Crane Safety Training for Engineers and Supervisors

Presented by the Construction Institute of ASCE

Funded by an OSHA Susan Harwood Training Grant
Introduction:
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
This course is intended for construction engineers, supervisors, and owners, who want to learn more
about crane safety on construction sites, and how to develop comprehensive crane safety plans that are
both safety-program-compliant and project-specific. The goal of this training is to raise awareness of
engineers and managements roles, responsibilities, and influence with regard to safety on the
construction worksite including crane safety. The A!"#!$ %&A-sponsored !rane afety Training
course will prepare engineers and supervisors to utili'e their management and technical training to
implement safety as a core objective of the construction project.
The program will also provide high-level technical background, legal and regulatory e(planations) and
e(pert guidance to deal effectively with all players on the project owner to subcontractor - relative to
crane operations.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
$dentify the elements of a site specific crane safety plan
*ecommend best practices regarding management roles and responsibilities for crane safety on
construction sites from owner to subcontractor
+ecome familiar with the different types of mobile cranes
!over ha'ards associated with crane operation and e(plain how the crane safety plan will minimi'e
the risk of crane accidents
"(plore current regulations, standards and certification programs
TOPICS COVERED:
"stablishing a !rane afety and ,ifting -rogram
.obile !ranes and Alternate ,ifting .ethods
*igging Awareness
ite -reparation
-reventing !rane and ,ifting Accidents
*egulations and ,egal Aspects
Course Organiation:
This participants guide has been developed to e(pand on the information provided in the workshop slides.
easoned crane professionals will guide you through the sessions while providing their uni/ue e(periences
and lessons learned. The slides and participants guide are prepared for you as take away resource for
later reference. To ma(imi'e the benefit of this training, we encourage you to take notes, participate
actively in classroom e(ercises, ask /uestions, and share your e(periences this will enrich the
e(perience for all in attendance. A companion website will be available for you as a resource and
discussion platform because we know that safety does not contain itself to a 0-hour training course
1http2##content.asce.org#ci#crane3safety#inde(.html4.
The A!"#!$ !rane afety Training !ourse is designed as a 0-hour core training session with information
that all engineers, managers, supervisors should have when working with cranes on construction sites.
There are also three supplementary 5plug-in6 modules2 *igging %perations, Alternative ,ifting .ethods,
and tandards, *egulations and !ertifications, that can be added to the training session if re/uested. All
of this material will be provided to every registered participant in the course slides and participants guide)
however, this material may not be covered in the classroom depending on the time allotted for the on-site
training session.
The learning objectives for each module will be clearly indicated at the beginning of the module. At the
end of each module, there will be a comprehension check for your own use to help you reali'e the
important take away points intended by the instructors and to help you gauge your understanding of the
material presented.
1
G!ossar":
7. ANSI: American 8ational tandards $nstitute. -rovides the accrediting
methodology for development of A." standards among others.
9. AS#E2 American ociety of .echanical "ngineers. -roduce a collection of 9:
volumes on the safe use of e/uipment in the workplace
0. Boo$: A pivoting structure attached to the upper that supports the ball and#or
block.
;. Boo$ Ang!e: The angle above or below hori'ontal of the longitudinal a(is on
the boom base section.
<. Boo$ Lengt%: The distance along the centerline of the boom from the center
of the boom foot pin to the center of the boom point sheave pin.
=. Crane: A !rane is a lever and the simple principles of movement apply. The
weight of the load, times the distance from the fulcrum, is the overturning
moment.
>. Critica! Li&t: Any lift2 utili'ing multiple cranes) e(ceeding :<? of total capacity
of the crane at lift radius) over an occupied structure or public street) of lifting an
item of high value or long replacement time.
:. Ji': An e(tension attached to the boom point to provide additional boom length
for lifting specified loads.
@. Load #o$ent: The force applied to the crane by the load. The leverage the
load e(erts on the crane. 1!alculation2 gross load times the hori'ontal distance
form the tipping a(is to the center of gravity of the suspended load4.
7A. Outrigger: "(tendable or fi(ed members attached to the mounting base that
rest on supports at the outer ends used to support the crane.
77. (ua!i&ied Person: %ne who, by possession of a recogni'ed degree, certificate,
or professional standing, or who by e(tensive knowledge, training and e(perience
has successfully demonstrated ability to solve or resolve problem relating to the
subject matter, the work, or the project. 1%&A definition4
79. Radius: The hori'ontal distance between the centerline of rotation and the
center of gravity of a suspended load.
70. Rated Ca)acit": The ma(imum allowable lift for the crane. A crane can safety
operate at rated capacity on!" when operating at the minimum lifting radius which
is the hori'ontal distance from the center of the rotation of the crane to the center
of gravity of the load) with minimum boom length. $n the industry the si'e of the
crane is commonly referred to as the rated capacity.
7;. Ti))ing A*is: The point or line about which a crane tips commonly called the
fulcrum.
7<. Li&t Director: *esponsible for each lift or series of lifts on a jobsite. "nsures
compliance with crane safety plan and appropriate lift plan.
7=. Sa&et" Coordinator: !oordinates a!! crane activities and control operations on
the site. %nly one safety coordinator on a job site. afety !oordinator may be
responsible for multiple ,ift Birectors.
2
3
Crane Safety Training
SITE SPECIFIC SAFET P!A""I"G
Participant#s Guide to Presentation S$ides
Many of the slides in the training session will be self explanatory. Where we felt more explanation was
needed in order to reference and understand the slides at a later time, we have provided the following
additional information.
%O&'!E( Site Specific Crane Safety P$anning
S$ide ) The American Society of Civil Engineers Construction Institute Crane Safety
Committee was formed in 1989 and has continually studied crane activities
on construction sites the coordination! "lanning and o"eration# As a result
of these studies! it is a""arent that "lanning of crane o"erations is a $ey
ingredient of safety#
%lanning includes location! o"eration! training of wor$ers! and most
im"ortantly! assignment of res"onsi&ilities#
Coordination of construction activities on a site is e'tremely im"ortant!
es"ecially with crane o"erations# As construction sites &ecome more
com"le'! the need for material handling increases e'"onentially# Cranes
"erform his function#
(ecause of new engineering designs and new )o&site re*uirements!
manufacturers have &uilt stronger! yet lighter cranes in res"onse# This has
resulted in increased s"eed! so"histication! increased ca"acity and reach!
ma$ing the crane an indis"ensa&le wor$horse for construction# These
advancements! cou"led with increased use! have resulted in increasing
accidents#
S$ide * The material "resented does not necessarily reflect the views and "olicies of
the +#S# ,e"artment of -a&or! nor does mention of trade names! commercial
"roducts or organi.ations im"ly endorsement &y the +#S# /overnment#
This "rogram is intended to "rovide general information to engineers and
managers for use in identifying and addressing their res"onsi&ilities with
res"ect to construction wor$site safety! in "articular! crane safety# It is
intended to "rovide management guidelines for the control of crane
o"erations on construction sites#
0&viously! no three hour "rogram can "ossi&ly cover all safety issues that
may &e encountered at a construction wor$site# Therefore! this "rogram is
not a su&stitute for "rudent )udgment or "rofessional e'"ertise! not does it
constitute legal advice# It does! however! "rovide a &asis for evaluating
crane o"erations and "rocedures#
1
S$ide + Cranes are an integral "art of construction o"erations and are used in every
conceiva&le ty"e of construction# Industrial %lant Construction!
1aintenance! 2igh 3ise Construction! Commercial Construction! 3esidential
Construction# There is hardly a construction site which does not utili.e a
crane at some time during the "ro)ect# Statistical data indicates that cranes
are involved in significant num&ers of accidents resulting in death! in)ury and
"ro"erty damage# The num&ers and fre*uency of these accidents have not
significantly changed over the years# 4ewer cranes with various electronic
safety devices! such as load moment indicators! and other features may
have eliminated some ty"es of accidents and contri&uted to others#
0"erator training has &een the most effective techni*ue to date for reducing
crane accidents# These efforts have greatly reduced 5o"erator error6 ty"es
of accidents#
0"erators! however! are not the only entities involved in crane o"erations!
and the $nowledge and s$ill of the o"erator is only a "art! although im"ortant
"art of crane safety# A loo$ at the 3es"onsi&ility 1atri' on slide 78 identifies
the many entities involved in crane o"erations# As you can see there are
numerous entities identified as "art of a crane o"eration# 9e do not intend
to discuss each of these! &ut "resent this chart to give you a "ers"ective of
the num&ers involved# 0f "articular im"ortance to this discussion are a few
that we will discuss#
S$ide , -et:s tal$ a&out the first item; Contract ,ocuments# There are many entities
involved in )ust this category; Industry associations! "rofessional societies!
certification! standards! regulatory# These entities "rovide guidance for
crane o"erations#
0wner; %rimary active agent will have in"ut into the contract documents#
The owner may have s"ecific re*uirements! limitations or his own
"rocedures im"lemented through the contract# This is common with
so"histicated industrial owners and large owners and develo"ers# Even less
so"histicated owners will! through the A<E re*uire &y contract com"liance
with regulations and various industry standards# 1ost contracts are now
re*uiring a site s"ecific safety "lan and re*uire the %C=/C=C1 to &e
res"onsi&le for reviewing and im"lementing such a "lan#
Standard >orm documents! such as AIA ,ocuments have re*uirements#
1?#1#1 in 40TES
1?#2#2 in 40TES
2
S$ide - The documents may re*uire a Site S"ecific Safety %lan or a Site S"ecific
Safety %rogram# As we will see later to &e site s"ecific! it is not a "rogram#
9hat it really needs to &e Site S"ecific @ re*uires a %-A4#
The contract documents generally set forth the re*uirements of a Site
S"ecific Safety %lan# If not s"ecifically delineated in the contracts!
re*uirements im"osed or standards re*uire the Site S"ecific Safety %lan#
Some contractors have learned that this "lanning actually facilitates the )o&
and saves AAAs#
A full si.e image of this matri' can &e found in the A""endi'#
S$ide . Each entity listed in the matri' will have some function in crane safety#
And! C3A4E SA>ETB re*uires that each of these functions &e addressed#
S$ide / Choosing the right &idders may &e su&)ect to several $ey factors including
safety records! s"ecific e'"erience! good su"ervision! the "ro"er e*ui"ment
for the )o&! or the a&ility to "rovide a "ac$age deal#
The 094E3 $nows the limitations of the site and what he e'"ects from the
contractor 9hat areas the contractor may wor$ in @ The times that
o"erations are "ermitted @ (loc$ing streets @ closing highways @ access to
his facilities#
S$ide )) Contract ,ocuments @ Set S"ecific re*uirements and define what the owner
e'"ects#
S$ide )* The (usiness 3oundta&le! a grou" of &uyers of ma)or construction services!
asserts that active owner "artici"ation in the "reconstruction and
construction o"erations reduces accidents and lowers accident costs# A
re"ort "re"ared for The (usiness 3oundta&le! 5Im"roving Construction
Safety %erformance6 indicates accidents cost nearly 8C of the total s"ent
annually &y users of industrial! utility and commercial construction#
S$ide )0 The only difference &etween %C! /C and C1 is the ty"e of contract they
have with the owner#
3
S$ide )- It is the user who is res"onsi&le for the lift "lan# The user may change many
times on a construction site when multi"le cranes are on site and multi"le
lifts will &e "erformed#
S$ide ). 1any of these functions may &e "erformed &y inde"endent firms! &ut are the
res"onsi&ility of the service "rovider#
The service "rovider is the entity who &rings the crane on site and o"erates
it# It may &e a rental crane# It may &e contractor owned# It may &e a shared
crane for the use of all contractors# It is generally the res"onsi&ility of one
entity#
S$ide )/ 9e have all seen large note&oo$s la&eled 5Safety %rogram6 sitting on the
shelf in the contractor:s office! or they may &e su&mitted as a re*uirement
with the &id "ac$age# 9hat are theyD 9hat do they doD
Each and every entity will have a Safety %rogram e'"ressing the com"any:s
or entity:s "hiloso"hy and "olicy toward safety in its o"erations# This
"rogram shall address all of the activities in which the com"any or entity
&ecomes involved# A Crane Safety %rogram is a "art of the overall "rogram#
Safety %rograms shall &e consistent throughout the com"any and "rovide
the &asis for safe o"erations# A safety %rogram "rovides the core
$nowledge and "rocedures utili.ed &y an entity# The "rogram shall contain
criteria for use and ins"ection of cranes! training of "ersonnel! ins"ection
"rograms# %arts of a Safety %rogram may not &e utili.ed on each )o&site!
&ut is a "art of the entity:s "rogram# (ecause of the larger sco"e of
res"onsi&ilities! the Safety %rogram for a %C=C1 shall &e more
com"rehensive than that of a su&contractor whose activities may &e of a
lesser sco"e# The %C=C1 Safety %rogram need not &e as detailed for
activities which are "erformed &y the su&contractor! &ut shall esta&lish
"arameters for acce"ta&le "erformance &y the su&contractor#
This "rogram will focus on the Safety %lan and "articularly the Site S"ecific
Safety %lan
S$ide *1 %rovides C03E safety $nowledge! i#e#! regulatory re*uirements! industry
consensus standards! industry &est "ractices and &asic com"any
o"erational guidelines# +sually includes data! references and "rocedures
which may not &e a""lica&le to a s"ecific )o&#
The %C=/C=C1:s Safety %rogram will define the re*uirements of any crane
&rought onto the construction site# This Crane Safety %rogram shall
esta&lish the criteria for ins"ection of the crane! definition of critical lifts!
lease or ownershi" re*uirements and o"erator *ualification# A Safety
%rogram esta&lishes "rocedures for internal com"any o"erations# Is a good
"rogram usefulD +ne*uivocally! BESE
1ulti"le contractors on a construction site! each with their own Safety
%rogram! wor$ing on the site need to im"lement their Safety %rograms in a
consistent and harmonious manner to avoid overla"! omissions and
F
conflicts# The "rocess &y which this is accom"lished is the Site S"ecific
%lan! which reflects the overall safety on the site and defines res"onsi&ilities
for each activity and coordinates the activities of the many contractors#
9hat is a %-A4D
S$ide *) A %lan is the orderly or systematic "rocedure for achieving some o&)ective#
Com"anies use "lans to achieve some "ro)ected goal @ schedule! earnings!
growth! new "roduct! safety#
The $ey word in the statement is 5orderly6#
A Site S"ecific Safety %lan is an orderly or systematic "rocedure for
achieving safety on a construction "ro)ect# It should &e thought of in the
same conte't as a construction "lan or a critical "ath schedule# A Site
S"ecific Crane Safety %lan is an essential "art of the overall Site S"ecific
Safety %rogram#
A Site S"ecific %lan should im"lement the re*uirements of the contract
documents# It should im"lement the contractor:s safety "rogram#
THE KEY WORD IS ORDERLY!
S$ide ** A "rogram is a "rescri&ed method of accom"lishing something#
>03 EGA1%-E; 9hat forms do we utili.e for an ins"ectionD 9here are
they sentD 2ow many co"ies# Are they utili.ed for reins"ection or
corrective action! etcD A "rogram to "erform e*ui"ment ins"ections does
not )ust ha""en# It must &e im"lemented#
A %-A4 IS a means of im"lementation and descri&es who does the
ins"ection and when he is to do them# A "lan Is the im"lementing force of
the "rogram#
S$ide *0 A "lan is a means to a goal If we want a safe )o&! "lanning is a
"rere*uisite# If we want a safe )o&we must "lan for a safe )o&! they don:t
)ust ha""en
A training "rogram a critical element in a safety "rogram training is a "art of
a safety "rogram# T2E T3AI4I4/ 4EE,S T0 (E %E3>031E, I4
SEH+E4CE 9IT2 T2E I0(SITEEGCAJATI04 SA>ETB TA-KS A3E
40T E>>ECTIJE I> T2E 0%E3ATI04S (EI4/ %E3>031E, IS
1AS043B 03 STEE- E3ECTI04 we need to "lan our training for the
)o&site#
The greatest training %30/3A1 is not effective unless the im"lementation
is "lanned
L
8MC of the >ortune L?? com"anies re*uire a Site S"ecific Safety %lan
NSSS%O and they are getting more detailed in their re"orts! these are the
contractors: customers and they are &eginning to learn what is re*uired for
an effective "lan#
S$ide *2 1ost of the contractors do it &ecause the owner has demanded it as a "art
of the contract documents#
A %30/3A1 IS 40T A %-A4# A %-A4 IS A 1EA4S 0> I1%-E1E4TI4/ A
%30/3A1EE
1ostly large owners are re*uiring a site s"ecific safety "lan! &ut the conce"t
is s"reading fast# (an$s and financial institutions are starting to add the
re*uirements to their financing agreements#
S$ide *, A Site S"ecific Safety %lan starts at the %re(id %haseE
S$ide *- The "lanning "re&id should reflect re*uirements im"osed &y the owner and
the design team#
Access to the owner:s facilities#
%rotection of ad)acent "ro"erties
%rotection and use of the utilities
Safety re*uirements @ 2a.1at! etc#! that the owner is aware of
These issues are addressed in the contract documents#
S$ide */ 9or$ items must have safety issues addressed# If you &ring crane on site;
Bou $now that in addition to other re*uirements! you will need to address;
/round conditions
Swing area=ad)acent &uildings
9eather conditions @ lay down areas! warning system
M
S$ide +) These ne't three slides are from a contract from )ust such an owner the
contractor who &id the )o& did not &other to read the Su""lemental /eneral
Conditions#
Sur"rise 1?#1 and 1?#2 aren:t &ad! )ust normal stuff#
40TE; it says 5C04T3ACT036 which could mean after award of contract#
It may &e too late# 1ore so"histicated owners are re*uiring this information
with &id su&mission or at the "reaward meetings#
S$ide ++ %rior to start of wor$
4otice the owner has identified M items that are to &e s"ecifically addressed
S$ide +0 SSS% 3eflects the ha.ards and integrated into the "ro)ect schedule#
4owhere is that more im"ortant than the crane site safety "lanE
S$ide +. Contract ,ocument @ /eneral
Safety %rogram @ Initiates re*uirements
Site S"ecific SafetyP %lan @ ,efines who! how! when# 9hereE
,on:t need to include "rocedures and standards s"ecified in "rogram#
S$ide 00 ,uties of the Crane Safety Coordinator
1# Assure that certifications for all cranes on site are current# NCrane
o"eratorDO
2# Assure that re*uired ins"ections are current and that noted
remedial action is com"leted
3# Assure that "ermitted wor$ locations for the various cranes have
&een identified#
F# 1aintain a site "lan which reflects "ermitted wor$ areas and travel
"aths for all cranes#
L# ,evelo" a "rocedure for site severe weather warnings and verify
that it is o"erational
6. 3eview and maintain lift "lans for all lifts on site and assure "ro"er
a""rovals have &een maintained#
8
S$ide 02 0ne safety coordinator on site may &e res"onsi&le for multi"le lift directors#
There is a new re*uirement in 4ew Bor$ City that a crane safety coordinator
must &e identified#
,uties of the -ift ,irector
1# Assures co"y of lift "lan is current! "resent in wor$ area and
signed in accordance with safety "lan
2# Assures all "arties understand their functions Ni#e# riggers!
o"erators! etc#O
3# Assigns designated leader of rigging crew and identifies this
leader to all other "arties concerned with the lift#
F# Assures signal "erson is assigned and is identified to o"erator and
others concerned with the lift
L# Addresses outrigger area of dual res"onsi&ility &y assigning
res"onsi&ility for setting u" outrigger and determining suita&ility of
outrigger set u"
M# 3eview and maintain lift "lans for all lifts on site and assure "ro"er
a""rovals have &een maintained#
S$ide 0, This module is lin$ed directly to one of the main o&)ectives of this course
that of getting started on your own crane and lifting "rogram
The other o&)ectives remain em"hasi.ing the need for $nowledge of crane
and lifting activities and a reaffirmation of the need for engineers in
construction
The em"hasis here is more on the lifting as"ects of such a "lan as you
"ro&a&ly have in "lace in your general safety "rogram some rules regarding
cranes and their use
A com"rehensive "lan can easily com&ine &oth and accommodate other
related to"ics such as "ersonnel "latforms#
S$ide 0. ,efinition of a lift "lan re*uirement is site related and su&)ect to the definition
of the owner and %C=/C=C1#
There are generally 3 lift re*uirements# C3ITICA- -I>TS A3E ,E>I4E,
>I3ST#
3e*uirements are different for all ty"es of lifts#
8
S$ide 0/ -ifting function is divided into three "arts;
1# +ser= 3igger Communications
2# Crane %rovider @ 0"erator
3# -ift ,irector @ re*uired for all lifts
A full si.e image of this diagram can &e found in the A""endi'#
S$ide 21 3estrictions;
Swing area;
9eather=wind conditions! o"erational radius
1a' 9eight of -oad;
-I,! Tare weight! ca"acity
%rocedures;
-ift! swing! &oom! etc#
S$ide 2+ These ne't two slides are com"rised of actual &road to"ics "ulled from
several e'isting lift safety "lans#
These e'am"les come from "lans develo"ed &y oil refineries! chemical
"lants! and large E%C contractors#
S$ide 20 2ere Qconfined s"aces: means a tight "lace Ntight holeO to "lace the lifting
e*ui"ment! not &eing inside of a vessel or similar confined "lace#
This is of more concern when the ad)acent &arriers are o"erating "rocess
e*ui"ment#
The Qmechanical e*ui"ment installation: to"ic includes general rules for the
erection of rotating and other e*ui"ment#
1any com"anies find that the lift safety "lan is a most convenient "lace to
"lace the standards and re*uired forms when using a "ersonnel "latform#
Bou may wish to use many of these to"ics in your "lan#
S$ide 22 4early all "lans include attachments of useful information mostly forms and
e'am"les# These are some of the more common attachments found in such
"lans
9
S$ide 2, The form also mentions rigging su&contractors and allows for attachments#
S$ide 2. 1ost sites are congested# The %C=/C=C1 must define in the Site S"ecific
Safety %lan which contractors will have cranes on site#
9hen cranes and lifting ca"a&ility are shared! a "rocedure for sharing
among the various contractors must &e esta&lished# 1any sites have a
designated Crane Service Su""lier# The res"onsi&ility of the crane Service
Su""lier and the crane user must &e defined in each lift "lan if this situation
e'ists#
S$ide 2/ It goes without saying the crane is ca"a&le of "erforming safely and
economically when o"erated within the design "arameters set &y the
manufacturer and when ade*uate "re"lanning and coordination is
im"lemented# These actions not only im"rove the safety of the o"eration!
they also reduce crane o"erating costs#
A thorough understanding of cranes! their ca"a&ilities and limitations is
e'tremely im"ortant for everyone involved in construction today @ "articularly
those at the su"ervisory and management levels#
9ithout this &asic level of understanding! full reali.ation of im"roving the
safety of the o"eration and reducing crane o"erating costs will not &e
achieved#
-ifting cranes are classified &ased on crane rated loads in the direction of
least sta&ility with outriggers set# This e'am"le is from the %CSA @ %ower
Crane and Shovel Association# This de"icts the overturning moment of the
crane#
N1O The first num&er is the crane radius in feet for the ma'imum rated
load! with &ase &oom length#
N2O The second num&er is the rated load Ne'"ressed in "ounds divided &y
1??! and rounded off to the nearest whole num&erO at F?ft# radius! with L?ft
&oom length#
This e'am"le illustrates a truc$ crane rated F? tons at 12ft radius with &ase
&oom length! and 19!M?? "ounds at F?ft radius with L?ft &oom length# 5F?
ton truc$ crane NClass 1219MO6
1?
S$ide ,1 Earth &eneath their su""ort "oints! Ntrac$s! outriggers or tiresO for sta&ility#
Crawler cranes load the "oint or front of their trac$ when reaching over the
front and the trac$ closes to the load when reaching over the side Nsee
diagramO# Truc$ cranes load their outrigger "ads in a similar manner# These
soil conditions vary from )o&site to )o&site and around a )o&site# Soil
condition Nremem&er; moisture and free.ing can affect the soil sta&ilityO
underground structures! utilities! em&an$ments=e'cavations# All must &e
considered when "lanning crane locations and=or movement# The location
of cranes and their "ro"osed movement is critical to other construction
o"erations# T2E3E IS 40 K4094 SA>ETB ,EJICE T0 EJA-+ATE 03
%30TECT A/AI4ST I4A,EH+ATE S0I- C04,ITI04S @ 04-B A
3E-IA(-E S0I- A4A-BSIS#
S$ide ,) In order to function! cranes must &e level# The turnta&le on which the crane
rotates must &e $e"t level#
Cranes must &e com"letely and "ro"erly assem&led# 1ost cranes will
re*uire assem&ly @ &oom sections! )i& sections! counter weight! hoo$ &loc$!
etc# Cranes have different si.ed &oom sections# ,ifferent lengths of &ooms
and )i&s may &e inserted# ,ifferent counterweights may &e used! as well as
hoo$ &loc$s# All of these com"onents must &e "ro"erly assem&led in
accordance with manufacturer:s instructions and the load charts must reflect
these com"onents#
S$ide ,+ (efore we loo$ at ty"es and configurations! let:s loo$ at the &asic "rinci"les
of craning#
A C3A4E is a lever and the sim"le "rinci"les of movement a""ly# The
weight of the load! times the distance from the fulcrum! is the overturning
moment#
The weight of the crane and counter weight! times the distance &ehind the
fulcrum! is the resistance moment# As long as the resisting moment is
greater than the overturning moment! the crane is sta&le#
Crawlers are R 8LC of ti""ing# Truc$ cranes are R 8?C#
11
S$ide ,0 The crawler crane has long &een considered the wor$ horse of the industry#
These machines are mostly lattice &oom and can &e configured with various
lengths of inserts and ca"acities of &ooms and either a fi'ed )o& or a luffing
)i&#
-oad charts can &e com"le' &ecause of the various com&inations and
re*uire s"ecially "re"ared wor$ing "ads#
1any lattice &oom machines o"erate with a clutch and &ra$e system and
therefore are referred to as a 5friction6 machine# 4ewer machines are
controlled &y hydraulic motors#
S$ide ,2 The one on the left is a fi'ed )i& and the one on the right is a luffing )i&#
%rimary "ur"ose of a )i& is to "rovide additional hori.ontal reach at high
&oom angles# 4ote this reduces ca"acity of main &oom "oint NSee load
chartsO
They may &e utili.ed on &oth lattice &ooms and hydraulic &ooms#
Erected )i&s have a ma)or effect on the ca"a&ility of a crane to o"erate in
high winds#
S$ide ,, Ii&s! "articularly luffing )i&s! com"licate erection of &oom and )i& and also
re*uire com"le' "rocedures for lowering# This is critical when "lanning for
&oom laydown areas in the event of storms or inclement weather#
S$ide ,- >ormerly! these were usually called 5hydraulic truc$ cranes6 or
52ydracranes6# The demise of the 5friction6 crane has resulted in a su&tle
name change#
S$ide ,. Actually! they can wal$! as in this case! where s"ecial outrigger wheels have
&een su""lied#
/round su""ort for outrigger "ads is more critical than with a crawler#
1ost are similar to com"ara&le models on crawlers#
S$ide ,/ Ca"acity to "ic$ and carry on ru&&er is severely limited# NSee
manufacturer:s recommendationsO# 1ust &e level to lift and travel#
12
S$ide -1 AT cranes were "o"ular in Euro"e &efore coming to 4orth America#
+sually multi"le a'le drives#
1ust &e a&le to &e leveled to lift#
/reatly reduced ca"acity! if any! to travel with load# See manufacturer:s
charts#
S$ide -) Easily set u"
2ave some restriction and criteria as other cranes#
S$ide -+ Contractors fre*uently s"end a dis"ro"ortionate amount of time trying to
gain needed information! whether for an informal &id or a lum" sum
"ro"osal#
1ost com"anies will furnish a ground &earing restriction in "ounds "er
s*uare foot N"sfO# +nfortunately these are &ased somewhat on near&y
&orings and are geared for a long term surcharge! rather than a very short
duration one
Site "re"aration is most im"ortant for the "roviding a com"act and level
surface for matting under large crawler cranes
9or$ing overtime can &e more im"ortant for outoftown contractors wor$ing
too far away from home to easily go home for wee$ends# 9or$ing some
overtime get them in and out much *uic$er and save money in the longer
term
9or$ area "riority is most im"ortant on a crowded )o& site or during a ma)or
shutdown or outage! where an area can &e flooded with other e*ui"ment
and wor$ers
S$ide -2 The following slides will try to clarify some of these issues
13
S$ide -, This is a list of some of the "ossi&le items that should &e sorted out in
advance! es"ecially for lum" sum wor$
Civil wor$ might include "roviding a level and com"acted &ase for setu" or
"rotection of undergrounds
Au'iliary e*ui"ment might include assist cranes! com"ressed air! or electric
generators
3igging could include vendor "rovided or s"ecial rigging
Some refineries "refer to furnish their own fuel to save money and to avoid
rather than having a com"etitor:s truc$ in the "lant
3adio fre*uencies might &e an issue and the client may wish to furnish their
own radios
Some "lants or general contractors "refer to "erform their own crane
ins"ections
S$ide ))/ Structural strength will &e discussed in more detail later in this module
S$ide )*, This ta&le shows $ey hoisting data for determining the "arts of line re*uired
for any given o"eration
S$ide )*- 9ith today:s larger and more com"le' cranes! many configurations of &oom!
)i&! and au'iliary counterweight are availa&le
All of the load charts for all of these configurations could ma$e a very thic$
&oo$
The result can &e a series of ca"acity charts inches thic$
S$ide )+1 9hen a higher "ercentage of cranes were lattice &oom! a ma)or cause of
accidents involved &eing crushed &y &oom sections in the disassem&ly
o"eration
This could have &een avoided &y "lanning ahead! "ro"er &loc$ing! and
reali.ing the conse*uences of each o"eration
1F
P!'G3I" %O&'!E( A$ternative !ifting %ethods
Slide 2 The material "resented does not necessarily reflect the views and "olicies
of the +#S# ,e"artment of -a&or! nor does mention of trade names!
commercial "roducts or organi.ations im"ly endorsement &y the +#S#
/overnment#
This "rogram is intended to "rovide general information to engineers and
managers for use in identifying and addressing their res"onsi&ilities with
res"ect to construction wor$site safety! in "articular! crane safety# It is
intended to "rovide management guidelines for the control of crane
o"erations on construction sites#
0&viously! no three hour "rogram can "ossi&ly cover all safety issues that
may &e encountered at a construction wor$site# Therefore! this "rogram is
not a su&stitute for "rudent )udgment or "rofessional e'"ertise! not does it
constitute legal advice# It does! however! "rovide a &asis for evaluating
crane o"erations and "rocedures#
Slide 3 2istorically! multicrane lifts were fre*uently made as cranes were not
nearly as large and the alternates were derric$s and gin "oles! or lifting in
smaller sections#
(ecause of the negative factors! multicrane lifts should &e made with
caution and with good "lanning#
Slide 19 This slide shows a tailing curve as well as the similar curve for the main lift
crane! showing how the change is relatively sudden for &oth cranes and
when the vessel is nearly vertical#
Slide 20 Although cranes and lifting with cranes remains the &asis of this course!
other common and im"ortant lifting methods on )o&sites should &e
discussed#
1L
P!'G3I" %O&'!E( 4igging Operations
Slide 2 The material "resented does not necessarily reflect the views and "olicies
of the +#S# ,e"artment of -a&or! nor does mention of trade names!
commercial "roducts or organi.ations im"ly endorsement &y the +#S#
/overnment#
This "rogram is intended to "rovide general information to engineers and
managers for use in identifying and addressing their res"onsi&ilities with
res"ect to construction wor$site safety! in "articular! crane safety# It is
intended to "rovide management guidelines for the control of crane
o"erations on construction sites#
0&viously! no three hour "rogram can "ossi&ly cover all safety issues that
may &e encountered at a construction wor$site# Therefore! this "rogram is
not a su&stitute for "rudent )udgment or "rofessional e'"ertise! not does it
constitute legal advice# It does! however! "rovide a &asis for evaluating
crane o"erations and "rocedures#
Slide 4 9hy do we include Qrigging: in this courseD
The new 0S2A regulations will shift more res"onsi&ility to management#
This infamous 4ew Bor$ City tower crane accident was a result of the
failure of synthetic slings#
A mista$e was made
1r# 3a"etti is the owner of a small com"any and was the field
su"erintendent for )um"ing the tower crane# Instead of a civil suit! he is
&eing arrested and is handcuffed and does not loo$ very ha""y#
The charges were; Slaughter! Criminally 4egligent homicide! Assault! and
3ec$less Endangerment# If convicted! hew could face u" to 28 years in
"rison#
Slide 5 1ost accidents involving rigging are not the ones where a load is dro""ed!
&ut the smashed fingers and toes! cuts! contusions! and falls resulting from
the hoo$ing and unhoo$ing of the rigging#
The e'"osure increases as the rigging gets larger#
There are even fatalities#
Slide 6 These four im"ortant conce"ts of rigging will &e develo"ed throughout the
course; %ositive Connection! 3otation! E*uali.ation! Center of /ravity#
-oo$ out for them
1M
Slide 7 This gra"h was originally develo"ed to aid design for the use of Qrunning
lines: in sheaves in cranes and related a""lications
It was ada"ted to use with wire ro"e slings and is considered to &e a "art of
all rigging calculations#
It wor$s li$e this;
1# The small Qd: is the diameter of the wire ro"e
2# The large :,: is the diameter of the sheave Nor other cylindrical
surfaceO
3# 0&tain the ratio &y dividing ,=d
F# %lot on the curve to o&tain the efficiency
L# Then multi"ly the efficiency &y the dou&led ca"acity of the wire ro"e
M# The efficiency can also &e calculated
Slide 8 This ta&le shows si' different materials commonly used in sling
manufacture
Each has its own characteristics and some should not &e used in certain
conditions
Slide 9 This ta&le com"ares two common ty"es Nnylon and "olyesterO and the
conditions where they should not &e used#
Slide 10 2ere is an e'am"le of a good "ositive connection using welded lifting lugs
The design of lugs can vary in many ways#
It:s hard to see what $ind of connection is used with this "restressed &ridge
section! &ut it remains a good Q"ositive connection:
Slide 11 Trunnions are another "ossi&ility for attachment! although not usually
offering a "ositive connection
Trunnions are fre*uently found on heavy and com"act e*ui"ment such as
transformersS##and generators! as shown here
Slide 12 This is most im"ortant if you ever are in the "osition to design any lifting
hardware
It is a s"ecial summation of much of AS1E (3?#2?
All &elowthe hoo$ N(T2O devices are designed to this standard
This does not include lifting lugs! trunnions! or similar devices welded to the
item to &e lifted
18
Slide 13 It is &ased on the same "rinci"les as your normal AISC design! &ut "rovides
a few wrin$les! including design categories
Slide 16 E*uali.ation is also found in construction e*ui"ment
Slide 17 Knowing the center of gravity is very im"ortant and this one was "ro&a&ly
determined through trial and error#
In this case! the lifting frame does not "rovide a wide enough s"read! a
situation that could cause an accident if the load were to &e severely
&um"ed
18
P!'G3I" %O&'!E( Standards5 4egu$ations5 Certifications
Slide 2 The material "resented does not necessarily reflect the views and "olicies
of the +#S# ,e"artment of -a&or! nor does mention of trade names!
commercial "roducts or organi.ations im"ly endorsement &y the +#S#
/overnment#
This "rogram is intended to "rovide general information to engineers and
managers for use in identifying and addressing their res"onsi&ilities with
res"ect to construction wor$site safety! in "articular! crane safety# It is
intended to "rovide management guidelines for the control of crane
o"erations on construction sites#
0&viously! no three hour "rogram can "ossi&ly cover all safety issues that
may &e encountered at a construction wor$site# Therefore! this "rogram is
not a su&stitute for "rudent )udgment or "rofessional e'"ertise! not does it
constitute legal advice# It does! however! "rovide a &asis for evaluating
crane o"erations and "rocedures#
Slide 5 AS1E T American Society of 1echanical Engineers
AS1E Standards are develo"ed using accredited methodology &y the
American 4ational Standards Institute NA4SIO
The AS1E (3? Standards are a collection of 28 volumes on the safe use of
e*ui"ment in the wor$"lace
Slide 10 In 2??2! 0S2A esta&lished the Crane and ,erric$ 4egotiated 3ulema$ing
Advisory Committee in res"onse to industry sta$eholders demanding an
u"date of national crane standards#
The current regulations were created in 1981 and have &een u"dated twice
U in 1988 and 1993#
In 2??M! the committee "u&lished its "ro"osed rule in the >ederal 3egister#
The "ro"osed rule addresses issues including ground conditions! assem&ly
and disassem&ly! crane o"eration near "ower lines! certification and
training of o"erators! use of safety devices! and ins"ection of cranes# In
addition! the committee focused on how to ensure that the crane o"erators
are well *ualified#
9hen the committee "u&lished its "ro"osed rule on 0ct# 9! 2??8! 0S2A
o"ened it u" to "u&lic comments for the following two months# The
document was o"ened to further commentary on 1arch 18! when 0S2A
started informal "u&lic hearings#
Slide 19 Certification is essentially the final lin$ in a "rocess designed to educate
"eo"le in the correct way to o"erate cranes# 9elltrained 0"erators! with
inde"endently verified $nowledge and s$ills ma$e less mista$es! and
therefore have fewer accidents! than those with lesser or inferior
$nowledge#
19
Slide 21 To "reserve its status as an inde"endent! im"artial! testing authority!
4CCC0 does not offer training# 2owever! it does "rovide an o&)ective
means of verifying that training has &een effective @ that learning has! in
fact! ta$en "lace# 0nly third"arty! inde"endent certification can do this!
and then only if it has &een validated &y the industry it is intended for! and
recogni.ed as "sychometrically sound &y certification s"ecialist# 4CCC0
has met all these criteria#
The $ey elements of the 4CCC0 "rogram are that it;
actively encourages training! yet is se"arate from itP
verifies that training has &een effectiveP
was develo"ed in a nonregulatory environmentP
is modeled on A4SI=AS1E consensus framewor$P
meets recogni.ed "rofessional credentialing criteriaP
has "artici"ation from all industry sectors#
2?