D Da av vi id dG GL Li iu u E Ed du uc ca at ti io on na al l S Se er rv vi ic ce es s

A AP P U US S H Hi is st to or ry y U Un ni it t 7 7b b R Re ec co on ns st tr ru uc ct ti io on n
Chapter 22 Study Guide Chapter 22 Study Guide

1. Review Chapter 20 Girding for War: the North and the South
List 20 actions, laws, procedures, etc which were unique to the time period 1865-1865
I. secession by the Southern states
II. election of a Republican resident Abraham Lincoln
III. Civil War North vs. South
IV. Border states martial law declared
V. King Wheat and King Corns supremacy King Cotton lost
VI. Trent affair Seizure of Confederate diplomats off of British ships
VII. Alabama Confederate commerce-raider (pirate)
VIII. Laird Rams Confederate warships constructed in Britain
IX. Confederate government like Union government but less centralized power
X. Blockade Lincoln did illegally but later became approved by Supreme Court
XI. Habeas Corpus suspended by Lincoln
XII. Increase army size supposed to be done by Congress but Lincoln did
XIII. Supervised voting influenced voting
XIV. Suspending newspapers limited free speech
XV. $2 million given to private citizens and directly against Constitution
XVI. Federal draft riot crisis Democratic uproar over the ability to buy your way out
of the war
XVII. Income tax first time ever and not too burdensome by todays standards
XVIII. Morrill Tariff Act raised tariffs to a moderate level
XIX. Bonds raised more than $2.5 billion
XX. National Banking Systems first attempt at a national bank since the BUS and
government issued greenbacks (paper money)
XXI. Runaway inflation 80% in the North and 9,000% in the South
XXII. Millionaire class first time to arise with more gaudy and extravagant living
XXIII. Womens jobs more opportunities for employment since the men were all fighting
XXIV. Oil industry first time as a serious industry
2. Review Chapter 21 The Furnace of Civil War
List 5 or more actions, laws, procedures, etc which were unique to this time period 1861-
1865
I. Emancipation Proclamation freed Southern slaves
II. Ironclad iron clad ships
III. Total War Shermans march through Georgia first employed this tactic
IV. Assassination of POTUS first time to happen
V. Secession/Nullification never mentioned again seriously
VI. Black soldiers first time used
3. The Problems of Peace
I. What was Johnsons Christmas present to the rebel leaders in 1868? All rebel
conspirators were pardoned for their actions; however, Congress did not restore their
citizenship.
II. List 5 economic and social results on the South.
1. Cities of the south had fallen into disrepair
2. Banks, businesses, and factories were all out of business
3. Transportation systems were destroyed
4. Agriculture was hopelessly crippled since slave labor system had failed
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Date Printed: 08/13/07
D Da av vi id dG GL Li iu u E Ed du uc ca at ti io on na al l S Se er rv vi ic ce es s
A AP P U US S H Hi is st to or ry y U Un ni it t 7 7b b R Re ec co on ns st tr ru uc ct ti io on n
5. Planter aristocrats were humbled
6. Southerners remained dangerously defiant
4. Freedmen Define Freedom
I. List 6 actions taken by the Freedmen after Northern troops entered the South, which
was necessary because Southerners resisted the implementation of the Emancipation
Proclamation
1. Loyalty to the plantation master caused slaves to resist the Union armies
2. Bitterness against the plantation master caused slaves to pillage and punish the
plantation master
3. Demanded more respect in the form of Mr. or Mrs. and wore clothes made
of silks and satins
4. Searched for family members to find spouses, parents, and children which
strengthened black family structure
5. Emigrated to new locations to work in towns and cities where existing black
communities provided protection
6. Focus on church became increased for blacks as they set up their own churches
pastured by their own ministries
7. Opportunity of education allowed greater literacy rates for blacks, a
demonstration of their true independence
5. Freedmens Bureau It was created by Congress in 1865; it was headed by Oliver O.
Howard, and was created to serve as a primitive welfare agency. List its successes and
failures.
I. Successes
1. Education taught around 200,000 former slaves to read because of their
desire to close the gap and to read the word of God
II. Failures
1. Land although supposed to give land in the amount of forty-acre tracts to
slaves, little land was actually in slaves hands
2. Andrew Johnson against the bureau and eventually dissolved
6. Your authors state that Andrew Johnson was the wrong man in the wrong place at the
wrong time. Explain. No citizen had ever reached the presidency through more humble
beginnings. He was a self-made man who became active in politics as a champion of the
common man although he owned slaves. He refused to seceded even though his state seceded.
He was a capable man but he was also a strict champion of states rights and strict
interpretation. He was a Southerner who did not understand the North, a Tennessean who
had earned the distrust of the South, a Democrat who had never been accepted by the
Republicans a president who had not been elected.
7. Presidential Reconstruction
I. Explain Lincolns logic concerning the secession of the South. Lincoln believed that
secession was illegal so in order to return to the Union procedures would be simple.
II. List all of the provisions of Lincolns Plan for Reconstruction of the South. Only 10
percent of the citizens of a state would have to swear allegiance to the Union to allow
a state to begin the process to statehood.
III. Explain Congresss logic concerning the secession of the South. Congress feared
planter aristocracy and the re-enslavement of the blacks so Congress wanted 50
percent of the citizens of a state, since the states had legally seceded and forfeited
their rights. Congresss logic was expressed in the Wade-Davis Bill.
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Date Printed: 08/13/07
D Da av vi id dG GL Li iu u E Ed du uc ca at ti io on na al l S Se er rv vi ic ce es s
A AP P U US S H Hi is st to or ry y U Un ni it t 7 7b b R Re ec co on ns st tr ru uc ct ti io on n
IV. Whose logic did Andrew Johnson follow? Lincolns logic, with alterations including
disenfranchisement of Southern leaders, special state conventions, and ratification of
the 13
th
amendment freeing slaves
V. When traitors became numerous enough, treason becomes respectable. This quote
was made by Andrew Johnsons soon after he becomes president. To what extent does
it reflect his ideas and actions during his control of Reconstruction? Give specific
evidence. Andrew Johnsons actions reflect that he only believed partially in the
veracity of his statement, as secession was not respectable because he specified that
disenfranchisement, conventions, and ratification had to occur before Southern states
could regain respectability.
8. The Baleful Black Codes:
I. What were two purposes of the Black Codes?
1. designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks
2. ensure a stable and subservient labor force
II. List specific restrictions these codes placed on Freedmen. Codes severely punished
those who did not fulfill labor contracts, since they allowed for forfeiture of wages or
loss of self-determination which allowed for the restoration of race relations. Blacks
did not have the right to sit on a jury or to vote. This sharecropping was a mockery of
the ideals that the war was fought for.
9. Congressional Reconstruction
I. By December 1865, almost all of the states of the South had reorganized their
governments and elected members to Congress. What actions did they take which
upset the Republican in Congress? Might join hands with Northern Democrats to win
control of Congress and/or the White House, dismantle the Republican economic
program by lowering tariffs, repealing the free-farm national debt etc
II. What was Congresss action to thwart the new southern Congressmen? Refused to
allow Southern legislators to take their seats
III. What laws did the Republicans pass when the South was out of the Union? Morrill
Tariff, the Pacific Railroad, the Homestead Act
IV. How would the removal of the three-fifths compromise from the Constitution impact the
Souths power? Slaves as one full person gave Southerners twelve more seats in
Congress and twelve more presidential electoral votes
10. Congress Takes Power 1866
I. How did Congress and Johnson clash? When Johnson vetoed the Freedmens Bureau,
Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill which was also vetoed. This Civil Rights Bill,
however, still lived since the veto was overridden. Congress then went on to pass the
14
th
amendment.
II. List the 4 provisions of the 14
th
amendment.
1. Conferred civil rights to blacks except for that of the franchise
2. Reduced the representation of a state in Congress and the Electoral College if
it denied blacks the ballot
3. Disqualified from office former Confederates who had betrayed the Union
4. Guaranteed the federal debt
III. How did 10 of the sinful eleven react to this amendment? They spurned the
amendment.
IV. Who gained control of Congress as a result of the Congressional election of 1866?
Republicans won both houses of Congress by more than a two-thirds majority because
of Johnsons speeches which served to only help his political opponents.
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Date Printed: 08/13/07
D Da av vi id dG GL Li iu u E Ed du uc ca at ti io on na al l S Se er rv vi ic ce es s
A AP P U US S H Hi is st to or ry y U Un ni it t 7 7b b R Re ec co on ns st tr ru uc ct ti io on n
V. Who was the radical Republican from the Senate? Charles Sumner, leader of the
Senate radicals, labored for black freedom and racial equality.
VI. Who was the radical Republican from the House? Thaddeus Stevens, physically
deformed but extremely powerful, was an extremely faithful friend of blacks with a
sharp mind and wit.
VII. Describe the provisions of the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This act divided the South
into five military districts each commanded by a Union general and policed by
soldiers. Congress laid down more requirements for readmission, including ratification
of the 14
th
amendment
VIII. What two amendments must be ratified by the South? 14
th
and 15
th

IX. Finally, in 1877, the last federal muskets were removed from state politics and the
solid Democratic South congealed. What were the white Democratic leaders of the
South called? Redeemers or Home Rule regimes replaced the radical regimes
when federal troops left the Southern states after they had reorganized their
governments.
X. How did women react to the 15
th
amendment? Why? Women were greatly
disappointed since they had temporarily suspended their own cause and worked for
the blacks. Now while blacks got the vote, they got nothing.
11. The Realities of the Radical Reconstruction in the South
I. List five political actions taken by Freedmen during Congressional Reconstruction of the
South.
1. Union League primary vehicle of political initiatives for blacks, assisted by
Northerners who turned the League into a network of political clubs, church and
school builders, legal representatives, and militias
2. Black Women attended rallies during Reconstruction, helped assemble mass
meetings at black churches, and showed up at the constitutional conventions
held throughout the South
3. Black Men held greater political authority as the backbone of the black
political community
4. Black Federal Legislators fourteen congressman and two senators were black
between 1868 and 1876
5. Black State Officials Blacks served as lieutenant governors and
representatives as well as mayors, magistrates, sheriffs, and justices of the
peace
II. scalawags a derogatory term used to describe Southerners who were former
Unionists and Whigs of trying to steal the Souths wealth
III. carpetbaggers a derogatory term used to describe Northerners who had come to
the South to seek personal power and profit
IV. List 5 accomplishments of the radical legislatures of the South.
1. Adequate public schools
2. Tax systems streamlined
3. Public Works launched
4. Property rights guaranteed
5. Reforms kept by their Democratic successors
12. The Ku Klux Klan
I. What were its purpose and actions? The Ku Klux Klan, or the Invisible Empire of the
South was formed to violently oppose radical rule through frightening and
frightening blacks and their political opponents.
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D Da av vi id dG GL Li iu u E Ed du uc ca at ti io on na al l S Se er rv vi ic ce es s
A AP P U US S H Hi is st to or ry y U Un ni it t 7 7b b R Re ec co on ns st tr ru uc ct ti io on n
D Page 5 of 5
II. What was the impact of the Force Act of 1870 and 1871? Federal troops were able
to stamp out much of the lash law but the intimidation was already done and was
continued though guises like dancing clubs and missionary societies.
13. Impeachment
I. What did the Tenure of Office Act state? The new law required the president to
secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees once they had
been approved by that body.
II. What was the impact of Johnson firing Secretary of War Stanton? The House of
Representatives voted 126-47 to impeach Johnson for high crimes and
misdemeanors as well as disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach.
III. What was the vote in the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson? He was acquitted by
a margin of one vote because fears of a destabilizing president, opposition to the
Johnsons successor, and agreement by Johnson to stop vetoing Republican policies.
IV. What dangerous precedent was avoided? The dangerous precedent of allowing the
president to be impeached and removed from office because he stood in the way of
the radicals.
14. Why did we buy Alaska for $7.2 million in 1867? The Russians were interested in selling to
the United States because they it might be lost to the British in a Russo-British war, it was an
economic liability, and its selling to the United States could serve as a barrier between the
British and the Russians.
15. Many white Southerners regarded Reconstruction as a more grievous wound than the war
itself. Explain why. The Southerners resented with the destruction of their social and racial
system, political power of blacks, and the insult of federal involvement.
16. Refer to pages 509-511. Discuss each of the following thoroughly
I. Redeemers white Democrats who resumed political power in the South and exercised
it ruthlessly against blacks
II. Sharecropping/Tenant Farming system of labor that blacks and poor whites were
forced to accept where they were subservient to landlords and creditors
III. Crop-lien system storekeepers extended credit to small farmers for food and
supplies in return for a portion of their harvests
IV. Jim Crow Laws legal codes of segregation that enacted literacy requirements, voter-
registration laws, and poll taxes
V. Plessy v Ferguson (1896) allowed for the legality of separate but equal facilities
VI. According to the table, what three years had the most lynching? 1882,1885,1900
17. Refer to pages 543-545. As late as 1900, the South still produced a smaller percentage of
the nations manufactured goods than it had before the Civil War. Discuss each of the
following and explain its impact on the Souths economy.
I. machine-made cigarettes replaced the roll-your-own variety which increased
tobacco consumption and boosted the Southern economy
II. Northern-dominated railroad interest railroads gave preferential rates to
manufactured goods moving southward from the north, but in the opposite direction
they discriminated in favor of southern raw materials which kept the South in servitude
to the North as they were unable to develop an industrial base of their own
III. cotton textiles Southerners had begun processing their own cotton in cotton mills in
the South
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Date Printed: 08/13/07