Surface Chemistry

1. Adsorption:- Accumulation of substance(g) on surface of other substance(solid).

Adsorbate:- Substance which accumulate eg. O
2
, NH
3
, H
2

Adsorbant:- Sub on which accumulate : Alumina, charcoal, silicagel
2. Desorption:- Removal of adsorbate from adsorbent.
Adsorption: - distribution of one substance in other uniformly. H
2
O absorb by CaCl
2

3. Physisorption: - arise due to van der waals force, reversible, at low temp. multilayer
Chemisorption :- Chemical bond, irreversible, at high temp, unimolecular layer
4. Mechanism of adsorption due to (i) unbalanced force on surface of adsorbent.
(ii) on adsorption attractive forces reduce. Therefore, heat energy produce, exothermic, H = -ve ,
S = -ve
5. Adsorption isotherm: - Graph between extent of adsorption vs pressure at constant temp
x/m p
1/n
=> x/m = k p
1/n
=> logx/m = logK + 1/nlogp
Also called freundlich isotherm. at low pressure n=1 x/m = Kp


6. Effect of temp:- In physisorption adsorption decreases on increasing temp. In chemisorption on
increasing temperature first increase then decrease
7. Adsorption from solution:- Solid adsorbent adsorb solute from solution.
log (n/m) = logK + 1/n logC. Use:- Animal charcoal adsorb colour from sugar.
8. Catalyst: - Increases rate without taking part in the reaction. It lower Ea, make rate constant high but
dont change equilibrium constant. Promoter Enhance activity of catalyst and Poisons Decrease
activity of catalyst.
9. Homogeneous catalyst: - Reactant and catalyst in same phase SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) ---[NO]-----> SO
3
(g)


Heterogeneous catalyst: - Reactant and catalyst in different phase SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) ----V
2
O
5
(s)------> SO
3

10. Modern theory of catalyst: - (i) Diffusion of Reactant to surface of catalyst.
(ii) Adsorption of R
(iii) Formation of intermediate
(iv) Desorption of product
(v) Diffusion of product from catalyst
This theory explains why catalysts are not consumed in the reaction.
11. Feature of solid catalyst: - Activity, Selectivity, shape selectivity
Activity: - Ability to increase rate of reaction
Selectivity: - With same reactant with diff. catalyst produce diff. product
CO + H
2
with Ni ---> CH
4
+ H
2
, with Cu HCHO , with Cu + Cr
2
O
3
CH
3
OH
Shape selectivity: - Reaction which depends on pore structure of catalyst & size of R and P is called
shape selectivity. Eg. ZsM 5 in conversion of alcohol into petrol in petro chemical industry.
12. Enzyme:- It is bio-chemical catalyst. It is globular protein

Co-enzyme: Substance which activate enzyme e.g. Vitamin, ion Zn, Mg, Fe, Na, K
Characteristic of enzyme: (i) highly efficient (ii) specific (iii) temp 37
0
pH=7
Mechanism of Enzyme: lock and key model (i) E + S ES (ii) ES E + P
13. Colloids:- Substance which dont pass through SPM. It is heterogeneous system. Dispersed phase
(solute) dispersion medium (solvent) Size 1-1000nm
14. Classification based on physical state:- Aerosol solid in gas. eg. Smoke
Gel Liquid in solid eg. Cheese, butter
Foam Gas in liquid eg. Froth
Emulsion Liquid in liquid eg. Milk Hydro solid solvent H
2
O
15. Classification based on interaction or molecular force
Lyophilic: - Dispersed phase has affinity with dispersion medium. These are stable, reversible. Eg
starch in water
Lyophobic: - dispersed phase has less affinity in medium, less stable, irreversible, need stabilizer. eg-
Sol of metal and metal sulphide.
16. Classification of colloids based on size of particle
(i) First multimolecular: - size < 1nm form aggregate. Eg- gold sol.
(ii) Macromolecular: - size 1-1000nm quite stable. eg. starch sol. protein
(iii) Associated (micelles) at low conc. act as electrolyte but at higher conc. as colloids. Eg- soap solution
CMC [Critical micelles concentration] min. temp at which form colloid. Kroft temp: - temp. at which
micelles are formed.
17. Preparation of colloids:
1. Bradigs ore method: - process evolves dispersion as well as condensation. Electric ore produce b/w
two metal electrodes (Au, Ag) in dispersion medium H20 + small NaOH. Metal vaporise and condense in
medium.
2. Chemical method (a) by double decomposition As
2
O
3
+3H
2
S ---> As
2
S
3
+3H
2
O
(b) By oxidation :- SO
2
+ H
2
S ---> 3S + 2H
2
O
(c) By reduction :- 2AuCl
3
+ 3HCHO + 3H
2
O ---> 2Au + 3HCOOH + 6HCl
(d) By hydrolysis : - FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O ----> Fe(OH)
3
+ 3HCl
3. By peptisation:- When electrolyte is added to precipitate it change into colloids.
mechanism of peptisation :- It take place because ppt absorb common ion. Therefore, it become
unstable due to repulsion b/w same charge. eg. Fe(OH)
3
[ppt] + FeCl
3
[electrolyte]---> Fe(OH)
3
[colloid]
18. Dialysis:- It is the process of purification of colloids or removal of \\\\\\\\\ (Electrolyte) from colloids.
Electro dialysis:- When bag of SPM filled with colloids place b/w electric field the dialysis become
faster process is called elecro dialysis
19. Optical property:- Tyndall effect: When light passed through colloids its path becomes visible due to
scattering of light by colloidal particle called Tyndall property. It is used to distinguish b/w True solution
and colloids.
20. Mechanical property Brownian movement: - The zig-zag movement of colloidal particle is called
Brownian movement. Use:- Give demonstration of kinetic theory of matter.
21. Charge on colloidal particle:- due to (i) Capture e
-
in brdig ore method (ii) Adsorption ion
When AgNO3 added to KI (excess) for ve charge sol. AgI/I
-

When KI added to AgNO3 (excess for +ve charge sol. AgI/Ag+ Form Double layer
This Double layer attract opposite charged ion. eg AgI/I
-
K
+

AgI/Ag
+
I
-
Helmholtz electrical double layer Two layer of opposite charge is called double layer.
+ve charge solution Al
2
O
3
.xH
2
O, Fe
2
O
3
.xH
2
O, Hemoglobin, Basic dye.
-ve charge solution Metal sol. Cu, Ag, Au Sulphide - As
2
S
3
, Acid dye, gum, Clay, Glatin
The potential difference b/w opposite charged layer is called Zeta potential or electro kinetic potential.
22. Electrophoresis: - movement of colloidal particle towards opposite electrode
23. Coagulation:- Change of colloids into ppt by removing charge on colloids by adding electrolyte of
opposite charge.
24. Emulsion:- Colloids in which dispersed phase and dispersion medium both are liquid. Two type o/w
milk w/o butter
25. Emulsifying agent: - o/w emulsion needs emulsifying agent to stabilise.
26. De-emulsification:- Emulsion can be broken into constituents by heating, freezing or centrifugation.
27. Natural use of colloids: - (i) Blue colour of sky due to scattering of light by dust particles.
(ii) Food milk, butter
(iii) Blood coagulation by alum, FeO3
(iv) Formation of Delta:- River contain clay in form of colloids when it meet
with sea water contain NaCl electrolyte coagulate clay.
28. Application of colloids :- (i) Cottrell smoke precipitator electric field is applied in chimney in smoke
colloids C-particle goes to atmosphere.
(ii) Purification of water to remove clay by Alum
(iii) In medicine suspension in form of colloids.