GENERAL

The environmental and safety aspect on road transportation systems as a whole is

generally ignore as it has a small contribution, in comparison to construction and
maintenance process. However the environmental and safety impact of construction
and maintenance techniques should not be ignored. Cold Mix technology is viewed
favourably in terms of both safeties of workers, emissions and energy consumption/
global warming potential. Cold manufactured bituminous road materials, whether
prepared with foamed bitumen or emulsions have inherent advantages over hot mix.
Energy consumption and global warming potential and resource depletion are lower:
A cold mix constructed roadway requires use only 60-70% of the energy of a hot mix
roadway in a similar situation. During paving of solvent-free emulsion cold mixes,
exposure of workers to hydrocarbon fumes is eliminated. Field measurements have
confirmed that lower paving temperatures of cold or warm mix lead to lower fume
exposures.
Dense populated cities where environmental pollution is a serious threat are of prime
concern for the Highway engineer. Conservation and optimum utilization of the road
building materials specially petroleum and mineral aggregate is the second aspect
which requires immediate attention. The rehabilitation and up gradation of existing
badly distressed pavements due to rapidly growing heavy vehicular traffic are also
attracting attention. An immediate action is required towards the development and
implementation of Eco-friendly pavement construction technologies. Through
application of these technologies the efficient use of existing and waste materials
can be made without creating problems to the environment and at the same time
meeting the quality requirements of the pavements.
Advances in technology and techniques in the in recent years have made cold mix
technology an increasingly popular and cost-effective pavement construction and
maintenance technique. It has been proved in abroad that cold mix technology can
be an option which has the potential to address the above mentioned issues.
Among many Cold Mix Technologies, Foam Bitumen and Bitumen (Asphalt)
Emulsion is the leading one which proving it in every context in front of the Hot Mix
Technology. Presently, Emulsion is mostly used for Prime Coat, Premix Carpeting
and for the Repair Works. Very little work has been carried out for the mixes with
fines in India.
Cold technologies represent the future techniques in road surfacing. These systems
are energy efficient as well as environmentally friendly. The dissertation aim is to
develop cold mixes with different materials. The improved aggregate-binder systems
resulting can be used in both base course and wearing course application.
This works is an effort to encourage the cold in place recycling process and
examines its benefits compared to other methods of rehabilitating and upgrading
road pavements. Also covered are the engineering properties that can be expected
when road building materials are treated with the various stabilizing agents.
Recommendations are given for the choice of the most cost-effective stabilizing
agent depending upon a number of variables.
In this study, an effort is made to analyze the behaviour and performance of Foam
bitumen and Bitumen emulsion as base course with Recycled material. wearing
Course or surface course were tried with fresh aggregate and Bitumen emulsion.
Analysis of the behaviour of many Regular and Polymer Modified Cationic Asphalt
Emulsion with various gradation of SDBC with and without cement is discussed. The
laboratory investigation of the Breaking Point, Setting Point, Marshall Stability, Flow
Value, Bulk Density Percentage Voids and strength parameters like indirect tensile
strength, resilient modulus, creep etc. were carried out.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To study the effect of change in pressure, temperature etc. on foamability of
Bitumen for Indian condition.
To study the suitability of Different fillers for the bituminous agents (Emulsion
and Foam bitumen) for cold recycling using milled Recycled Asphalt
Pavement material
To determine optimum content of stabilizing agent for Foam Bitumen and
Bitumen Emulsion.
To study the performance of stabilized mix
To study the performance and structural adequacy of the foam bitumen test
track
To develop Bitumen emulsion for Base course and wearing Course using
polymer for Indian Conditions.
To study the suitability of the Cationic Asphalt Emulsion for the Semi Dense
Bituminous Mix (SDBC).
To study the variation in the properties of the Semi Dense Bituminous Mix
using different aggregates gradation.
To study the variation in the properties of the Semi Dense Bituminous Mix with
different types of Cationic Asphalt Emulsions with or without Cement.
To study the improvement in the properties of the Semi Dense Bituminous Mix
with increase of curing period of Cationic Asphalt Emulsions with or without
Cement.
To study the performance of the Bitumen Emulsion test track
To come out with such a mix that can be proved equivalent or better than a
hot mix in each and every respect.
METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
Determination of foaming properties of bitumen and study on the foaming
properties with the variation of Temperature, air pressure, bitumen content
etc. on expansion ratio and half life using Wirtgen WLB 10 foam bitumen
laboratory unit
Preparation of samples using different combinations of granular/RAP material
and stabilizing agents
Preparation of Samples of different combinations of cement, lime, fly-ash,
emulsion and foam bitumen and study the performance of active filler for
density and indirect tensile strength (ITS) to determine optimum content of
stabilizing agent
Determination of Stiffness of bitumen-stabilized material by subjecting 100
mm diameter Marshall Specimen to repeated load testing
Study of Performance of test track laid with recycled asphalt pavement by
evaluating cores from the existing cold recycled pavement and testing for
performance characteristics
Determination of structural adequacy of the Recycled foam bitumen test track
by Benkelman beam deflection study for three consecutive years
Determination of suitable Cationic Asphalt Emulsions which are best suitable
for Cold Mix.
Determination of the properties of the Emulsion using two types (MORTH and
ASTM) Aggregates gradation. As the literature studies say gradation
influences the strength to a great extent so two different gradations were used
to study the performance.
Determination of the breaking time of the mix, so that time of travel of the mix
from premix plant to the site can be calculated.
Determination of the mix properties, i.e. Stability, Flow, Bulk Density, Percent
Voids, Voids in Mineral Aggregates and Voids Filled with Bitumen, ITS,
Resilient modulus and Creep for different types of Emulsions with or without
Cement.
Comparing the results, with variation in Aggregate Gradation, Cement
Content and Emulsion type.
Determination of the best mix possible.

Structure of Thesis
The thesis has been documented in six chapters. The limitation of hot mix and need
of environment friendly cold mix are highlighted in chapter one. Bitumen Emulsion
and Foam Bitumen mixes are introduced. Objective of present research and scope of
thesis work are also given in this chapter.
Chapter -2 presents a comprehensive review of literature and investigation carried
out in India and abroad on rheological aspects and use of fillers like cement, lime and
fly ash(industrial waste) on base and wearing course.
The details of experiment work carried out with cold recycle material mixed with
Foam bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion along with the Benkelman beam study on the
trial test track is presented in chapter-3.
Chapter 4 deals with the laboratory test perform on bitumen Emulsion with fresh
aggregate for base course and surface course. Two types of aggregate gradation
with three different types of emulsion with and without cement were investigated.
The performance of laboratory test was further tested by laying a test track in the
areas where heavy rainfall occurs. For this Assam in North east part of the country
was selected.
The detailed analysis of test result is done in chapter 5. Results and
recommendations are discussed in chapter-6
Referred articles, journals, papers and helpful websites are listed in references.
Appendices contain material sampling and blending, Mix design procedure for BSM
and strength test procedures.
Candidates for Cold Mix Technology
Foam Bitumen
Emulsion
Brief history of Foamed Bitumen
In late 50s Dr Ladis Csanyi at the Bituminous Research Laboratory of the
Engineering Experiment Station, Iowa State University successfully injected steam
into Bitumen to create a foaming mass. (Csanyi, 1957 and 1959). Csanyis invention
was motivated to use the abundance of ungraded marginal loss materials in his state
of Iowa, and a shortage of good quality aggregate.
MIX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
As the use of foamed bitumen has expanded to many countries, they started
adopting their selection criteria for the optimum mix component based on different
formulations and interpretations of the product. Hence the mix design procedures for
foamed Bitumen mixes could not be formalised. Main reason for that was the limited
application and often secretive approaches to the process by operators. This has
resulted in an absence of fundamental guidelines for the use of the product, stifling
further development of the process.
Bitumen requirements
The foam characteristics of bitumen i.e. the expansion ratio and half-life are
influenced by a various factors and vary significantly. Variations in the foam
characteristics, in turn, have great impact on the performance of the foamed bitumen
mix.
Foamability
Brennen.M,Tia.M, Wood.L.E, et al. (1983) found that the expansion ratio and half
time are affected by
The amount of foam produced,
The amount of water in the foam, and
The foaming temperature of the bitumen.
Notably, Ruckel et al. (1983) and Acott and Myburgh (1983) recommended limits of 8
to 15 for the foam (expansion) ratio and 20 seconds (minimum) for half-life for tests
in a 1 gallon container, whilst the CSIR (1998) recommends an expansion ration of
at least 10:1 and a half-life of at least 12 seconds.
Maccarrone et al. (1994) investigated the influence of additives or "foamants" that
extend the half-life of foamed bitumen. With the addition of 0.5% to 0.75% foamant,
the expansion ratio of the bitumen was maintained at between 8:1 and 15:1 whilst
the half-life increased to in excess of 40 seconds. Such additives are useful where
bitumens have been treated with silicone de-foamant or anti-foamant and do not
produce the desirable characteristics. There can be, however, significant financial
implications by including an additive in a foaming process.
Lee (1981) studied the effects of half-life and foam (expansion) ratio on Marshall
Properties of foamed-mixes. The expansion ratio utilised ranged from 5 to 20 and the
half-life from 11 to 136 seconds. The study revealed no significant trends in the
mixes in terms of Marshall Stability and Immersion Stability relative to the foam
characteristics.
Bitumen properties
Abel (1978) produced conclusive results with the finding that bitumens of lower
viscosity foamed more readily than those of higher viscosity, providing foams with
higher expansion ratios and half-lives; but that the higher viscosity bitumens
produced an improved coating of aggregate.
Aggregate properties
After the introduction of foamed bitumen, a wide range of materials has been
successfully treated for use in road construction. Aggregates of sound and marginal
quality, from both virgin and recycled sources have been utilised in the process.
Acott (1979 and 1980), concentrated his research on sands stabilised with foamed
bitumen, including aeolian sand, river sand, mine sand and blends of these
materials.
Filler content
According to literature, the factor which has the highest impact on the optimum
binder content of a foam mix is the filler content. The fraction of mineral aggregate
smaller than 0,075mm has been shown by various researchers to have a bearing on
the behaviour of a foamed mix. For this reason, Ruckel et al. (1982) established a
guide for the recommended design bitumen content for different aggregate grading
based on the filler content. The voids of different fillers and Bitumengetal i.e.
moisture content at which the filler becomes plastic are properties that are used to
define fillers, and their bearing on foamed mixes requires further investigation. At the
same time, one of the pertinent features of the observation is the excessively high
filler to binder ratios in comparison with HMA. Not much study on different material
that can be used as filler has been carried out. To find out the suitability of different
material like Lime, Fly Ash was carried out along with the cement in this thesis. For
the evaluation of mix and the property
Material Type
Ruckel et al. (1983) list suitable materials for foam treatment as crushed stone, rock,
gravel, sand, silty sand, sandy gravel, slag, reclaimed aggregate, ore tailings and
others. Most of these materials have been investigated by other researchers, with
Acott (1979) investigating sands, Lee (1981) investigating recycled materials and
Dijkink (1992) investigating slag residue and ashes from zinc production, to name
but a few.
Foamed bitumen content
Brennen et al. (1983) studied the influence of the binder content of a foamed mix on
the moisture sensitivity of the mix. It was concluded For RAP mixes that, the higher
the binder content of the mix, lower the level of moisture absorption of the specimen
during vacuum saturation.
Moisture content of foamed bitumen mix
Initially the moisture in the mineral aggregate prior to the addition of foamed bitumen
has been considered vitally important in terms of a carrier for the binder during
mixing. The inclusion of the water phase into the asphaltic mix in foam bitumen is the
special factor which makes it different from conventional HMA.
Lee (1981) established that the optimum mixing moisture content varies with
gradation of the aggregate and in particular the size of the fraction smaller than
0,075mm. He recommends that 65% to 85% of the optimum moisture content as
established using standard AASHTO compaction should be used for the mixing
moisture content during foam stabilisation.
Mixing methods
In 1956 Csanyi propounded a Mortar Theory that suggests that individual coating of
aggregate particles is desirable, rather than the bitumen permeating the entire mass
forming a semi-solid-plastic cement holding the aggregates in place. This would
allow the stability of the mix to be carried by the particles with the highest strength.
The distribution of the binder in the mix, which mainly depends on the mixing
method, is the key to success of Csanyis objective.
Temperature considerations
The work of Bowering and Martin(1976) is based on observations during research
and leads to a generalised statement that, depending on aggregate type, the
minimum mixing temperature of the aggregate is 13C to 23C, below which poor
quality mixes will result.
Compaction
Various compaction methods have been utilised in laboratory mix design and
research of foamed mixes besides the standard Marshall compaction. Lewis et al.
(1995) relate the compaction of foamed mix in the field with Bulk Relative Density as
determined by using Marshall Compaction in the laboratory.
PERFORMANCE MIX (ENGINEERING) TEST
Fatigue
The parameter of the tensile strength of a mix i.e. tensile strength master curve is
considered to be a primary factor influencing the fatigue performance of the material.
For this reason the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) Test is used as an engineering
property that can be used to predict performance. Maccarrone (1994) recommended
that the foamed mix specimens should have a minimum ITS value of 200kPa (dry)
and 100 kPa (soaked) after curing, for good performance, when tested at 25C and
0.87mm/sec. Roberts et al. (1984) investigated the tensile strength of RAP materials
with various binders for cold bituminous mixes. They concluded that the tensile
strength created by foamed bitumen binder is superior to that created by cut-back or
emulsion mixes.
Resistance to Permanent Deformation
Stability
Dynamic Testing
Shackel et al. also established that resistance to permanent deformation is a function
of the binder content and the degree of saturation (% voids filled with water by
volume) of a foam treated material. The ratio of the axial strain to the peak axial
strain decreases with increase in binder content.
Deflections
The measurement of surface deflections of a pavement under a load application on
the surfacing layer is a method of analysing the interaction of the different layers in
the entire pavement structure. Bowering and Martin (1976) found that the deflections
measured using a Benkelman Beam on a pavement incorporating a foam-treated
layer, are similar to those of other types of pavement. Van Wijk and Wood (1983)
provided more incisive results showing that trial sections incorporating the
stabilisation of in situ materials with foamed bitumen experienced an increase in
average initial deflection relative to the original pavement.
Experimental Programme
RAP and Mineral Aggregate Evaluation
Representative sample of pulverized and air dried Reclaimed Asphalt Product (RAP)
and Crusher stone dust were collected from stock pile and then sieved through a set
of sieves for gradation. Bitumen content and moisture content of air dried RAP found
to be 5.2% and 0.12% respectively. Moisture content and specific gravity of air dried
Stone Dust found to be 0.40% and 2.68 respectively.
Sieve analysis of pulverized and air dried RAP was done for the aggregate
proportioning. Four options were tried. Figure 1 shows one of the proportions

Figure : 1 option1 gradation curves
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
1
0
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
sieve size, mm (log scale)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t


p
a
s
s
i
n
g
upper limit
lower limit
combined
RAP
SD

Study of Air pressure Influence on expansion ratio and half time of Foam
bitumen:
The Bitumen water, 3% (i.e. Bitumen water discharge, 10.8 l/h) and Bitumen
temperature, 165
0
c were kept constant and the air pressure was varied from 3 to 6
bars at an interval of 1 bar to study the influence of air pressure. The bitumen water
pressure was kept 1 bar more than the air pressure as given in WLB-10 operation
manual. Basic height of bitumen of 625 g per unit area of container was found to be
1.2 cms after complete collapse of the foam. The graph plotted keeping air pressure
on X-axis and expansion ratio and half life were kept on Y-axis. From this study and
looking in to the figure 3.1 optimum Air pressure was decided as (3.85+4.8)/2 =4.325
bars, following the Minimum acceptable Bitumen foam parameters expansion ratio 8
times and Half-life time 6 seconds.



Figure :2 influence of air pressure on foaming property
Similar studies were conducted for the influence of Bitumen temperature, bitumen,
water content and air pressure on the foaming characteristics.
Mineral Aggregate Proportioning for Foam Mix.
Based on pulverized RAP and stone dust gradation their proportions were fixed to
meet the gradation requirement for Foam bitumen treatment. Four different options
of aggregate proportions were chosen depending upon the percent of filler. Three
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Air pressure, bar
E
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n

r
a
t
i
o
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
H
a
l
f

l
i
f
e
,

s
e
c
o
n
d
s
exp ratio
half lif e in seconds
types of filler like Cement, Lime and Fly Ash were used for the purpose. Cement and
lime are the conventional filler while fly ash is an Industrial waste. Its disposal is a big
task in India. The percentage of these fillers was varied with the percentage of Foam
bitumen. Tests were conducted to evaluate the various properties of bitumen Mix
with the variation in the percentage. Same gradation with the variation in filler was
done with bitumen emulsions to compare the properties between two binders. Three
other options for different % of filler was opted and tested for further studies.
Foam Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion treated RAP Specimen testing
The Marshall specimen prepared with formulated material have been tested for ,
Resilient modulus (MR) and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) after a curing period of
24 hours at room temperature in mould and 72 hours at 40
0
C after taken out of
mould. Testing was carried out at room temperature only. Duplicate samples were
tested for soaked Indirect Tensile Strength after a soaking period of 24 hours in
water bath at ambient temperature. Indirect Tension Test for Resilient Modulus was
carried out at a repetitive load 100 N, frequency 0.1 Hertz and at a temperature of
25
0
C.
Foamed Bitumen Cold Recycling rehabilitation project
Test track with recycled cold mix using 75 % RAP and 25 % Stone dust having 3.5 %
foam bitumen with 1.5% cement filler was also laid to evaluate the performance of
the foam bitumen mix. The length of the track was 400 meter connecting straight
highway to industrial area. Medium to heavy traffic plies over the road.
Cores were cut from the different location of the test track. Cores were tested for
Bulk density, Resilient Modulus, ITS (dry and Soaked). To compare the performance
of the field track, laboratory cores were also made with the same percentage of
cement filler. Further cores with lime and fly ash with 1.5 % as filler with Foam
bitumen and Bitumen emulsions were also made for the comparison among the two
cold mix material performances.
Cores (Briquette) with Bitumen Emulsion with cement, lime and Fly ash as the test
track was were casted for the comparison of the performance.
Field and Laboratory Core Comparison
Comparison of Field cores and Lab cores were made with same binder i.e. foam
bitumen 3.5% and different fillers of 1.5% (Viz. Cement, Lime and Fly-ash). The MR
and ITS of field cores were observed higher than the laboratory cast cores. The bulk
density of the field cores were found less when compared with laboratory cast cores.
MR and ITS of Laboratory Cores with fly-ash were compared with filler as lime or
cement.




Figure 3 :( a, b, c) Variation of Resilient Modulus, Bulk density and ITS in
different cores
Resilient Modulus variation in different cores
2861
2173
1876
1405
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
R
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
t

m
o
d
u
l
u
s
,

M
P
a
Field core Lab core with Cement
Lab core with Lime Lab core with Flyash
Dry ITS Variation in different cores
300
256
243
160
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
I
T
S
,

k
P
a
Field core Lab core with cement
Lab core with Lime Lab core with Flyash
Variation of bulk density in different cores
2.090
2.125
2.109 2.109
2.000
2.020
2.040
2.060
2.080
2.100
2.120
2.140
2.160
2.180
2.200
2.220
B
u
l
k

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

g
/
c
c
Field core lab core with Cement
lab core with Lime lab core with Flyash
Dynamic Creep Test Results Analysis
Laboratory cores prepared with foam bitumen and cement were strong against
dynamic axial loading. The cores treated with emulsion & lime and emulsion & fly
ash are also evaluated.
Benkelman Beam Deflection Testing
Benkelman beam deflection study was carried out on the pavement constructed with
Recycled mix of Foam bitumen after three months of construction i.e. in the month of
February, 2006. The interval of deflection measurement points was selected as 30
meters and initial point is marked at a distance of 10 meters from the zero Chainage
of the Road (i.e. NH-17 Junction). The pavement temperature observed was 37
0
C.
The average characteristic rebound deflection of the pavement found to be 1.17mm.
This road can serve to a 2 million standard axles without provision of any overlay.
Benkelman deflection test was carried out for three consecutive years i.e. 2006,
2007 and 2008.

.Figure 4: Benkelman Beam deflection study at test track
The above work comprises the tests and evaluation of cold mix for Base course
work. It was observed that it can be used very successfully and effectively. The work
of cold mix was extended for surface (Wearing) course. For this purpose Semi
Dense Bituminous Concrete and Bituminous Concrete category was selected.
Cold Mix Design Using Fresh Aggregates and Emulsion
It is not possible to have RAP at all the locations in Indian Road network Scenario.
Hence an effort was made to develop emulsions to serve the different Indian
condition specially areas where rainfall is very high. For this purpose North east
location was selected. In this part of the country rainfall is very high due to which
logistic difficulties are always present. Aggregates remains in wet condition which
makes laying of hot mix bitumen difficult. Subgrade is also porous which further
worsen the problem. In such conditions emulsion is very useful and most suitable for
cold mix bituminous layer. In north east region of Assam was selected for the study
purpose.
Considering the above criterion selection of the emulsion was done on the basis of
coating achieved by the emulsion over the one Kg packs of the proportioned
aggregates of Bituminous Concrete (BC) and Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete
(SDBC). To keep the aggregate proportioning uniform, aggregate passing from
higher sieve and retained on the lower sieve was stacked separately. To keep the
gradation as per MORTH, midpoint was selected from the DBM and SDBC gradation
table. As per the midpoint value aggregate was weighed and used for the gradation.
Selection of Emulsion
Several trials for job mix was tried to ascertain the coating properties, setting time
and breaking time for the job mix of BC and SDBC (with and without adding Cement)
with several grades of emulsions.
Following are the emulsions used-
SSZ
SS-PME
MSC-PME+
MSC-PME
MSC+
MSZ
Out of these emulsions MSC+ and MSZ failed on certain test. Finally following
emulsions were selected for the advance studies.

SSZ -- It is a base slow setting cationic emulsion with a residue of 61 %.
S-PME It is a polymer modified slow setting cationic emulsion with a residue of
61.2%
MS-PME - It is a polymer modified medium setting cationic emulsions with a residue
of 64%.
EMULSION EVALUATION
All the three selected Emulsions were tested for their physical properties as per IS:
8887:2004. The test results were within the norms.
Selection of Aggregate Proportioning
Experience says the strength and other parameters are very much influenced by the
type of gradation. Hence two types of aggregate proportions were selected for semi
dense mix. These proportions were as per MORTH and as per the table 7.2 of Basic
Asphalt emulsion Manual series -19 by Asphalt Institute (AI) and The Asphalt
Emulsion Manufacture association (AEMA). The second gradation is termed as
modified grade. Further to avoid the variation in mix midpoint gradation was
selected. The gradation is shown in Figure

Figure 5: Aggregate proportioning for SDBC as per MORTH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Total

Figure 6: Aggregate proportioning for SDBC as per Modified grade

Testing Of Marshall Specimen
Marshall Specimens are subjected to different tests such as Bulk Density, Stability
Flow Values Indirect Tensile strength, Fatigue and creep test. Marshall Stability and
Flow Values are determined in dry state at 25
o
C. Different properties of the mixes
are determined and other design parameters like voids content, voids filled with
bitumen are calculated.
Typical characteristics of cold mix SDBC with slow setting polymer modified
Emulsion with Cement are shown in the tables
Table 1: Marshall specimen test result
AGG. GRADATION: SDBC ( MORTH ) EMULSION TYPE: SPME
ADMIXTURE: With Cement
Breaking Time : 2 Hr. 00 Min. Coating : Excellent
Agg.
(Gms
)
Bitumen
Residue
By wt of
total mix
Binder
Content
%
Stability
(Kg.)
Flow Value
(mm)
Air
Voids
%
VFB
%
VMA
%
Bulk
Density
gm/cc
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Total
1000 5.46
5.46
5.46
10
1220
1218
5.7
5.9 9.98 38.3 19.2 2.16 1000 1260 6
1000 1175 6
1000 6.01
6.01
6.01
11
1290
1350
5.6
6.1 10.91 47.3 20.7 2.13 1000 1380 6.7
1000 1380 6
1000 6.44
6.44
6.44
12
1260
1274
5.6
6.0 10.69 48.1 20.6 2.12 1000 1310 5.8
1000 1250 6.6

Similar tests were conducted for other emulsions.
Deflection Measurement
Test Track of about 300 mt long was laid. Visual observation and Benkelman beam
deflection study was done on the test trial track for deflection measurement.
Comparison of cold mix properties
Cold mix briquettes were prepared from selected Bitumen emulsions. They were
tested and analyse.
1. For MORTH Gradation
Marshall Specimen properties using all selected type of emulsion without
cement.
Marshall Specimen properties using all selected type of emulsion with cement.
Critical early life properties of cold mix asphalt based on resilient modulus,
To measure resistance to permanent deformation, indirect Tensile strength
on soaked and un soaked condition.
Resistant to water, creep test was also done
Comparison among the three emulsions based on above test results with or
without cement was also carried out.

2. For Modified Gradation (Basic Asphalt emulsion Manual series -19 table
7.2)
Marshall Specimen properties using all selected type of emulsion without
cement.
Marshall Specimen properties using all selected type of emulsion with
cement.
Critical early life properties of cold mix asphalt based on resilient modulus,
To measure resistance to permanent deformation, indirect Tensile strength
was also done on soaked and un soaked condition.
Resistant to water resistant, creep test Comparison among the three
emulsions based on above test results with or without cement was also
carried out.
3. Comparison among the cold mix design parameters based on emulsions
with both types of gradations
Best combination of cold mix design was found with modified grade bitumen
with 2% cement for Indian conditions.
Test Track was laid with the best combination and the performance was
evaluated.




References:-
Abel F. and Hines C., 1978. Base Stabilization with Foamed Asphalt. Colorado
Department of Highways, Denver, Interim Report. Pp 17
Acott S.M.,1979. Sand Stabilisation using Foamed Bitumen. 3rd Conference
on Asphalt Pavements for Southern Africa. Durban. Pp 155-172
Acott S.M.,1980. The stabilisation of a sand by foamed bitumen A laboratory
and field performance study. Dissertation for Master of Science in Engineering.
University of Natal.
A Basic Asphalt Emulsion Manual. Manual Series No 19,Second Edition.
Lexington, USA. Pp 67, 87
Brennen M., Tia M., Altschaefl A. and Wood L.E., 1983. Laboratory
Investigation of the Use of Foamed Bitumen for Recycled Bituminous
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