Solid Waste Management

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
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By
Kanchan Deoli Bahukahndi
College of Engineering
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
DEFINITIONS OF SOLID WASTE
Any unwanted or discarded material from
residential, commercial, industrial, mining and
agricultural activities that are normally solid and
causes environmental problems may be termed
as solid waste.
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as solid waste.
CONTENTS
Definitions of Solid Waste.
Need for Solid Waste Management.
Sources of Wastes.
Definition of Solid Waste Management.
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Definition of Solid Waste Management.
Elements of Solid Waste Management.
Role of Citizens.
DEFINITIONS OF SOLID WASTE
Solid waste comprise all the waste arising from
human and animal activities that are normally
solid and that are discarded as useless or
unwanted.
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Discarded material judged to be of no value for
ordinary or normal use is termed as solid waste.
POLLUTION CAUSED BY SOLID
WASTES
Solid WASTE POLLUTION:
Human activities produce large quantities of
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Human activities produce large quantities of
wastes .solid wastes can be broadly
categorized in to two main categories:
Biodegradable
Non-biodegradable
1. BI ODEGRADABLE WASTES:
These pollutants are natural organic compounds
which are degraded by biological and microbial
action, eg. sewage.
2. NON- BI ODEGRADABLE WASTES:
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These pollutants are not acted by microbes eg.Glass,
plastics.
These wastes can also be classified in to two broad
terms
These wastes can also be classified in to two broad
terms
A. HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTES
B. COMMERCIAL WASTES
A. HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTES:
Generally solid wastes from the house hold is collected
locally and the amount depends upon the size and
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locally and the amount depends upon the size and
consumption habits of the populations. it is disposed on
either public property or private contractors site.
B. COMMERCIAL WASTES:
Commercial wastes are generated by commercial
establishments but are usually disposed off by public
facilities.
Industrial wastes are those wastes that are generated
by manufacturing firms.
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CLASSIFICATION OF REFUSE MATERIALS:
a. GARBAGE:
These are the wastes that are generated from the
kitchen , slaughter houses, canning and freezing
industries.
b. RUBBISH:
Rubbish includes two types of wastes i.e.
combustible and Non-combustible wastes.
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combustible and Non-combustible wastes.
Combustible wastes are mainly leaves, grasses and
plants .
Non-combustibles wastes such as bottles, crockery
and plastic materials.
c. ASHES:
Residue from fires used for cooking and for
heating buildings, cinders.
d. BULKY WASTES:
Large auto parts , tyres, stoves, refrigerators.
e. DEAD ANIMALS:
Like dead bodies of cats, dogs, poultry , horses,
cows etc.
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cows etc.
f. SLUDGE:
Settled solid components of sewage wastes.
g. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES:
Chemicals , paints and sand etc
MINING WASTES:
These contains wastes from coal mine.
AGRICULTURAL WASTES:
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Such as farm animal wastes, manure crop residue,
pesticides , insecticides and so on.
NEED FOR SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
To create awareness of the system of solid
waste management.
To maintain hygienic conditions in the
environment.
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environment.
To create wealth fromwaste.
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
Sources of Solid Waste
Muncipal Waste Industrial Waste Agricultural Waste Special Waste
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Residential
Waste
Commercial
Waste
Non - Process
Waste
Process
Waste
Mineral
Waste
Radio Active Waste
Toxic Waste
Hospital Waste
Miscellaneous Waste
MUNICIPAL WASTE
These include waste from commercial and
residential areas, which includes garbage and
rubbish.
Garbage Consists of biodegradable waste.
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Garbage Consists of biodegradable waste.
Eg: Food waste, paper, cardboard etc.
Rubbish consists of non biodegradable waste.
Eg: Metal Cans, Glass etc.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
These include waste Like process, non-process
and mineral wastes.
Non Process waste like cafeteria waste,
packing wastes, etc.
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packing wastes, etc.
Processing waste depends on type of the
product being produces.
Eg: Tannery waste, plastic waste, metal scraps
etc.
Mineral waste from mineral and mineral
processing units.
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
These waste results from farms, feed lots and
live stock yards.
Eg: Paddy husk, bagasse from sugar cane and
tobacco, corn residue etc.
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tobacco, corn residue etc.
SPECIAL WASTE
These include waste like:
Radio Active fromnuclear plants, laboratories.
Toxic wastes such as heavy metal sludge, pesticides
etc.
Hospital wastes such as needles, sharps, bandages,
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Hospital wastes such as needles, sharps, bandages,
drugs, anatomical waste etc.
Miscellaneous products such as inflammable,
corrosive, explosive, security wastes etc.
DEFINTION OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Solid Waste Management comprises of
purposeful and systematic control of the
generation, storage, collection, transportation,
separation, processing, recycling, recovery and
disposal of solid waste.
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disposal of solid waste.
ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Waste - generation
Storage
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Collection
Process and Recovery Transfer and Transport
Disposal
MANAGEMENT
WASTE GENERATION
Waste generation involves reduction in volume
of the waste and reuse, i.e. an article should be
disposed of only when it of no use.
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disposed of only when it of no use.
MANAGEMENT
STORAGE
Storage involves the activity
associated with management
of wastes until they are placed
in storage containers for
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in storage containers for
collection.
Different components should
be stored in different
containers, so that the process
of solid waste management
becomes effective and easy.
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MANAGEMENT
COLLECTION
Collection involves the use of large containers
which can be emptied mechanically with a
container pickup mechanismor manually.
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container pickup mechanismor manually.
It is normally accomplished by a fleet of trucks
and crew that operates together as collection
system.
MANAGEMENT
COLLECTION
Based on mode of operation, collection systems
are classified as:
Hauled Container system.
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Hauled Container system.
Stationary container system.
Door to door collection system.
Collection of waste fromstorage bins.
MANAGEMENT
HAULED CONTAINER SYSTEM
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MANAGEMENT
STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM
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MANAGEMENT
DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION SYSTEM
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MANAGEMENT
COLLECTION OF WASTE (05:36)
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MANAGEMENT
TRANSFER AND TRANSPORTATION
The transportation of MSW in open trucks
should be prohibited.
In commercial areas collection should be done
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In commercial areas collection should be done
daily and at night times.
In residential areas collection is done once or
twice a weak and it should be collected during
day time.
MANAGEMENT
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MANAGEMENT
The Methods of Transportation:
Direct Method.
Source of Generation Disposal site.
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Source of Generation Disposal site.
Indirect Method.
Source of Generation Transfer station
Disposal site.
MANAGEMENT
SALVAGING, PROCESSING AND RECOVERY
Components of waste which are having
economical value can be salvaged for recycling.
Eg: metallic cans, paper, plastics etc.
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Eg: metallic cans, paper, plastics etc.
Separation of bulk items, ferrous metals.
Manual separation of waste components.
Volume and Size reduction by shredding,
compaction and combustion.
Transformation processes are used to recover
products and energy.
MANAGEMENT
SEGREGATION AND RECOVERY (00:47)
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MANAGEMENT
PROCESSING AND RECOVERY (01:23)
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MANAGEMENT
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
Disposal of Solid Waste
Open Dumping
Dumping into Sea
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Hog Feeding
Incineration
Composting
Sanitary Land Fills
Vermi Composting
Discharge into Sewers
Salvaging
MANAGEMENT
OPEN DUMPING
Components suitable are street sweeping, ashes
and non combustible.
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and non combustible.
Serious nuisance result if garbage is disposed in
this manner.
This method is not the best method for disposal
hence it should not be selected.
MANAGEMENT
OPEN DUMPING
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MANAGEMENT
DUMPING INTO SEA
This method is possible in coastal areas.
Waste should be taken 2 3km away from the
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Waste should be taken 2 3km away from the
shore and dumped there.
Tides are to be considered to avoid the waste
fromcoming back.
It is costly method and is not adopted in INDIA.
MANAGEMENT
HOG FEEDING
It is estimated 25% of total quantity of garbage is
used for hog feeding.
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used for hog feeding.
Garbage fromrestaurants and hotels are used for
hog feeding.
Every day each hog consumer 10 kg of waste and
gains a weight by 0.5 Kg.
MANAGEMENT
HOG FEEDING
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INCINERATION
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INCINERATION
Incineration is the process of burning the waste
at high temperatures, there by reducing its
weight and volume.
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weight and volume.
The temperature in the furnace should be
maintained at 600
0
C to 1100
0
C and 800
0
C is
the optimumtemperature.
Incineration is best method to dispose municipal
solid waste and bio medical waste.
INCINERATION
Merits:
Ashes produced can be disposed of by sanitary
landfill.
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landfill.
No land pollution.
Less land area is required and central location
is possible.
Climate does not affect the process.
Waste heat can be used for power generation.
Gasses and particulate can be removed by air
pollutioncontrol equipments.
INCINERATION
Demerits:
High initial cost and maintenance cost.
P.V.C Containing wastes should not be
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P.V.C Containing wastes should not be
incinerated as they produce toxic gasses.
Composting is
biological process
brought by
COMPOSTING
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brought by
microorganisms,
which convert organic
matter into bio-
fertilizers and soil
additives.
The End Product is
called Compost.
PROCESS OF COMPOSTING (01:15)
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Composting aided by earthworms is called
Vermin composting.
The end products formed is known as Vermin
VERMI - COMPOSTING
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The end products formed is known as Vermin
Castings.
The worms used for Vermin Composting are
Red Worms called as Red Winglers.
SANITARY LANDFILLS
In sanitary land fill there is a sanitary control over
the process.
Factors to be considered for selection of sight.
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Factors to be considered for selection of sight.
Land requirements.
Land use restrictions.
Haul distance.
Hydrological investigation.
METHODS OF SANITARY LANDFILL
Trench Method (6 to 10ft deep and 10 to 40 ft width).
Area Ramp Method (moderately sloppy terrains).
Area Fill Method (lowlying areas).
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PROCESS
In either of the methods slope of 30
0
is to be
maintained.
Dumped waste is compacted and 6 inches of soil is
covered and after each days work 2ft thich
compacted soil is laid on the site.
ADVANTAGES OF SANITARY LANDFILL
The initial cost is low as compared to other
disposal methods.
Sanitary landfill can receive any type of solid
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Sanitary landfill can receive any type of solid
waste eliminating the necessity of separate
collections.
Sub-marginal lands may be reclaimed for use
as parking lots, play grounds, golf courses,
airports etc.
DISADVANTAGES OF SANITARY LANDFILL
Toxic gasses are produced like methane,
carbon dioxide etc.
Breeding of rats and flies in case of improper
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Breeding of rats and flies in case of improper
management.
Leachate from the land fill pollutes ground
water.
POLLUTIONOF GROUND WATER BY LECHATE
REFUSE DUMP
PERMEABLE
WELL WHICH IS
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LECHATE
IMPERMEABLE STRATA
PERMEABLE
SOIL
WELL WHICH IS
LIKELY TO GET
POLLUTED
GROUND WATER TABLE
CONTROL MEASURES OF SANITARY
LANDFILL
Landfill liners, leachate and gas collection and
extraction systems should be provided.
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extraction systems should be provided.
Daily cover should properly laid and
compacted.
DISCHARGES INTO SEWERS
This method is usually adopted in developing
countries.
Waste is shredded into small pieces and
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Waste is shredded into small pieces and
dischargedinto sewers.
This method ultimately increases the load on
the treatment plant.
ROLE OF CITIZEN
TO MAKE
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVE
We should not discard the waste until it is of no
use.
We should take care that waste is collected
periodically and disposed off by the concerned
authorities.
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authorities.
Media programs should be shown, to educate the
people about the problems arising fromimproper
disposal and to train them about how to dispose
their waste.
The authorities should levy fine if the waste is
discarded improperly.
Thank you
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