ORACLE 9i

Part - III
PL/SQL Blocks
1) Example of a simple Pl/SQL block
declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
c number;
begin
c:=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line('the sum is'||c);
end;
/
2) Example for LOOP structure which generates a number series
declare
i number:=1;
begin
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
i:=i+1;
i i!1" then
e#it;
end i;
end loop;
end;
/
!) Example for "#$LE structure which generates a number series
declare
i number:=1;
begin
$hile i%=1"
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
i:=i+1;
end loop;
end;
/
%) Example for &O' structure which generates a number series
begin
or i in 1..1"
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
end loop;
end;
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
() PL/SQL block to count no of )owels an* consonants in a gi)en string
declare
name &archar'('"):='&name';
ccnt number:=";
&cnt number:=";
begin
or i in 1.. length(name)
loop
i upper(substr(name(i(1)) in (')'('*'('+'(','('-') then
&cnt:=&cnt+1;
else
ccnt:=ccnt+1;
end i;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('&count is'||&cnt);
dbms_output.put_line('ccount is'||ccnt);
end;
/
+) PL/SQL block to print the string in 'E,E'SE
declare
str &archar'(."):='&string';
strn &archar'(.");
begin
or i in re&erse 1..length(str)
loop
strn:=strn||substr(str(i(1);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(strn);
end;
/
-) PL/SQL block to fin* the &./0O'$.L of a gi)en number
declare
i number:=#
/ number:=1;
begin
or 0 in 1..i
loop
/:=123;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(/);
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
1) PL/SQL block to print the S0.'S in a triangular form
declare
c &archar(1"):=' ';
begin
or i in 1..4
loop
c:=' ';
or 0 in 1..i
loop
c:=c||'2';
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end loop;
end;
/
2) PL/SQL block to con)ert initial of the string to /.P$0.L without using $3$0/.P
declare
name &archar'(14):='&name';
#name &archar'(14);
begin
#name:=upper(substr(name(1(1))||lo$er(substr(name('));
dbms_output.put_line(#name);
end;
/
14) PL/SQL block to up*ate the salar5 of the gi)en emplo5ee number
declare
eno number(5):=&empno;
nsal number(6('):=&sal;
begin
update emp set sal=sal+nsal $here empno=eno;
commit;
dbms_output.put_line(7salar8 is updated or empno: 7||eno);
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
11) PL/SQL block to up*ate the salar5 of the an emplo5ee on gi)en con*ition
declare
eno number(5):=&eno;
nsal number(6(');
begin
select sal into nsal rom emp $here empno=eno;
i nsal%.""" then
update emp set sal=sal+4"" $here empno=eno;
else
update emp set sal=sal+1""" $here empno=eno;
end i;
commit;
end;
/
12) PL/SQL block to that *eletes recor*s from master an* chil* table
declare
dno number('):=&dno;
begin
delete rom emp $here deptno=dno;
delete rom dept $here deptno=dno;
end;
/
1!) PL/SQL block to insert recor*s into a *atabase table
declare
# dept.deptno9t8pe:=&dno;
8 dept.dname9t8pe:='&dname';
: dept.loc9t8pe:='&loc';
begin
insert into dept &alues(#(8(:);
end;
/
1%) PL/SQL block to that represents the usage of 6 attributes
declare
# emp9ro$t8pe;
8 emp.empno9t8pe:=&eno;
begin
select 2 into # rom emp $here empno=8;
dbms_output.put_line(#.empno||#.ename||#.sal);
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
Exceptions
1() PL/SQL block toto raise an E7/EP0$O3 when the recor* to search is not foun*
declare
eno emp.empno9t8pe:=&eno;
nsal emp.sal9t8pe;
begin
select sal into nsal rom emp $here empno=eno;
dbms_output.put_line(nsal);
e#ception
$hen no_data_ound then
dbms_output.put_line('no such emplo8ee');
end;
/
1+) PL/SQL block to raise an user *efine* E7/EP0$O3 when commission is null
declare
no_comm e#ception;
eno emp.empno9t8pe:=&eno;
ncomm emp.comm9t8pe;
begin
select comm into ncomm rom emp $here empno=eno;
dbms_output.put_line(ncomm);
i ncomm is null then
raise no_comm;
end i;
e#ception
$hen no_comm then
dbms_output.put_line(';o commision');
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
Cursors
1-) PL/SQL block using /8'SO' to *ispla5 recor*s from emp table
declare
cursor emp_cur is select 2 rom emp;
emp_rec emp9ro$t8pe;
begin
open emp_cur;
loop
etch emp_cur into emp_rec;
e#it $hen emp_cur9notound;
dbms_output.put_line(emp_rec.empno||emp_rec.ename||emp_rec.sal);
end loop;
close emp_cur;
end;
/
11) PL/SQL block using /8'SO' attributes to *ispla5 emplo5ee recor*s
<eclare
cursor c is select 2 rom emp;
e emp9ro$t8pe;
begin
i c9+s,pen then
dbms_output.put_line('=ursor is )lread8 ,pened');
else
open c;
end i;
loop
etch c into e;
dbms_output.put_line('>r.'||e.ename||' $ho is an '||e.0ob||' dra$s ?s.'||e.sal);
e#it $hen c9;,@A,-;<;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(c9?,B=,-;@ ||' ?o$s $ere displa8ed');
i c9+s,pen then
close c;
else
dbms_output.put_line('=ursor is alread8 closed');
end i;
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
12) PL/SQL block using /8'SO' to *ispla5 the re9uire* highest salar5 from emp
declare
cursor ecur is select distinct(sal) rom emp order b8 sal desc;
nsal emp.sal9t8pe;
i number:=&num;
ctr number:=1;
begin
i ecur9isopen then
close ecur;
end i;
open ecur;
loop
etch ecur into nsal;
i i=ctr then
dbms_output.put_line(nsal);
e#it;
end i;
ctr:=ctr+1;
e#it $hen ecur9notound;
end loop;
close ecur;
end;
/
24) PL/SQL block using /8'SO' &O' loop to *ispla5 emplo5ee *etails
declare
cursor c1 is select 2 rom emp;
begin
or i in c1
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.ename||i.sal);
end loop;
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
21) PL/SQL block using /8'SO' &O' loop to *ispla5 *ept an* emp *etails
declare
cursor d is select 2 rom dept;
cursor e(dno number) is select 2 rom emp $here deptno=dno;
begin
or department in d
loop
dbms_output.put_line('<*C)?@>*;@ ;->D*? : ' || department.deptno);
dbms_output.put_line('EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE');
or emplo8ee in e(department.deptno)
loop
dbms_output.put_line('>r.'||emplo8ee.ename||' is $or/ing in department '||
department.dname||
' at '||department.loc||' as '||emplo8ee.0ob);
end loop;
end loop;
end;
22) PL/SQL block using /8'SO' &O' loop to *ispla5 the table name an*
constraints of it
declare
cursor t is select 2 rom tab;
cursor c(tname &archar') is select 2 rom user_constraints $here table_name li/e
upper(tname);
begin
or tables in t
loop
dbms_output.put_line('=onstraints in @able : ' || tables.tname);
dbms_output.put_line('EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE');
or cons in c(tables.tname)
loop
dbms_output.put_line(cons.constraint_name);
end loop;
end loop;
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
Triggers
2!) PL/SQL block using 0'$::E' to not to up*ate a table before or after office
hours
create or replace trigger trg_secure beore insert on emp
declare
# number;
begin
i to_char(s8sdate('hh'5') not bet$een 1 and '" then
raise_application_error(E'""""('cannot manipulate data in un oicial hrs.F);
elsi to_char(s8sdate(Fhh'5:."F) bet$een 1':." and 1..." then
raise_application_error(E'"""1('cannot manipulate during lunch hrs.');
elsi upper(to_char(s8sdate(Fd8F)) in (7G)@F(G-;F) then
raise_application_error(E'"""'('cannot manipulate data on $ee/ ends.');
end i;
select count(2) into # rom holida8s $here h_date=to_date(s8sdate(FddEmonE88F);
i #!" then
raise_application_error(E'""".('cannot manipulate data on a public holida8.');
end i;
end;
/
2%) PL/SQL block using 0'$::E' to check for salar5 tobe more than (444
create or replace trigger sal_ch/ beore insert on emp or each ro$
begin
i :ne$.sal!4""" then
raise_application_error(E'"""5('Galar8 should be abo&e 4""".');
end i;
end;
/
2() PL/SQL block using 0'$::E' to salar5 with more than ol* salar5
create or replace trigger sal-pdate
beore update on emp or each ro$
begin
i :ne$.sal % :old.sal then
raise_application_error(E'"""4(';e$ salar8 is lesser than ,ld');
end i;
end;
/
2+) PL/SQL block using 0'$::E' not to accept the existing empno ;8ni9ue Empno)
create or relace trigger dup*mpno
beore insert or update on emp
or each ro$
declare
cursor c is select 2 rom emp;
begin
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
or i in c
loop
i i.empno=:ne$.empno then
raise_application_error(E'"""H('*mpno alread8 e#ists');
end i;
end loop;
end;
/
2-) PL/SQL block using 0'$::E' to generate auto emplo5ee numbers
create or replace trigger )uto*mpno
beore insert on emp or each ro$
declare
n number;
begin
select n&l(ma#(empno)(6""")+1 into n rom emp;
:ne$.empno:=n;
end;
/
21) PL/SQL block using 0'$::E' allow onl5 the owner to work with table an* onl5
on working *a5s
create or replace trigger emp@rans
beore insert or update or delete on emp
or each ro$
declare
$*nd e#ception;
usr e#ception;
begin
i upper(rtrim(to_char(s8sdate('da8')))='G)@' or
upper(rtrim(to_char(s8sdate('da8')))='G-;' then
raise $*nd;
end i;
i upper(user)%!'G=,@@' then
raise usr;
end i;
e#ception
$hen $*nd then
raise_application_error(E'"""6('@ransactions are not allo$ed at $ee/ ends');
$hen usr then
raise_application_error(E'"""I('@ransactions are allo$ed onl8 b8 Gcott);
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
22) PL/SQL block using 0'$::E' that will not allow user to work on fri*a5s
create or replace trigger restrict<>J
beore insert or update or delete on emp
or each ro$
declare
& &archar'('");
begin
select upper(rtrim(to_char(s8sdate('da8'))) into & rom dual;
i &='A?+<)K' then
raise_application_error(E'"""L('@ransactions are not allo$ed on A?+<)K');
end i;
end;
!4) )n e#ample o a ro$ trigger ollo$s:
create or replace trigger m8trig'
ater delete or insert or update on emp
or each ro$
begin
i deleting then
insert into emp1 (empno( ename( 0ob( sal( deldate) &alues
(:old.empno( :old.ename( :old.0ob( :old.sal( s8sdate);
elsi inserting then
insert into emp' (empno( ename( 0ob( sal( deldate) &alues
(:ne$.empno( :ne$.ename( :ne$.0ob( :ne$.sal( s8sdate);
elsi updating then
insert into emp. (empno( ename( old_sal( ne$_sal( upddate)
&alues (:old.empno( :old.ename( :old.sal( :ne$.sal( s8sdate);
end i
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
Procedures
!1) PL/SQL block using P'O/E<8'E that works on *ept an* emp
create or replace procedure <ept*mp(dno number) is
d dept9ro$t8pe;
e emp9ro$t8pe;
cursor c(d number) is select 2 rom emp $here deptno=d;
begin
select 2 into d rom dept $here deptno=dno;
dbms_output.put_line('<epartment : '||d.dname);
dbms_output.put_line('EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE');
or e in c(d.deptno)
loop
dbms_output.put_line(e.ename||' E '||e.0ob);
end loop;
end;
/
!2) PL/SQL block using P'O/E<8'E to fin* the factorial of gi)en number
create or replace procedure Aact(a in number(b out number) is
number(5):=1;
begin
or i in 1..a
loop
:=2i;
end loop;
b:=;
end;
/
!!) PL/SQL block that calls the proce*ure to fin* factorial
declare
# number(5):=&#;
8 number(5);
begin
Aact(#(8);
dbms_output.put_line('Aactorial o ' || # || ' is ' || 8);
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
!%) PL/SQL block using P'O/E<8'E to work with arithmetic operations
create or replace procedure )rith(a number(b number(c char) is
d number(5);
e# e#ception;
begin
i c='+' then
d:=a+b;
elsi c='E' then
d:=aEb;
elsi c='2' then
d:=a2b;
elsi c='/' then
d:=a/b;
elsi c='9' then
d:=mod(a(b);
else
raise e#;
end i;
dbms_output.put_line(a||' '||c||' '||b||' = '||d);
e#ception
$hen e# then
dbms_output.put_line(' ;ot a Malied ,perator ');
$hen :ero_di&ide then
dbms_output.put_line(' <enominator shouldnot be :ero ');
$hen others then
dbms_output.put_line('GNJ*??,?');
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
Functions
!() PL/SQL block using &83/0$O3 to fin* the factorial of gi)en number
create or replace unction AunAact(a number) return number is
number(5):=1;
begin
or i in 1..a
loop
:=2i;
end loop;
return ;
end;
/
!+) PL/SQL block that calls the function to fin* factorial
declare
n number('):=&n;
r number(5);
begin
r:=AunAact(n);
dbms_output.put_line('Aactorial o '||n||' is : '||r);
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
Packages
!-) PL/SQL block for creating Package Specification
create or replace pac/age ban/_pac/ is
minbal e#ception;
cursor c1(no number) is select 2 rom transact $here accno=no;
procedure ne$_acc(name &archar'(oamt number);
unction deposit(no number(amt number) return number;
unction $ithdra$(no number(amt number) return number;
procedure trans(no number(tt8 char(amt number);
procedure close_acc(no number);
procedure details(no number);
end;
/
!1) PL/SQL block for creating Package =o*5
create or replace pac/age bod8 ban/_pac/ is
procedure ne$_acc(name &archar'(oamt number) is
n number;
begin
select n&l(ma#(accno)(")+1 into n rom ban/mast;
i oamt%1""" then
raise minbal;
end i;
insert into ban/mast &alues(n(name(oamt);
dbms_output.put_line(';e$ )ccount or '||name||' is successull8 created');
e#ception
$hen minbal then
dbms_output.put_line('>inimum balance should be ?s.1"""');
end;
unction deposit(no number(amt number) return number is
pb number;
begin
select opamt into pb rom ban/mast $here accno=no;
return pb+amt;
e#ception
$hen no_data_ound then
dbms_output.put_line('+n&alied )ccount ;umber');
end;
unction $ithdra$(no number(amt number) return number is
pb number;
begin
select opamt into pb rom ban/mast $here accno=no;
i pbEamt%'4" then
raise minbal;
end i;
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
return pbEamt;
e#ception
$hen no_data_ound then
dbms_output.put_line('+n&alied )ccount ;umber');
$hen minbal then
dbms_output.put_line('+nsuicient Dalance');
end;
procedure trans(no number(tt8 char(amt number) is
bal number;
begin
i tt8 in ('<'('d') then
bal:=deposit(no(amt);
insert into transact &alues(no(tt8(amt(bal);
update ban/mast set opamt=bal $here accno=no;
dbms_output.put_line('<eposited ?s.'||amt||' into )ccount ;o : '||no);
else
bal:=$ithdra$(no(amt);
i (bal!=1""") then
insert into transact &alues(no(tt8(amt(bal);
update ban/mast set opamt=bal $here accno=no;
dbms_output.put_line('Bithdra$n ?s.'||amt||' rom )ccount ;o : '||
no);
else
raise minbal;
end i;
end i;
e#ception
$hen minbal then
dbms_output.put_line('+nsuicient Dalance');
dbms_output.put_line('- need to maintain >in Dalance');
end;
procedure close_acc(no number) is
n ban/mast.name9t8pe;
begin
select name into n rom ban/mast $here accno=no;
delete rom transact $here accno=no;
delete rom ban/mast $here accno=no;
dbms_output.put_line(')ccount o >r.'||n||' is =losed');
end;
procedure details(no number) is
n ban/mast9ro$t8pe;
begin
select 2 into n rom ban/mast $here accno=no;
dbms_output.put_line(')ccount ;o : '||n.accno);
By Subhash Reddy
ORACLE 9i
dbms_output.put_line(';ame : '||n.name);
dbms_output.put_line(',pening Dalance : '||n.opamt);
dbms_output.put_line('EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE');
or i in c1(no)
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.accno||' '||i.tt8pe||' '||i.tamt||' '||i.cbal);
end loop;
end;
end;
/
By Subhash Reddy