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7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives

EXERCISES 7.1
Identifying One-to-One Functions Graphically
Which of the functions graphed in Exercises 16 are one-to-one, and
which are not?
y

1.

2.

9.

10.

y f (x) sin x,

x
2
2

y 3x 3

3.

0
1
y x4 x2

4.

y f (x) tan x,

x
2
2

11. a. Graph the function sxd = 21 - x 2, 0 x 1. What

symmetry does the graph have?
b. Show that is its own inverse. (Remember that 2x 2 = x if
x 0.)

y
y int x

12. a. Graph the function sxd = 1>x . What symmetry does the
graph have?

y 2x

b. Show that is its own inverse.

Formulas for Inverse Functions

y

5.

Each of Exercises 1318 gives a formula for a function y = sxd and

shows the graphs of and -1 . Find a formula for -1 in each case.

6.

13. sxd = x 2 + 1, x 0

y 1x

x1/3

14. sxd = x 2, x 0

y f (x)

y f (x)

Each of Exercises 710 shows the graph of a function y = sxd . Copy

the graph and draw in the line y = x. Then use symmetry with respect
to the line y = x to add the graph of -1 to your sketch. (It is not necessary to find a formula for -1 .) Identify the domain and range of
-1 .
7.

15. sxd = x 3 - 1

1
0

y f 1(x)

y f 1(x)
x

1
1

16. sxd = x 2 - 2x + 1, x 1
y

y f (x) 1 1x , x 0

y f (x)
y

y f (x) 2 1 , x 0
x 1

1
y f 1(x)

8.
y

y f 1(x)

Graphing Inverse Functions

y f (x)

1
0

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions

17. sxd = sx + 1d2, x -1 18. sxd = x 2>3,

y
y f (x)

y f 1(x)

y f 1(x)

1
1

33. Suppose that the differentiable function y = sxd has an inverse

and that the graph of passes through the point (2, 4) and has a
slope of 1> 3 there. Find the value of d -1>dx at x = 4 .

x 0

y f (x)
x

34. Suppose that the differentiable function y = gsxd has an inverse

and that the graph of g passes through the origin with slope 2.
Find the slope of the graph of g -1 at the origin.

Inverses of Lines

1
0

Each of Exercises 1924 gives a formula for a function y = sxd . In

each case, find -1sxd and identify the domain and range of -1 . As a
check, show that s -1sxdd = -1ssxdd = x.
19. sxd = x 5

20. sxd = x 4,

21. sxd = x 3 + 1

22. sxd = s1>2dx - 7>2

23. sxd = 1>x ,

x 0
3

x 7 0

24. sxd = 1>x ,

x Z 0

36. Show that the graph of the inverse of sxd = mx + b , where m

and b are constants and m Z 0 , is a line with slope 1> m and yintercept -b>m .

b. Find the inverse of sxd = x + b (b constant). How is the

graph of -1 related to the graph of ?

In Exercises 2528:

c. What can you conclude about the inverses of functions whose

graphs are lines parallel to the line y = x?

a. Find -1sxd .
b. Graph and -1 together.

c. Evaluate d> dx at x = a and d -1>dx at x = sad to show that at

these points d -1>dx = 1>sd>dxd .

27. sxd = 5 - 4x,

b. What can you conclude about the inverse of a function

y = sxd whose graph is a line through the origin with a
nonzero slope m?

37. a. Find the inverse of sxd = x + 1. Graph and its inverse

together. Add the line y = x to your sketch, drawing it with
dashes or dots for contrast.

Derivatives of Inverse Functions

25. sxd = 2x + 3,

35. a. Find the inverse of the function sxd = mx , where m is a constant different from zero.

a = -1

a = 1>2

26. sxd = s1>5dx + 7,

2

28. sxd = 2x ,

x 0,

a = -1
a = 5

29. a. Show that sxd = x and g sxd = 1x are inverses of one

another.
3

b. Graph and g over an x-interval large enough to show the

graphs intersecting at (1, 1) and s -1, -1d . Be sure the
picture shows the required symmetry about the line y = x .
c. Find the slopes of the tangents to the graphs of and g at
(1, 1) and s -1, -1d (four tangents in all).
d. What lines are tangent to the curves at the origin?

30. a. Show that hsxd = x 3>4 and ksxd = s4xd1>3 are inverses of one
another.
b. Graph h and k over an x-interval large enough to show the
graphs intersecting at (2, 2) and s -2, -2d . Be sure the
picture shows the required symmetry about the line y = x .
c. Find the slopes of the tangents to the graphs at h and k at
(2, 2) and s -2, -2d .
d. What lines are tangent to the curves at the origin?

31. Let sxd = x 3 - 3x 2 - 1, x 2 . Find the value of d -1>dx at

the point x = -1 = s3d .

32. Let sxd = x 2 - 4x - 5, x 7 2 . Find the value of d -1>dx at

the point x = 0 = s5d .

38. a. Find the inverse of sxd = -x + 1. Graph the line

y = -x + 1 together with the line y = x. At what angle do
the lines intersect?
b. Find the inverse of sxd = -x + b (b constant). What angle
does the line y = -x + b make with the line y = x?
c. What can you conclude about the inverses of functions whose
graphs are lines perpendicular to the line y = x?

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

39. As in Section 4.3, a function (x) increases on an interval I if for
any two points x1 and x2 in I,
x2 7 x1

sx2 d 7 sx1 d .

Similarly, a function decreases on I if for any two points x1 and x2

in I,
x2 7 x1

sx2 d 6 sx1 d .

Show that increasing functions and decreasing functions are oneto-one. That is, show that for any x1 and x2 in I, x2 Z x1 implies
sx2 d Z sx1 d .
Use the results of Exercise 39 to show that the functions in Exercises
4044 have inverses over their domains. Find a formula for d -1>dx
using Theorem 1.
40. sxd = s1>3dx + s5>6d
42. sxd = 1 - 8x

41. sxd = 27x 3

43. sxd = s1 - xd3

44. sxd = x 5>3

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

CHAPTER 7 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

7.1 INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
1. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test.
2. Not one-to-one, the graph fails the horizontal test.
3. Not one-to-one since (for example) the horizontal line y # intersects the graph twice.
4. Not one-to-one, the graph fails the horizontal test.
5. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test
6. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test
7. Domain: 0  x 1, Range: 0 y

9. Domain: c1 x 1, Range: c 1# y

8. Domain: x  1, Range: y 0

1
#

10. Domain: c_  x  _, Range: c 1#  y

11. The graph is symmetric about y x.

(b) y 1 c x# y# 1 c x# x# 1 c y# x 1 c y# y 1 c x# f c" (x)

1
#

426

Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

12. The graph is symmetric about y x.

"
x

"
y

"
x

f c" (x)

13. Step 1: y x# b 1 x# y c 1 x y c 1
Step 2: y x c 1 f c" (x)
14. Step 1: y x# x cy, since x !.
Step 2: y cx f c" (x)
15. Step 1: y x$ c 1 x$ y b 1 x (y b 1)"$
Step 2: y $x b 1 f c" (x)
16. Step 1: y x# c 2x b 1 y (x c 1)# y x c 1, since x 1 x 1 b y
Step 2: y 1 b x f c" (x)
17. Step 1: y (x b 1)# y x b 1, since x c1 x y c 1
Step 2: y x c 1 f c" (x)
18. Step 1: y x#$ x y$#
Step 2: y x$# f c" (x)
19. Step 1: y x& x y"&
Step 2: y &x f c" (x);
Domain and Range of f c" : all reals;
&

f af c" (x)b x"& x and f c" (f(x)) ax& b

"&

"%

20. Step 1: y x% x y"%

Step 2: y %x f c" (x);
Domain of f c" : x 0, Range of f c" : y 0;
%

f af c" (x)b x"% x and f c" (f(x)) ax% b

21. Step 1: y x$ b 1 x$ y c 1 x (y c 1)"$

Step 2: y $x c 1 f c" (x);
Domain and Range of f c" : all reals;
$

f af c" (x)b (x c 1)"$ b 1 (x c 1) b 1 x and f c" (f(x)) aax$ b 1b c 1b

"$

ax$ b

"$

Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives

22. Step 1: y

"
#

xc

"
#

7
#

c"

xyb

7
#

x 2y b 7

Step 2: y 2x b 7 f (x);
Domain and Range of f c" : all reals;
f af c" (x)b "# (2x b 7) c 7# x b 7# c
23. Step 1: y
Step 2: y

"
x#

x#

"
y

"
x

f c" (x)

7
#

x and f c" (f(x)) 2 "# x c 7# b 7 (x c 7) b 7 x

"
y

Domain of f c" : x 0, Range of f c" : y 0;

f af c" (x)b "" # "" x and f c" (f(x))
x

24. Step 1: y

"
x$

x$

"
x"$
c"

Step 2: y
Domain of f
f af c" (x)b

"
y

(c)

26. (a) y

"
5

"
$
axc"$ b

"
xc"

2,

df c"
dx x1

xb7

df
dx xc1

(c)

x since x 0

"
y"$

x and f c" (f(x)) x"$

"
5

"5 ,

c"

df
dx

c4,

df c"
dx x3

x"

c"

(b)
x
#

3
#

xyc7

x$%&

c"$

"
#

c"

(b)

(x) 5x c 35

27. (a) y 5 c 4x 4x 5 c y
x 54 c y4 f c" (x)
df
dx x1#

"
"x

: x 0, Range of f c" : y 0;

x 5y c 35 f
(c)

$ x" f c" (x);

25. (a) y 2x b 3 2x y c 3
x y# c 3# f c" (x)
df
dx xc1

"
x"#

"
4

(b)
5
4

x
4

427