Math32a/1, R.

Kozhan
Midterm 2
Nov 21, 2011
Name:
UID:
Circle your TA and discussion session:
1A-Tues-Mike OBrien 1C-Tues-Je Lin 1E-Tues-Jordy Greenblatt
1B-Thur-Mike OBrien 1D-Thur-Je Lin 1F-Thur-Jordy Greenblatt
Instructions:
If you get stuck, move on to the next question! You dont have a lot of time.
Show all work if you want to get full credit. I reserve the right to take o points if I
cannot see how you arrived at your answer even if your nal answer is correct.
No books, notes, electronics (incl. calculators and cell-phones) are allowed.
Good luck!
Question Max Your score
1 6
2 14
3 10
4 10
5 10
Total 50
1
Problem 2
If you dont know how to solve part of this problem, you may skip it and solve the other
parts.
(a) (3 points) Classify and sketch (very roughly) the surface given by the equation
x
2
2y
2
+ z
2
+ 2x 6z + 12 = 0
(b) (2 points) Find the parametric equation of its axis of symmetry.
(c) (3 points) Describe all possible traces of this surface in planes parallel to xz-plane.
(d) (4 points) Viewing z as a function of independent variables x and y, nd the derivative
z
x
and
z
y
at the point (1, 3, 1).
(e) (2 points) Find the tangent plane at the point (1, 3, 1).
Solution:
(a) Let us complete the squares:
x
2
2y
2
+z
2
+2x6z+12 = (x+1)
2
12y
2
+(z3)
2
9+12 = (x+1)
2
2y
2
+(z3)
2
+2,
so our surface is the hyperboloid (x + 1)
2
2y
2
+ (z 3)
2
= 2 of two sheets, which is
obtained from the hyperboloid x
2
2y
2
+ z
2
= 2 by shifting by 1 in x direction and by
3 in z direction.
(b) Since x
2
2y
2
+ z
2
= 2 has y-axis as its axis of symmetry, the axis of symmetry
of (x + 1)
2
2y
2
+ (z 3)
2
= 2 is the line through (1, 0, 3) parallel to y-axis. So its
parametric equation is
x = 1
y = 0 + t
z = 3
(c) Traces in planes parallel to xz-plane are obtained when we take y = k for some
constant k. Thus traces are
(x + 1)
2
+ (z 3)
2
= 2k
2
2,
which are: ellipses (in fact, circles) if 2k
2
2 > 0; a single point if 2k
2
2 = 0, and empty
if 2k
2
2 < 0.
3
(d) Denote F(x, y, z) = x
2
2y
2
+ z
2
+ 2x 6z + 12. Then
z
x
=
F
x
F
z
=
2x 2
2z 6
,
z
y
=
F
y
F
z
=
4y
2z 6
,
so at the point (1, 3, 1):
z
x
= 0,
z
y
=
3
2
.
Note: another approach is to dierentiate both sides of the equality x
2
2y
2
+z
2
+2x
6z + 12 = 0, keeping in mind that z depends on x and y, while x and y are independent
variables. E.g., dierentiating with respect to x would give:
2x + 2z
z
x
+ 2 6
z
x
= 0,
which gives the same result
z
x
=
2x 2
2z 6
and so on.
(e) Note: the equation of the tangent plane to the surface given by z = f(x, y) at
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) is zz
0
= f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)(xx
0
)+f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)(yy
0
). The equation of the tangent plane
to the surface given by F(x, y, z) = 0 at (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) is F
x
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)(xx
0
)+F
y
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)(y
y
0
) + F
z
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)(z z
0
) = 0. In either case, one obtains that the tangent plane at the
point (1, 3, 1) is
z + 1 =
3
2
(y 3)
4
Problem 3
(10 points) If you weigh a solid body in air (m
1
) and when submerged in water (m
2
),
then basic Archimedean principle tells you that the volume of the body is m
1
m
2
, and
therefore its density is
s =
m
1
m
1
m
2
Suppose you obtained measurements m
1
= 100 gram and m
2
= 90 gram and you know that
the maximal error is no more than 0.01 in absolute value when measuring m
1
, and no more
than 0.02 in absolute value when measuring m
2
. Estimate the maximal error of s.
Solution:
(a) Denote f(m
1
, m
2
) =
m
1
m
1
m
2
. Note that the model is the following. m
1
= 100 and
m
2
= 90 are the results of our mesurements, while the actual true values are m
1
+m
1
and
m
2
+m
2
, where m
1
and m
2
are unknown errors, satisfying |m
1
| 0.01, |m
2
| 0.02.
Our measurements give us that s is f(m
1
, m
2
) while in fact the true value of the density
is f(m
1
+ m
1
, m
2
+ m
2
). Therefore we made the error equal to f(m
1
+ m
1
, m
2
+
m
2
) f(m
1
, m
2
). Denote this s (the increment of s). We know from our math, that this
increment s can be approximated by the dierential ds.
Now, let us nd the dierential of s:
ds =
m
2
(m
1
m
2
)
2
dm
1
+
m
1
(m
1
m
2
)
2
dm
2
Here dm
1
and dm
2
is just a dierent notation for variables m
1
, m
2
. We know the values
m
1
= 100 and m
2
= 90 (we dont know the exact values of dm
1
and dm
2
though), so:
ds = 0.9 dm
1
+ dm
2
(0.1)
(Note: this is just a function of two independent variables dm
1
and dm
2
). When is this
error ds maximal under the restrictions that |dm
1
| 0.01, |dm
2
| 0.02? Its maximal if
dm
1
= 0.01 and dm
2
= 0.02 (or if dm
1
= 0.01, dm
2
= 0.02), so
|ds| 0.9 0.01 + 0.02 = 0.029
One may also use the triangle inequality on equation (0.1) and also get
|ds| 0.9|dm
2
| +|dm
2
| 0.9 0.01 + 0.02 = 0.029
5
Problem 4
(a) (5 points) Does there exist a number c that makes the following function continuous
everywhere on R
2
? Justify your answer.
f(x, y) =

x
2
y
2

x
2
+1+

y
2
+1
if (x, y) = (0, 0)
c if (x, y) = (0, 0)
(b) (5 points) Find the limit if it exists, or show that the limit does not exist
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
x
2
y
1006
x
4
+ y
2012
(Hint: does this function remind you
xy
x
2
+y
2
?)
Solution:
(a) Note that the numerator of that expression is a continuous function everywhere,
and the denominator is a continuous function that doesnt vanish, so the function f(x, y) is
continuous everywhere except possibly at (0, 0). To check this point we just need to nd the
limit lim
(x,y)(0,0)
f(x, y) and see when it is equal to f(0, 0) = c. Well,
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
f(x, y) =
0
2
0
2

0
2
+ 1 +

0
2
+ 1
= 0
So the function is continuous at (0, 0) if and only if c = 0.
(b) Note that
x
2
y
1006
x
4
+y
2012
is exactly the function
uv
u
2
+v
2
, where u = x
2
, v = y
1006
. Recall that
to get discontinuity of
uv
u
2
+v
2
we used paths u = v (producing limiting value
1
2
) and u = 0
(producing limiting value 0). This suggests that x
2
= y
1006
(which is u = v with u = x
2
,
v = y
1006
substituted) should be a good choice for our function
x
2
y
1006
x
4
+y
2012
.
Indeed along the path x = y
503
our function becomes
y
2012
2y
2012
=
1
2
, so the limiting value
along this path is
1
2
. And along path x = 0, we get the limiting value 0. Therefore the limit
of f as (x, y) (0, 0) doesnt exist.
6