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HUM 17 Introduction to logic
Prof. Dr. Christine Crmel !. !mos
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"ssignment$ !ecittion
1. Wht is logic%
#. "re the follo&ing rguments correct%
". 'irds ().
* is +ird.
* (ies ,-enguin or ostrich.
'. 'irds ().
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0he s-rro& (ies.
C. //////////
1ulin is mn.
1ulin &ill die.
2. 3i4e the im-ortnce of logic in e4er)d) life.
House rules
1. 2 5te 6 1 +sent
#. 7 llo&ed +sences
2. 789 -ssing rte
4. Cutting clss 6 +sent
:. ;o +sences during <ui==es nd e>ms
7. Cheting 6 filure
Deducti4e resoning 6 generl to s-eci?c
5ogic 6 correct thin@ing ,resoning -rocessA mo4ement of the mind
from one thought to nother thought connected &ith it
A right orderA consistenc)A reson+le -rocedureA necessr) reltionshi-A
4lid inference.
'rnches$
Borml logic 6 +rnch of logic interested in the form or structure of
resoning
Mteril logic 6 concerned -rimril) &ith contents of the rgument
C4er) ct is niml.
C4er) tiger is niml.
0hereforeA e4er) tiger is ct.
C4er) tiger is dog.
C4er) (o&er is tiger.
0hereforeA e4er) (o&er is dog.
"ll -hiloso-hers re &ise.
"ll logicins re -hiloso-hers.
0hereforeA ll logicins re &ise.
!eferences
'chu+erA "ndre&. Introduction to logic.
Cru=A Cor=on. 1DD:. Introduction to logic. ;'.
;+oE;er)A M. #887. Bundmentls of logic. ;'.
F+Gecti4es$
1. 0o de?ne terms
#. 0o understnd the clssi?ction of terms
2. 0o --l) the uses terms
Htte &hether the su+Gect terms in the follo&ing sentences re uni4erslA
-rticulrA singulr. 0hen s-ecif) if the sentences re "A CA I or F.
1. Cch tree is not sentient.
#. ;ot ll m) shirts re &hite.
2. 0he United Httes is not &rElo4ing countr).
4. 3od lone is -erfect.
:. Bi4e tems Goined the legue this seson.
7. !oses re red.
7. 0he housemid is dishonest.
I. Home l&)ers re lirs.
D. Home -riests re not o+edient.
18. 0his +o) is hiding sling shot.
"ll men re lirs.
;o one is &orth doing &rong for.
Home mrried cou-les do not &nt children.
F+Gecti4es$
1. 0o de?ne -ro-osition
#. 0o understnd the +sic elements of -ro-osition
Pro-ositions re sttements tht e>-ress ssertions of the reltionshi- or
disgreements of t&o ides @no&n s ctegoricl -ro-ositions. 0he)
e>-ress fct or &ht inform us +out the &orld.
2 elements ,5ogicl form of -ro-osition.$ Hu+GectA co-ulA -redicte
Friginl form$ 5ogicl form$
'ts (). "ll +ts re ()ing +eings.
Peter li4es. Peter is li4ing -erson.
Pro-erties of -ro-osition$ "A CA IA F ,QU";0I0JA QU"5I0J.
3i4e the "A CA IA F -ro-ositions ech of the follo&ing -ro-ositions
. "ll men re not com-letel) e4il.
+. Home +oo@s re es) to stud).
c. Most men do not h4e t&o &i4es.
0)-es of -ro-osition
1. Ctegoricl -ro-osition 6 cn +e determined &hether it is true or
flse.
C>.
". "ll students re hrd &or@ing.
'. "ll free +eings re c-+le of selfEctuli=tion. ,?rst -remise.
"ll -ersons re free +eings. ,second -remise.
HenceA ll -ersons re c-+le of self ctuli=tion. ,conclusion.
#. H)-otheticl -ro-osition$ one does not ssert directl) or
immeditel) its truthfulness or its flsit).
". Conditionl lso @no&n s im-licti4eA e>-resses condition or
reltion of de-endence +et&een t&o -ro-ositions.
Prts of conditionl -ro-osition$
1.ntecedent 6 conditionA KifL -ro-osition ,I stud) m) lesson..
#. conse<uence 6 KthenL -ro-osition ,I -ss the e>mintion..
C>. If I stud) m) lessonA then I -ss the e>mintion.
'. DisGuncti4e6 one &hose su+Gect or -redicte consists of -rts
&hich e>clude ech other.
1. Perfect disGunction 6 one disGunct e>clude the other
C>. It is either rining or not rining.
0he Gudge is either honest or dishonest.
#. Im-erfect disGunction 6 Fne disGunct does not necessril)
e>clude the other disGunct.
C>. 0he chl@ is either &hite or )ello&.
0he students re either M-uns or 5etrnites.
C. ConGuncti4e -ro-osition$ denies tht t&o contrr) -redictes
together cn not +e true of the sme su+Gect t the sme time.
C>. I cn not stnd nd sit t the sme time.
Mricr is +oth +eutiful nd intelligent.
2. 'i conditionl or e<ui4lence $ if nd onl) -ro-osition.
I &ill +e -roclimed grdute if nd onl) if I -ss ll the
su+Gects.
Identfy whether the foowng propostons are categorca , condtona, ds|unctve,
con|unctve or b condtona.
1. Pars s great or not great.
2. One cannot be snfu and sness at the same tme.
3. Ether they w hep each other or refuse to do so.
4. If t s nghttme, then the sky s dark.
5. He knows ether the Cebuano or Ionggo daect.
6. Totataransm s dangerous because t curtas human freedom.
7. Lfe s beautfu.
8. Ether they sgn the treaty or not.
9. He s so taented. He knows how to pay the pano, the von or the gutar.
10.Hope s present as ong as one ves.
Some abor unons are bady managed.
A = A abor unons are bady managed.
E = No abor unon s bady managed./ A abor unons are not bady managed.
I - Some abor unons are bady managed.
O - Not a abor unons are bady managed. / Some abor unons are bady .
Some mayors are women.
A = A mayors are women.
E = A mayors are not women./ No mayor s a woman.
I = Some mayors are women.
O = Not a mayors are women./ Some mayors are not women.
Square of ogca opposton
Some mayors are women.
Contrary:
Sub contrary: Some mayors are not women.
Contradctory: A mayors are not women.
Sub atern: A mayors are women.
Some abor unons are bady manged.
Contrary
Sub contrary : Some abor unons are not bady managed.
Contradctory: A abor unons are not bady managed.
Subatern: A abor unons are bady managed.
Laws of Contrarety (contrary)
1. Contrares can not be both true.
2. Contrares may be both fase.
Laws of contradcton
1. Contradctores can not be both true
2. Contradctons can not be both fase
Laws of sub aternaton
1. The truth of the unversa determnes the truth of the partcuar, but the truth
of the partcuar does not determne the truth of the unversa
2. The fasty of the partcuar determnes the fasty of the unversa, but the
fasty of the unversa does not determne necessary the fasty of the
partcuar
Laws of sub contrarety
1. Sub contrares can not be both fase
2. Sub contrares may be both true
A anges are mmorta.
Contrary: A anges are not mmorta. No ange s mmorta.
Sub contrary
Contradctory: Some anges are not mmorta.
Sub atern: Some anges are mmorta.
Some provnce s rch n natura resources. (True)
Contrary
Sub contrary: Some provnces are not rch n natura resources. - doubtfu
Sub atern: A provnces are rch n natura resources.- doubtfu
Contradctory: A provnces are not rch n natura resources. - fase
Some AFP panes are not for combat: fase
Contrary
Sub contrary: Some AFP panes are for combat. - true
Sub atern: No AFP pane s for combat.- fase
Contradctory: A AFP panes are for combat. True
Every human beng s free. - True
Contrary: No human beng s free. - fase
Sub contrary:
Sub atern: Some human bengs are free. - true
Contradctory: Some human bengs are not free. - fase
Some peope are angry. - Gven as fase
Contrary
Sub contrary: Some peope are not angry. true
Contradctory: A peope are not angry. - true
Sub atern: A peope are angry. fase
No nstrument are contamnated. - Gven as true
Contrary: A nstruments are contamnated. - fase
Sub contrary
Contradctory: Some nstruments are contamnated. - fase
Sub atern: Some nstruments are not contamnated. Or Not a nstruments are
contamnated. True
Wrte the syogsm of the foowng. Enthymemes - premses and concusons are
not expressed ony mped, shortened forms of syogsm
1. Sun exposure s nked to skn cancer thus t s advsabe to wear a hat and
ong seeves when n the sun.
Ma|or premse
Mnor premse
Concuson
2. To avod coorecta cancer, we must mt charbroed, smoked and sated
food ntake.
Ma|or premse
Mnor premse
Concuson
3. Thus the use of sun bockng agents contanng paraamnobenzoc acd may
prevent skn cancer.
Ma|or premse
Mnor premse
Concuson
4. Martn s a physcan and any physcan s sked n chemoprophyaxs.
Ma|or premse
Mnor premse
concuson
Ob|ectves:
1. To reect on reasonng process
2. To understand ogca opposton
3. To dentfy parts of categorca syogsm
|ourna 2 - argumentaton, ogca opposton, reectons/reacton on debates,
reasonng process, |udgment, propostons
Homework make up :
Wrte the syogsm of the foowng.
1. Some governments are ev and the reason for ths s that ther eaders gve
prmacy to mtary programs ke nucear weapons.
2. A chdren have rghts, and snce Anne s a chd, she must have rghts.
3. The Illuminati s cton, and snce t s, t must be a product of ones
magnaton.
4. Rco Ramos s a dctator; a dctators want absoute power; therefore, Rco
Ramos wants absoute power.
5. Corrupton ks ves. Some potcans are corrupt. Therefore, they k ves.
Premise E indictor
As, as shown by, as ndcated by, snce, foows from, for, n vew of the fact that,
nasmuch as, may be nferred from, may be derved from, may be deduced from,
the reason s that
Concuson - ndcator
Accordngy, as a resut, Consequenty, I concude that, n consequence, t foows
that, proves that, so, therefore, thence, thus, we may nfer, whch shows that, whch
means that, whch entas that, whch mpes that, whch aows us to nfer, whch
ponts to the concuson that