Data Base Concepts

Database Concepts
Database Concepts - 1
Application examples
o Supermarket
Database & Database Management System
Database
1= A shared collection of logically related
(and a description of this data), designed to
meet the information needs of an
organiation!
Database Management System (D"MS)
1= A soft#are system that enables
users to define, create, and maintain the
database and pro$ides controlled access
to this database!
o Credit Card
CS3462 Introduction to Database
Systems Helena Wong, 2001
o %ra$el Agent
o &ni$ersity
o 'ibrary
%raditional (ile)based *rocessing
Database Approach
Arose because+
15 Definition of data #as embedded in
application programs, rather than being stored
separately and independently!
15 ,o control o$er access and manipulation
of data beyond that imposed by application
programs!
-esult ) the database and Database Management
System (D"MS)!
%he *aradigm Shift
(ile)based approach
%he #ork of database design #as dri$en by
the application needs of indi$idual
departments!
Database approach
%o think of the data first and then the
application second!
./ %he *aradigm Shift
D" and D"MS+ An example
Database
-ecall+ Database . A shared collection of
logically related data (and a description
of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organiation!
15 System catalog (data dictionary or
metadata) pro$ides the description of the
data to enable program0data independence!
15 'ogically related data comprises entities,
attributes, and relationships of an organiation1s
information!
CS3462 Introduction to Database Systems Helena Wong, 2001
'ogically -elated Data
entities, attributes, and relationships
Address
%el2,o
,ame
3#ner 3#ns
Entity
Attribute
Relationsip
(unctions of a D"MS
%he 'ost &pdate *roblem+
%ime %ransaction4
%ransaction5 balx
t4
t5 -ead(bal
t6 bal
t7 8rite(bal
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CS3462 Introduction to Database Systems
Helena Wong, 2001
(unctions of a D"MS
o Data storage, retrie$al, and update o &ser)
accessible catalog
o %ransaction support
Ensure that either all the updates corresponding to
a given transaction are made or that none of
them are made.
o Concurrency control ser$ices
Ensure that the database is updated correctly when
multiple users are updating the database
concurrently.
(unctions of a D"MS
o -eco$ery Ser$ices
o Authoriation Ser$ices
o Support for data
communication o
:ntegrity ser$ices
15 Ser$ices to promote data
independence
Programs can be writen
without knowing actual data
structure
15 &tility ser$ices
Eg. Import data from other formats,
monitor database usage and
operation, statistical kits, indexing,
garbage collection and reallocation.
Database 'anguages
-ecall+ D"MS . A soft#are system that
enables users to define, create, and
maintain the database and pro$ides
controlled access to this database!
Data definition language (DD')
%o express database schema (the structure of the
database)!
-esults ./ System Catalog
Data manipulation language (DM')
%o access and manipulate data!
Components of a D"MS
Database 'anguages
*rocedural & non)procedural DM's
*rocedural DM'
8hat data is needed and exactly how to retrie$e the
data!
,on)*rocedural DM'
8hat data is needed!
;g! Structured <uery 'anguage (S<')
Components of D"MS ;n$ironment
o =ard#are
o Soft#are
o Data
o *rocedures
o *eople
D"MS ;n$ironment ) Hardware
;xample+
A %raditional
Architecture
(Dumb %erminals)
;xample+
A Client)
Ser$er
Architecture
;xample+
A (ile)
Ser$er
Architecture
D"MS ;n$ironment ) Software
15 D"MS > Application *rograms >
3perating Systems
15 A typical application program
embeds S<' statements in C or Cobol
codes to access data
15 D"MS %ools+ reports generators,
forms generators, application
generators etc!
D"MS ;n$ironment ) Data
o Data (3perational data)
15 System Catalog
Examples:
ames, types, si!es of data items
"elationships
Integrity constraints on the data
ames of authori!ed users
#ypes of indexes and storage structures
$sage statistics
D"MS ;n$ironment ) People
o Data Administrator
%anagement of the data resource
o Database Administrators
"esponsible for physical aspects such as
physical database design and
implementation, security, performance
o Database Designer
o Application *rogrammers
o ;nd)&sers
D"MS ;n$ironment ) Procedures
*rocedures refer to the instructions and
rules of the design and use of the
database, eg!,
o 'ogon
o -un some programs
o Start and stop the
D"MS o "ackup
o (ailure handling
15 Changes on the data structures or
physical storage
Database Concepts
- 26
D" Architecture+ 6 'e$els of Abstraction
;xternal (&ser Views)
Each user concerns
with only his specific
portion of data
Conceptual ('ogical)
&hat data are stored
and the relationships
exist among data
:nternal (*hysical)
#he lowest level,
describes how data
are actually stored
D" Architecture+ 6 'e$els of Abstraction
Data :ndependence
?ie# Mechanism
View mechanism
15 *ro$ides users #ith only the data they
#ant or need to use!
Ad$antages+
o *ro$ides a le$el of security
15 Allo#s to customie the appearance
of the database
15 *resents a consistent, unchanging
picture of the structure of the database
Data :ndependence
Data Independence + &pper le$els are unaffected by
changes to lo#er le$els!
*hysical Data :ndependence
15 the ability to modify the physical scheme
#ithout causing application programs to be
re#ritten
'ogical Data :ndependence
15 the ability to modify the conceptual scheme
#ithout causing application programs to be
re#ritten
Data Models
Data Model . an integrated collection of concepts for
describing data, relationships and constraints on
the data in an organiation!
Database Design
%he process of database design in$ol$es 6 steps+
o Conceptual Database Design ./ Conceptual Model
Modelling of the information used in an enterprise,
independent of all physical considerations (the D"MS,
6 types of Data
Models+
-ecord)"ased Data
Models
1 -elational
(tables)
2 ,et#ork
(graphs)
3 =ierarchical
(trees)
3b@ect)"ased Data
Models
4 ;ntity)
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*hysical
Data
Models
(fe# in
use)
6 $
nifying
%odel'
(rame
memo
ry
application
programs and
languages,
hard#are
platform etc!)
15 'ogical
Database Design
./ 'ogical Model
-efine and map
the conceptual
model into a
logical model
according to the
target data model
fo
r
th
e
da
ta
ba
se (eg!
-elati
onal
data
model
)
15 *
hysical Database
Design./ =o# to
implement on
secondary
storage
(structures and
access methods)
Database
Concepts - 33
Do
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Database
Concepts - 35
Database
Concepts - 34
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Database
Concepts - 36
C
S
Introduct
ion to
Database
Systems
Helena
Wong, 2001
Disad$antages of D"MS
o =igh cost of D"MS
o May in$ol$e more expensi$e hard#are
o Specific programming skill
o Database files con$ersion
15 Slo#er processing of less
critical applications
15 :ncreased $ulnerability as
resources are centralied
15 More sophisticated reco$ery reBuired
#hen concurrent updates allo#ed
Case Study 0 Dream=ome ((orms)
Staff
Details
(orm
Case Study ) Dream=ome
3rganiation+
o "ranches
15 Staff of each branch+
2ne %anager
.upervisors
7089 :eneral .taff ; 8 secretary under
a supervisor
Ser$ices pro$ided by Dream=ome+
o Ad$ertising the property ((lat or =ouse)
o :nter$ie# prospecti$e renters
o 3rganie $isits
o ,egotiate lease agreement
o :nspect the property regularly (C months)
(orms
used by
the Sales
Departmen
t
Case Study 0 Dream=ome (-eports)
*roperties for -ent -eport
(orms
used by
the Sales
Departmen
t
(orms
used by
the
Contracts
Departmen
t
Case Study 0 Dream=ome (-eports)
*roperty :nspection -eport
%ransaction -eBuirements+
15 Maintain records of staff details, properties,
prospecti$e renters, $ie#ing by prospecti$e renters,
ad$erts, lease agreements, property inspections
o *roduce staff details listing at a branch
o *roduce listing of staff under a a super$isor
o *roduce listing of super$isors at a branch o
*roduce listing of properties at a branch
o *roduce listing of properties managed by a staff
3ther data+
o Ad$ertisement details
o Appropriate ne#spapers
*olicies+
o -etain information of #ithdra#n properties+ 6 years
o -etain information of expired leases+ 6 years
o 'ease period+ 6 months 0 4 year
o ;ach staff manages not more than 4D properties
o *roduce listing of prospecti$e renters at a branch
o Search for properties satisfying a prospecti$e renter
o *roduce a report of $ie#ing comments of a property
o *roduce listing of ad$erts for a property
o *roduce listing of ad$erts placed in a ne#spaper
o *roduce report of lease agreement for a property
o *roduce listing of inspections of a property

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