Steel Connections

Steel Connections
Design Issues
Dr. Seshu Adluri
I d i Introduction
Steel Connections
Unlike concrete, connections in
steel structures need special design p g
Bolts, Rivets and Welds are typical
connectors connectors
Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri
J i i St t l l t Joining Structural elements
Mechanical fastenings
Mechanically formed joints Mechanically formed joints
Welding
Adh i b di Adhesive bonding
MECHANICAL FASTENINGS MECHANICAL FASTENINGS
Rivets
B lti Bolting
Stud Welding
Powder-Actuated Fastenings Powder-Actuated Fastenings
Threaded Fasteners & Nails
Expansion Bolts p
Adhesive-held fasteners
Mechanically formed joints
Ri t Rivets
Old style connectors
Permanent, Need field heating and head forming
Safety issues Safety issues
Tension on cooling is not estimated accurately
Load distribution is not as good as that for bolts
Ri t Rivets
Old style connectors
Permanent, Need field heating and head forming
Safety issues Safety issues
Tension on cooling is not estimated accurately
Load distribution is not as good as that for bolts
Pins
Rarely used compared to bolts and welds
Special projects only
Golden gate bridge approaches
B lt Bolts

B lt Bolts

B lt
Carbon Steel Bolts - Normal strength (A307)
Bolts
g ( )
Similar to ordinary machine bolts
Lower Strength, low load/shear connectors
High Strength Bolts - (A325 A325M A490 A490M etc ) High Strength Bolts - (A325, A325M, A490, A490M etc.)
Sec. 3, CISC Handbook
Heat treated for greater strength
Higher shear resistance Higher shear resistance
Can also be used in Friction Connections
Can be used with or without washers
Bolt function Bolt function
Snug tight bolts (allow slippage)
Pre-tensioned bolts (slip critical)
B th h th lti t t th
Both have the same ultimate strength
M t i l b h i Material behaviour

M t i l b h i Material behaviour

B lt Bolts
Snug tight bolts (allow slippage)
Easy to install (till about the first impact using the
pneumatic wrench). No inspection for tension pneumatic wrench). No inspection for tension
10-20% of tension strength
Pre-tensioned bolts (slip critical no slip)
C tl t i t ll d i ti Costly to install, need inspection
Repeated loadings, bridges, communication towers,
load reversals, impact, cranes, direct tension, etc.
Safety against twist-off, all bolts yield
Both have the same ultimate strength
P t i d B lt Pre-tensioned Bolts
Installation
Turn of the nut method (Table 8 CSA-S16)
1/3 turn for L
b
< 4d
b
1/2 turn for 4d
b
< L
b
< 8d
b
(or 200 mm)
2/3 turn for longer bolts 2/3 turn for longer bolts
Tension indicator washers (ASTM F959) Cl. 23.8.3
Torque wrench
Strain gauges, etc.
Bolt tension as per Table 7, CSA-S16
P t i ff t Pretension effect

P t i ff t Pretension effect

T i t ll d b lt Tension controlled bolts
Wrench grips both the nut & bolt
When required torch reached,
End twists off
A plunger inside discharges the splined end
Ease of installation & consistency Ease of installation & consistency
B lt di i Bolt dimensions
Standard dimensions, thread ,
lengths, bolt lengths for
different grips
Handbook p.6-152 to 6-156
Gauge dist. P.6-162
Nominal
Bolt Size
Length
Added
To Grip To Grip
5/8 7/8
1
7/8 1 1/8
1 1
B lt Bolts
Tension
indicator
washers
T i i di t W h Tension indicator Washers
ASTM F959 washers (Cl. 23.8.3)
Tension indicator Tension indicator
Washers
Washer with Washer with
Protrusions
(Gap)
Protrusions
fl tt B lt flatten as Bolt
is tightened
Visually
inspected to p
ensure that
protrusions are
flat (gap
closed))
Tension indicator Tension indicator
Washers
Load Indicator Washers
with a Visible Dye that
squirts out when the
h h ffi i tl washer has sufficiently
flattened
Pre-tension effect on shear force Pre tension effect on shear force
on the joint

L d El ti Load vs. Elongation

P t i ff t Pre-tension effect

Pre-tension effect
on tension force on
the joint the joint
As the applied tension on the joint
increases, the bolt elongates a
little and eventually elongates
enough (to the length before g ( g
tightening. At that point, the bolt
pretension effect disappears and
the joint will behave as if the
pretension had never been there. p
If the joint is unloaded at that point,
the clamping effect due to
pretension will return.
B lt BIBLE! Bolts BIBLE!
Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints by
Geoffrey L. Kulak, John W. Fisher & John H. A. Struik at:
http://www boltcouncil org/files/2ndEditionGuide pdf http://www.boltcouncil.org/files/2ndEditionGuide.pdf
RCSC: Research Council on Structural Connections
Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
http://www.boltcouncil.org/index.html

B l H d Bolt Heads
Required
Markings Markings
Typical Typical
Bolted
J i t Joints

Typical Bolted Joints Typical Bolted Joints

Typical Bolted Joints Typical Bolted Joints

Typical Bolted Typical Bolted
Joints

Typical Bolted Joints

B i t b lt i Sh Bearing type bolts in Shear

Bearing type Bolted Joints Bearing type Bolted Joints

B lt i Sh Bolts in Shear

B lt b i ff t Bolt bearing effect

B lt i t i f il Bolts in tension failure

B lt bl k t t ff t Bolt block tear out effect

Sh l ff t Shear lag effect

D i f b lt Cl 13 12 Design for bolts Cl. 13.12
Shear: V
r
= 0.6
b
n m A
b
F
u bolt
>V
f
,
b
=0.8 Shear: V
r
0.6
b
n m A
b
F
u-bolt
V
f
,
b
0.8
(Cl. 13.12.1.2)
Bearing: B
r
= 3
br
td
b
n F
u-plate
>V
f
,
br
=0.8
(Cl 13 12 1 2) (Cl. 13.12.1.2)
Tension: T
r
= 0.75
b
A
b
F
u-bolt
>T
f
,
b
=0.8
(Cl. 13.12.1.3)
Slip resistance (Cl. 13.12.2.2):
V
s
= 0.53 c
1
K
s
mn A
b
F
u-bolt
>V (table 3 CSA-S16)
Combined:
1
2 2
r
f
r
f
T
T
V
V
1.9 1
s b u
V T
V nA F
+
Design for bolts Spacing etc Design for bolts, Spacing, etc.
If threads are intercepted in shear, reduce A to 70% If threads are intercepted in shear, reduce A to 70%
spacing: 2.7d
b
(usually 3d
b
) Cl. 22.3.1
Min. Edge dist.: Table 6 (based on d
b
& edge type)
Max. Edge dist.: 12t or 150mm
End distance: Table 6 or 1.5 d
b
Bolt hole diam.: d
b
+ 2mm (or 1/16)
Eff. hole diam.: hole diam.+2mm (for punched holes)
d =d +4 mm (punched holes); d =d +2mm (drilled holes) d
h
=d
b
+4 mm (punched holes); d
h
=d
b
+2mm (drilled holes)
Installation and inspection: Cl. 23, Washers: Cl. 23.5
Bolt Power!
Its cheesy
cartoon time! cartoon time!
She has the

hex bolt
power! He has the other kind!
power! He has the other kind!
Together, bolt and nut can keep the structure intact!
E t i b lt d ti Eccentric bolted connection
L = Moment/Load
b P
8
1
b
b
P
Equivalent
7
6
2
3
b
Equivalent
eccentric load
6
5
3
4
D
Rotation effect only Direct shear effect only


Resultant of both rotation and direct shear effects
B lt P i ti Bolts Prying action


Prying effect Prying effect

Use procedure in the Handbook (no code
clauses))
Bolts Bolts
Prying
action
Welds Welds
MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri Flux core welding
Welds Welds
Stick welding torch (tig)

(Tungsten Inert Gas) welding
Automated Weldingg
Plasma Welding & Cutting

Tungsten Inert Gas Arc
Welding (TIG)
laser welding wire feed system
W ld Welds
Weld failure under Weld failure under

electron microscope
Types of yp
welds

Fillet welds

Fillet welds

B tt W ld Butt Welds

W ldi b l Welding symbols




D i f W ld Cl 13 13 Design of Welds Cl. 13.13
Groove Welds 0 67 Groove Welds
w
=0.67
Base metal: V
r
= 0.67
w
A
m
F
u
Weld metal: V
r
= 0.67
w
A
w
X
u
Fillet Welds
w
=0.67
Base metal: V
r
= 0.67
w
A
m
F
u
Base metal: V
r
0.67
w
A
m
F
u
Weld metal: V
r
= 0.67
w
A
w
X
u
(1+0.5sin
1.5
)M
w
governs if > 45
o
for 350W
Flare bevel weld in OWSJ:
V
r
= 0.67
w
A
w
F
u
A
w
= 0.5 w
f
L
W ld i t Weld sizes, etc
Groove Welds Groove Welds
Min. groove depths for different situations applicable
Fillet Welds Fillet Welds
Max. size: D
max
= t-2 mm t > 6mm
D
max
= t t 6mm
D
max
= 0.75t for the rounded edges of rolled
ti sections
Min. size: D
min
= 5 mm t
max
12mm
D
min
= 6 mm 12mm t
max
20mm
D
min
= 8 mm 20mm t
max min max
Min length L
min
= max (4D, 40 mm)
Lap Joints: min. lap length L
lap
= 5tmin or 25 mm
P bl i W ld l Problems in Weld placement

P bl i W ld l Problems in Weld placement
Alignment not very good

Problems Problems
in Weld
l placement

R f References
Many pictures in this file are taken from various sources such as CISC, AISC, etc. The copyrights for those materials are with the original
sources. No copyright is claimed or implied by Dr. Seshu Adluri for things that are already under copyright protection. This file is for
teaching purposes olny.

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Steel Connections

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

She has the

Rotation effect only Direct shear effect only

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding

Stick welding torch (tig)

Plasma Welding & Cutting

Weld failure under Weld failure under

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Alignment not very good

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

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