Unit -1

1. Describe the Radiation method with the help of a neat sketch. Under what circumstances this
method is resorted to. Also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of plane table surveying over
other methods of surveying.

2. The following are the bearings of a closed traverse. Find out which of the stations are affected by
local attraction. Tabulate the corrected bearings of lines.

Line F.B. B.B
AB N50
0
30W S47
0
30E
BC N54
0
00E S53
0
00W
CD S3
0
30E N4
0
00W
DE S41
0
30E N41
0
30W
EA S79
0
30W N78
0
30E

3. Explain in detail about the principles and classification of Surveys?
4. Explain clearly the points of difference between the prismatic compass and surveyors compass.

Unit -2

1. Explain in detail about the temporary and permanent adjustments of levels?
2. Describe in detail the process of
a. Differential leveling
b. Profile leveling
c. Cross-sectioning
3. The following staff readings were taken with a level. The instrument having been shifted after the
4
th
, 7
th
and 10
th
readings. RL of the starting BM is 100.00 m. Enter the readings in the form of a
level book page and reduce the level by the collimation method and apply the usual checks.
2.65,3.74,3.83,5.27,4.64,0.38,0.96,1.64,2.84,3.48,4.68 & 5.26

4. Discuss in detail, the methods of direct and indirect contouring.

Objective questions

1. In chain surveying, field work is limited to ( )
a) linear measurements only
b) angular & angular measurements only
c) both linear measurements only
d) none of the above
2. Chain surveying is well adopted for ( )
a) small surveys in open ground
b) small surveys with ups and downs
c) large area with simple details
d) large area with crowded details
3. In a metric chain, number of links per metre can be ( )
a) 2 b) 5 c) 8 d) 10
4. Which of the following methods results in higher accuracy for measuring horizontal
distance on rough grounds: ( )
a) Chaining b) taping c) tacheometry d) all the above
5. The direction of survey lines may be expressed in terms of ( )
a) included angles between them b) bearings
c) both of the above d) none of the above
6. Which of the following compass can be used without a tripod for observing bearings
( )
a) trough compass b) prismatic compass
c) surveyor compass d) all the above
7. The temporary adjustments of surveyor compass involves ( )
a) centring only b) leveling only
c) centring & leveling d) centring, leveling and focusing the prism
8. During the orientation of plane table ( )
a) the farthest point is sighted b) the nearest point is sighted
c) either a or b d) the previous station is sighted
9. A mosque is situated on the far side of a river and is inaccessible. It can be located by
( )
a) radiation b) traversing
c) intersection d) resection
10. The most rapid method of orientation by the three-point method of plane tabling is the
( )
a) tracing paper method b) graphical method
c) trial and error method d) both a & b


Fill in the blanks


11. The distance between two points measured along a slope is 428m. The angle of slope is
8. The horizontal distance between the points in m is=_______________

12. Contours of different elevations cross each other only in=__________________.

13. A series of closely spaced contours represent a =____________________________.

14. Curves of equal heights are known as =____________________________.

15. If bearing of AB=50, bearing of BC=310, then ABC=___________________.

16. The area of any irregular figure can be determined accurately with a =______________

17. Trapezoidal rule is valid when the number of ordinates is =

18. A series offsets was taken from a base line to a curved boundary line at intervals of 10m
in the following orders: 0, 2.68, 3.64, 3.70, 4.60, 3.62, 4.84, 5.74, the area between the
base line, the curved boundary line and the end offsets using trapezoidal rule is =

19. Any line which is normal to the plumb line at all points is known as = .

20. The horizontal angle between the true meridian and survey line is=


Unit -2


1. Levelling deals with measurement in ( )
a) horizontal plane b) vertical plane
c) workmen compensationd) None
2. B.M. in surveying designates ( )
a) Bending Moment b) British Mark
c) Bench Mark d) both a & c
3. Staff reading over a station, whose elevation is known is called ( )
a) foresight b) backsight
c) intermediate sight d) all the above
4. Correction due to refraction is given by ( )
a) 0.0112D
2
b) 0.0785D
2

c) 0.0673D
2
d) 0.0012
5. The backsight reading on BM = 100m was 3.250m. The inverted staff reading to the
bottom of a girider was 1.250m. the RL of the bottom of girder is
( )
a) 101.250m b) 102.00
c) 104.50 d) 103.250
6. The lines joining the points of equal elevation on the surface of the earth are known as
( )
a) isohytes b) isogonics
c) agonics d) contours
7. For mountainous region, a suitable contour interval may be ( )
a) 0.2m b)2m c) 20m d) 200m
8. A series of closed contours on a map indicates ( )
a) a closed traverse b) a depression
c) a summit d) either b or c

9.The method of computing areas by subdividing a plot into triangles is suitable for
( )
a) work of small nature b) work of big nature
c) road work d) canal work
10.The method suitable for computing the area when the boundary line
departs considerably from a straight line is ( )
a) Mid-ordinate rule b) Average-ordinate rule
c)Trapezoidal rule d) simpsons rule

Fill in the blanks:

11. In working from _____________ to ___________, any error in a part gets maginified and
in the end the errors become large and uncontrollable

12. A ___________ line is a vertical line perpendicular to the level line at a point.


13. A ___________ line is provided to check the accuracy of measurement.

14. _____________ is the horizontal angle between the true meridian and magnetic meridian

15. The orientation of a magnetic needle is affected by the presence of magnetic substances
known as _______________

16. A ___________ surface is a surface parallel to the mean obtained by adding the
known or assumed datum surface elevation

17. The _________ of a point is the height of the point obtained by adding the known or
assumed datum surface elevation

18. ____________ is the operation done to determine elevation or vertical distances of points

19. The primary objective of surveying is to prepare a or a

20. The _________is an instrument used to measure areas



PLANE TABLE SURVEY

General:

In case of plane table survey, the measurements of survey lines of the traverse and their
plotting to a suitable scale are done simultaneously on the field. Following are the cases in which
the plane table survey is found to be useful:
(1) Compass survey cannot be carried out with success in industrial areas of the town. Plane
table survey will be the best alternative in such cases.
(2) For preparing plans on a small scale, plane table survey proves to be speedy, easy and
accurate.
(3) The city or town has expanded within two or three decades and it is required to plot the
developed area on the previously plotted plan of the existing area.

Instruments required:

Alidade, Drawing board, Plumbing fork, Spirit level and Trough compass

Temporary adjustments of plane table:

Following three distinct operations at each survey station are carried out for the
temporary adjustments of a plane table.
Centering

Leveling

Orientation

(1) Centering

The legs of tripod are well spread out to get the convenient height for working on the
board. Then, the operation of centering is carried out by means of plumbing fork or U-frame and
plumb bob. This process ascertains the fact that the point on paper represents the station point on
ground. The pointed end of the plumbing fork is kept on point on paper and at the other end, a
plumb bob is fixed. The table or board is shifted bodily till the plumb bob hangs exactly over the
peg of the station.

(2) Leveling

The process of leveling is carried out with the help of spirit level and it consists of
making the table level either by ordinary tilting the board or by ball and socket arrangement or
by adjusting the legs of tripod.

(3) Orientation
The process by which the position occupied by the board at various survey stations are
kept parallel is known as the orientation. Thus, when a plane table is properly oriented, the lines
on the board are parallel to the lined on ground which they represent. The methods of orientation
are:

(i) Orientation by magnetic needle: In this method, the magnetic north is drawn on paper
at a particular station. At the next station, the trough compass is placed along the line
of magnetic north and then the table is turned in such a way that the ends of magnetic
needle are opposite to the zeros of the scale. The board is then fixed in position by
clamps. This method is inaccurate in the sense that the results are likely to be affected
by the local attraction.
(ii) Orientation by back sighting: In this method, the orientation is carried out by the back
sighting of a particular line. Suppose a line is drawn from station A on paper
representing line AB on ground. The table is centered and leveled at station B and
then the alidade is placed along the line ba. The table is turned till the line of sight
bisects the ranging rod at A. The board is then clamped in this position. This method
is better than the previous one and it gives perfect orientation.



Methods of plane table survey:

Following are the four methods by which an object might be located on paper by plane
table:
(1) Radiation
(2) Intersection
(3) Traversing
(4) Resection

RADIATION

This is the simplest method and it is useful only when the whole traverse can be
commanded from a single station. The procedure is as follows:
(i) Select a point P so that all the corners of the traverse ABCD are seen.

(ii) Carry out the usual temporary adjustments of centering and leveling. Mark the north
line on paper.
(iii) Put the alidade on point P and dram a line of sight for station A.

(iv) Measure the distance PA on ground and put this length to a suitable scale on paper
which will give point a.
(v) Similarly, obtain points b, c and d on paper by drawing lines of sight for stations B, C
and D and measuring the distances PB, PC and PD on ground respectively.
(vi) Join points a, b, c and d on paper, as shown in figure.

(vii) For checking the accuracy of work, measure the distances AB, BC, CD and DA on
ground and compare them with the lengths ab, bc, cd and da respectively on paper.


Radiation method


INTERSECTION

This method is useful where it is not possible to measure the distances on ground as in
case of a mountainous country. Hence, this method is employed for locating inaccessible points,
the broken boundaries, rivers, fixing survey stations, etc. The procedure is as follows:
(i) Select two stations P and Q so that the points to be located on paper are easily seen
from them.

(ii) Plot the line pq, which is known as the base line, on paper. This can be done in one of
the two ways:
a. The table can be centered and leveled at station P and then after orienting at
station Q, the distance PQ can be accurately measured and put up to some scale
on the paper.
b. The line pq can be drawn to some scale on the paper and then the board can be
adjusted from station P by back sighting at station Q.
(iii) From station P, draw rays for stations A, B, etc.

(iv) Shift the table to station Q and after proper orientation, take rays of stations A, B etc.,
(v) The intersection of rays from stations P and Q will give points a, b etc. on paper, as
shown in figure.
(vi) For checking the accuracy of work, measure the distance AB on ground and compare
it with its corresponding length ab on paper.







Intersection method

Advantages of Plane Table Survey


1. It is suitable for location of details as well as contouring for large scale maps directly in the field.
2. As surveying and plotting are done simultaneously in the field, chances of getting omission of
any detail get less.
3. The plotting details can immediately get compared with the actual objects present in the field.
Thus errors as well as accuracy of the plot can be ascertained as the work progresses in the field.
4. Contours and specific features can be represented and checked conveniently as the whole area is
in view at the time of plotting.
5. Only relevant details are located because the map is drawn as the survey progresses. Irrelevant
details get omitted in the field itself.
6. The plane table survey is generally more rapid and less costly than most other types of survey.
7. As the instruments used are simple, not much skill for operation of instruments is required. This
method of survey requires no field book.



Disadvantages of Plane Table Survey


1. The plane table survey is not possible in unfavorable climates such as rain, fog etc.
2. This method of survey is not very accurate and thus unsuitable for large scale or precise work.
3. As no field book is maintained, plotting at different scale require full exercise.
4. The method requires large amount of time to be spent in the field.
5. Quality of the final map depends largely on the drafting capability of the surveyor.
6. This method is effective in relatively open country where stations can be sighted easily


Instruments
A plane table mounted on a tripod stand and a number of accessories are used during plane table
survey. The accessories consist of alidade, spirit level, trough compass, plumbing fork, plumb
bob, drawing sheet.
Plane Tables
The plane table consists of a drawing board with arrangement for fixing on a tripod stand. There
are various types of plane tables, depending upon the arrangement of fixing the boards to the
tripod, leveling of the table and rotating arrangement in a horizontal plane. Figure 33.1 shows a
simple plane table.

Figure 33.1 Simple Plane Table

Alidade
An alidade is a device in which the vertical plane of the line of sight is maintained parallel to a
straight-edge ruler on which the sighting arrangement is kept. It is used to draw a line parallel to
the line of sight and thus provides the direction of the object to be plotted. Depending on the type
of sighting arrangement, alidades are classified as Plain Alidade, Telescopic Alidade and digital
alidade.
Plain Alidade
It consists of a straight-edge ruler, made of a metal or wood, with one of the edges is bevelled and
graduated known as fiducial edge. It consists of two vanes which are perpendicular to its ends,
fitted with hinges at their bases, known as sight vanes. These are kept folded down on the ruler
when not in use. One of the sight vanes is provided with a narrow slit having three holes. This is
used as eye vane. The other, used as object vane, is open and carries a hair or thin wire at its
centre. Thus, the line passing through the slit of the eye vane joining the thin wire of the object
vane and passing beyond is known as the line of sight of a plane alidade. A string is fitted at the
top of the sight vanes and is used for inclined sight. In some alidade, a compass needle as well as
a spirit level gets fitted in a box engraved at its base. However, the plain alidade is not very
accurate. (Figure 33.2) show a plain alidade.


Figure 33.2 Plain Alidade