1.

Directional Derivatives
Let f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . x
n
) be a function of n variables, then
the gradient of f, is f = f
x
1
, f
x
2
, . . . , f
x
n
.
Let u be a unit vector, then the derivative of f in the
direction of u is D
u
f = f u.
For any non-zero vector v, the directional derivative of
f in the direction of v is given by
f v
v
.
The maximum value of D
u
f(x, y) is f(x, y) and
will occur in the direction u =
f(x, y)
f(x, y)
.
2. Relative Extrema
Solution/s to f
x
= f
y
= 0 are called critical points.
Classify the critical points as either rel. max, rel. min
or saddle point by
D = f
xx
f
yy
(f
xy
)
2
> 0, and f
xx
> 0, then rel.
min
D > 0 and f
xx
< 0, then rel. max
D < 0, then saddle point
D = 0, inconclusive
3. Absolute Extrema
Find all relative extrema.
Substitute each boundary curve to the f and nd the
absolute extrema on the boundaries using calculus of
one variable.
Compare values.
4. Lagrange Multipliers
Given a function f(x, y) to be maximized or minimized,
subject to g(x, y) = k.
Solve the system:
f(x, y) = g(x, y)
g(x, y) = k
Plug in all solutions into f(x, y) and identify the min-
imum and maximum values, provided they exist.
= 0, and is called the Lagrange Multiplier.
5. Tangent Planes and Normal Lines
Given F(x, y, z) = 0.
The tangent plane at the point (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) is given
by
F(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) x x
0
, y y
0
, z z
0
= 0
The normal line at the point (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)) is
x x
0
F
x
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
=
y y
0
F
y
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
=
z z
0
F
z
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
.
Given a parametric surface

R(u, v).
The tangent plane at the point (u
0
, v
0
) is given by

R
u
(u
0
, v
0
)

R
v
(u
0
, v
0
)

x, y, z

R(u
0
, v
0
)

= 0
The normal line at the point (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)) is
r(t) =

R(u
0
, v
0
) +

R
u
(u
0
, v
0
)

R
v
(u
0
, v
0
)

t
6. Parametric Surfaces
z = f(x, y) can be parametrized by letting x = u,
y = v and z = f(u, v). Thus having the same graph as

R(u, v) = u, v, f(u, v) .
Given a plane curve y = f(x) revolved about the x-
axis, then the surface of revolution formed will have
the parametric equations:

x = u
y = f(u) cos v
z = f(u) sin v
7. Double Integrals
Fubinis Theorem: Let f be cont on a rectangular re-
gion D = [a, b] [c, d], then

D
f(x, y)dA =

b
a

d
c
f(x, y)dydx =

d
c

b
a
f(x, y)dxdy
Using vertical strips:

D
f(x, y)dA =

b
a

f(x)
g(x)
f(x, y)dydx
Using horizontal strips:

D
f(x, y)dA =

d
c

f(y)
g(y)
f(x, y)dxdy
When transforming to polar coordinates, use the fol-
lowing:
x = r cos
y = r sin
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
dA = rdrd
8. Applications of Double Integrals
(a) Area (A) =

D
dA
(b) Mass (m) =

D
(x, y)dA
where (x, y) is the density function.
(c) Moments of mass:
Moment about the x-axis (M
x
) =

D
y(x, y)dA
Moment about the y-axis (M
y
) =

D
x(x, y)dA
(d) Center of mass (x, y) =

M
y
m
,
M
x
m

.
(e) Surface Area
Given a parametric curve

R(u, v), then
S =

D

R
u


R
v

dA
Given a cartesian surface z = f(x, y), then
S =

D

(f
x
)
2
+ (f
y
)
2
+ 1 dA