Submission 07 ; Current and Future Development in Networks and Communications 2013
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Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 2 2.0 MOBILE COMPUTING ............................................................................ 3 2.1 DEFINITION ............................................................................................. 3 2.2 SPECIFICATION, SERVICES AND FREQUENCIES OF MOBILE COMPUTING ................................................................................................... 4 3.0 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES ..................................... 6 3.1 VOIP............................................................................................................. 6 3.2 BLOG ......................................................................................................... 7 4.0 TYPES OF NETWORK ............................................................................... 9 4.1 PAN ........................................................................................................... 9 4.2 VPN ......................................................................................................... 10 4.3 WLAN .................................................................................................... 11 4.4 WIMAX .................................................................................................. 12 5.0 CONLUSION ................................................................................................ 13 6.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 14
Submission 07 ; Current and Future Development in Networks and Communications 2013
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1.0 Introduction
The purpose of a computer communications network is to allow moving information from one point to another inside the network. The information could be stored on a device, such as a personal computer in the network, it could be generated live outside the network, such as speech, or could be generated by a process on another piece of information, such as automatic sales transactions at the end of a business day. The device does not necessarily have to be a computer; it could be a hard disk, a camera or even a printer on the network. Due to a large variety of information to be moved, and due to the fact that each type of information has its own conditions for intelligibility, the computer network has evolved into a highly complex system. Specialized knowledge from many areas of science and engineering goes into the design of networks. It is practically impossible for a single area of science or engineering to be entirely responsible for the design of all the components. Therefore, a study of computer networks branches into many areas as we go up from fundamentals to the advanced levels.
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2.0 Mobile Computing
2.1 Definition
Mobile computing is humancomputer interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.
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2.2 SPECIFICATION, SERVICES AND FREQUENCIES OF MOBILE COMPUTING
Brand Apple Inc. Slogan Since March 2013: "Loving it is easy. That's why so many people do." [1]
Until March 2013: "The biggest thing to happen to iPhone since iPhone" Series iPhone Compatible networks GSM, CDMA, 3G, EVDO,HSPA+, LTE Availability by country September 21, 2012 [2] [show] September 28, 2012 [2] [show] November 2, 2012 [3] [show] November 9, 2012 [4] [show] December 7, 2012 [5] [show] December 14, 2012 [5] [show] December 21, 2012 [5] [show] Discontinued September 10, 2013 Units sold Two million units in the initial 24 hours of pre-order [6]
Five million units in the first three days of release [7]
Predecessor iPhone 4S Successor iPhone 5S iPhone 5C Related iPod Touch (5th generation) Type Smartphone Form factor Bar Dimensions 123.8 mm (4.87 in) H 58.6 mm (2.31 in) W 7.6 mm (0.30 in) D Weight 112 g (3.95 oz) Operating system Original: iOS 6.0 Submission 07 ; Current and Future Development in Networks and Communications 2013
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Current: iOS 7.0, released September 18, 2013 System on chip Apple A6 CPU 1.3 GHz dual core GPU PowerVR SGX543MP3 Memory 1 GB LPDDR2-1066 RAM Storage 16, 32 or 64 GB Battery 3.8 V, 5.45 Wh (1,440 mAh) [8]
Data inputs Multi-touch touchscreendisplay 3-axis gyroscope 3-axis accelerometer Digital compass Proximity sensor Ambient light sensor Display 4 in (100 mm) diagonal (16:9 aspect ratio), multi-touch display, LED backlit IPS TFT LCD, 640 1,136 pixels at 326 ppi, 800:1 contrast ratio (typical), 500 cd/m 2 max. brightness (typical), Fingerprint-resistantoleophobic coating on front Rear camera 8 MP back-side illuminated sensor HD video (1080p) at 30 frame/s IR filter Aperture f/2.4 5 element lens Facial recognition (stills only) Image stabilization Front camera 1.2 MP, HD video (720p) Sound Single loudspeaker 3.5 mm TRRS, 20 Hz to 20 kHz frequency response(internal, headset) 3.5mm audio jack Microphone Connectivity All models: Wi-Fi (802.11 a/b/g/n) (802.11n: 2.4 and 5 GHz),Bluetooth 4.0, GPS &GLONASS, Quad- bandGSM/GPRS/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), Quad-bandUMTS/HSDPA+/DC- HSDPA(850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz). GSM model (A1428): Dual-band LTE (Bands 4, 17: 1700 (AWS), 700b MHz). GSM model (A1429): Tri-band LTE (Bands 1, 3, 5: 2100, 1800, 850 MHz). CDMA model (A1429): Tri-band 2G CDMA (800 (CDMA over ESMR), 850, 1900 MHz). Dual-band 3G CDMA/EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (850, 1900 MHz). Penta-band LTE (Bands 1, 3, 5, 13, 25: 2100, 1800, 850, 700c, 1900 MHz). Other Talk time: Up to 8 hours Standby time: Up to 225 hours (9 days, 9 hours) Internet use: Up to 8 hours (3G), up to 8 hours (LTE), up to 10 hours (Wi-Fi) Video playback: Up to 10 hours Audio playback: Up to 40 hours (1 day, 16 hours)
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3.0 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES 3.1 VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications andmultimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, IP communications, and broadband phone service. The term Internet telephony specifically refers to the provisioning of communications services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The steps and principles involved in originating VoIP telephone calls are similar to traditional digital telephony, and involve signaling, channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signals, and encoding. Instead of being transmitted over a circuit-switched network, however, the digital information is packetized and transmission occurs as Internet Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network. Such transmission entails careful considerations about resource management different from time-division multiplexing (TDM) networks. Early providers of voice over IP services offered business models and technical solutions that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second generation providers, such as Skype, have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and convenience, while potentially charging for access to other communication networks, such as the PSTN. This has limited the freedom of users to mix-and-match third-party hardware and software. Third generation providers, such as Google Talk have adopted the concept of federated VoIP which is a departure from the architecture of the legacy networks. These solutions typically allow dynamic interconnection between users on any two domains on the Internet when a user wishes to place a call. VoIP systems employ session control and signaling protocols to control the signaling, set-up, and tear-down of calls. They transport audio streams over IP networks using special media delivery protocols that encode voice, audio, video with audio codecs and video codecs as Digital audio by streaming media. Various codecs exist that optimize the media stream based on application requirements and network bandwidth; some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs. Some popular codecs include -law and a-law versions of G.711, G.722 which is a high- fidelity codec marketed as HD Voice byPolycom, a popular open source voice codec known as iLBC, a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each way called G.729, and many others. VoIP is available on many smartphones, personal computers, and on Internet access devices. Calls and SMS text messages may be sent over 3G or Wi-Fi.
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A simple diagram showing how VoIP works
3.2 Blog
A blog (a contraction of the words web log) is a discussion or informational site published on the World Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post appears first). Until 2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often covered a single subject. More recently "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, interest groups and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other "microblogging" systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal newstreams. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.
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iniblogsaya.blogspot.com, a popular blog here in Malaysia
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4.0 Types of network 4.1 PAN
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computerized devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink). Awireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried over network technologies such as IrDA Wireless USB Bluetooth Z-Wave ZigBee Body Area Network The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters. A PAN may also be carried over wired computer buses such as USB and FireWire.
A diagram showing a PAN network
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4.2 VPN
A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet. It enables a computer to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if it were directly connected to the private network, while benefiting from the functionality, security and management policies of the private network. This is done by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections, encryption, or a combination of the two. A VPN connection across the Internet is similar to a wide area network(WAN) link between the sites. From a user perspective, the extended network resources are accessed in the same way as resources available from the private network. VPNs allow employees to securely access their company's intranet while traveling outside the office. Similarly, VPNs securely and cost-effectively connect geographically disparate offices of an organization, creating one cohesive virtual network. VPN technology is also used by ordinary Internet users to connect to proxy servers for the purpose of protecting one's identity.
A diagram showing how a VPN connection works.
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4.3 WLAN
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name. WLANs were once called LAWNs (for local area wireless network) by the Department of Defense. Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and in commercial complexes offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. New York City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.
A diagram showing WLAN.
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4.4 Wimax
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".
A WIMAX antenna in the works
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5.0 Conclution
We can conclude that computer networks and communication makes our life easier to communicate with each other and the world using the computer. Networks connect us together no matter the limit. We communicate through modern technology to collaborate and share ideas. VoIP is a great way to cut costs when calling overseas. Blogs are a great way of sharing ideas and making money at the same time.
Submission 07 ; Current and Future Development in Networks and Communications 2013