, such as
inconsistent posted data
Data has high spatial frequency noise
Smoothing is needed across faults
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T
Moving Average Smooth
To calculate a smoothed value at Point A(A8), the average of the values
at grid points A
1
, through A
15
would be taken
Y
X
A11
A6
A1
A12
A7
A2
A13
A8
A3
A14
A9
A4
A15
A10
A5
A
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Five-point center weighted smooth
The smoothed value calculated for Point A or Point B would represent
the weighted average of all grid points defining the smoothing operator.
The new value at Point A is
where X is the weight value assigned to Point A.
Y
X
A4
A3
A
A1
A2
B
A
i
XA +
X 4 +
-------------------
i 1 =
4