Volume 174, number 4 PHYSICS LETTERS B 17 July 1986

C H A R G E D V O R T I C E S I N AN A B E L I A N H I G G S M O D E L
WI T H C H E R N - S I M O N S T E R M
S a mi r K. P A U L a n d A v i n a s h K H A R E
Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
Re ce i ve d 14 Apr i l 1986
Th e e xi s t e n ce i s s h o wn o f charged vor t i ces o f fi ni t e e n e r gy i n a (2 + 1 ) - d i me n s i o n a l a b e l i a n Hi ggs mo d e l wi t h C h e r n - S i m o n s
( C - S ) t e r m. Fu r t h e r , l ower b o u n d s o n t h e e ne r gy a n d a n gu l a r m o m e n t u m o f t h e s e vor t i ce s ar e o b t a i n e d . Fi n a l l y i t i s s h o wn
t h a t t h e " gl u e b a l l s " ar e a b s e n t i n ( 2 + 1 ) - d i me n s i o n a l QE D o r QC D wi t h C - S t e r m for a n y c o mpa c t ga u ge gr oup.
I t is k n o wn f or a l ong t i me t h a t t he G i n z b u r g -
La n d a u e q u a t i o n s o f s u pe r co n d u ct i v i t y [1 ] as wel l
as t he i r r el at i vi s t i c ge ne r a l i z a t i on, i .e. t he a be l i a n
Hi ggs mo d e l [2] i n (2+1) di me ns i ons , a d mi t v o r t e x
s ol ut i ons o f fi ni t e e ne r gy. The s e vor t i ce s wh i ch can
be i de nt i f i e d wi t h t he Na mb u s t r i ng [3] are el ec-
tr i caUy ne ut r a l . I n f a ct , as ha s b e e n s h o wn b y J ul i a
a nd Zee [ 4 ] , t he a be l i a n Hi ggs mo d e l does n o t a d mi t
cha r ge d vor t i ce s o f fi ni t e e ne r gy. The pu r po s e o f t hi s
l e t t e r is t o s how t he e xi s t e nce o f charged vort i ces o f
f i n i t e energy i n t he (2+ 1)-di me ns i ona l a be l i a n Hi ggs
mo d e l wi t h C - S t e r m [5] whos e r ol e i n ( 2+1) gauge
t h e o r i e s has b e e n di scussed b y Des er e t al. [ 6 ] . Fur -
flaer, we di scuss t he pr o pe r t i e s o f t he s e s ol ut i ons i n
s ome det ai l . I n pa r t i cul a r , we o b t a i n l o we r b o u n d s
on t he e n e r gy a nd a ngul a r m o m e n t u m o f t he s e vor -
ti ces. Fi na l l y we pr o v e t h a t t he gl uebal l s do n o t exi s t
i n (2+1) QED or QCD, even i n t he pr e s e nce o f a C - S
t e r m f o r a n y c o mp a c t gauge gr oup.
The a be l i a n Higgs m o d e / wi t h C - S t e r m i n (2+ 1)
di me ns i ons is gi ven b y [5]
1
= -!F4 ~ FUr + ~(a u - i eAu) d~*( au + i eA" ) ( ~
_ c4(1~b[2 _ e z / 2 e 4 ) 2 + 1 i.teUVC~Fu A~, ( 1)
whe r e p is t he t o po l o gi ca l ma s s o f t he gauge fi el d. Fo r
t he n - v o r t e x we t a k e t he a ns a t z
A ( p ) = - d o A( p ) / O, AO( P) = A0 ( P ) , ( 2a , b )
4) ( p) = einO f (p ) , ( 2c)
4 20
wh i ch is a ge ne r a l i z a t i on o f t he Ni e l s e n - Ol e s e n an-
s at z i n t he case A 0 4 : 0 [ 7 ] . The a ppr o pr i a t e b o u n d -
ar y co n d i t i o n s f o r fi ni t e e ne r gy v o r t e x s ol ut i ons ar e
l i ra f ( p ) = +( c 2/ 2c 4) 1/ 2,
l i r a A ( p ) = - n / e , l i m A0(P ) = 0, (3)
l i m A0(,o ) = l i m A ( p ) = l i r a f ( p ) = 0. (4)
p ~ 0 p ~ 0 p ~ 0
Af t e r a l e n gt h y b u t s t r a i gh t f o r wa r d ca l cul a t i on, i t ca n
be s h o wn t h a t f o r t he a ns a t z (2) t he e q u a t i o n s o f mo -
t i o n are
d 2 A] d p 2 - ( l / p ) d A/ d p - e f 2 ( n + eA ) = lap d Ao / d P,
( 5a )
d2Ao[ dP 2 + ( I / p ) dA0/ dP - e 2 A o f 2 = &/ p ) d A / d p ,
( 5b)
d 2 f / d o 2 + ( I / p ) d r / d O - ( f / p 2 ) ( n + e A) 2 + e 2 A2 f
+ 2 %2 - 4 c J 3 = o. (5c)
Fr o m n o w o n wa r d s we shall t a ke / ~ > 0. As e xpe ct e d ,
i n t he l i mi t A 0 = 0, / a = 0 t hes e e q u a t i o n s r e duce t o
t hos e o f t he abel i an Hi ggs mo d e l [ 7 ] . Fr o m eq. ( 5b)
i t is al so cl ear t h a t f o r la 4: O, A 0 mu s t be n o n z e r o . I n
our mo d e l t he ma gne t i c f l ux is agai n q u a n t i z e d i n
uni t s o f 2rt/ e i .e.,
Volume 174, number 4 PHYSICS LETTERS B 17 July 1986
=f d2x j J ,A Z =- f d2x ( 6 )
Fu r t h e r t he r e is an i nt e r e s t i ng r e l a t i on b e t we e n t he
f l ux and t he t o t a l el ect r i c char ge Q gi ven b y
Q = f d 2 x e 2 A o f 2 , (7)
wh i ch fol l ows b y i nt e gr a t i ng b o t h si des o f eq. ( 5b) .
We o b t a i n
O = l a ' ~ = p ( 2 r r / e ) n . (8)
Thus Q / l a is al so q u a n t i z e d i n uni t s o f 2rr[e.
We have n o t b e e n abl e t o fi nd an a na l yt i c s ol ut i on
t o eqs. ( 5 a ) - ( 5 c ) . Ho we v e r , we can s how t h a t t he
a s y mpt o t i c val ues o f t he gauge po t e n t i a l a nd Hi ggs
fi el d are a ppr o a ch e d e xpo n e n t i a l l y . I n pa r t i cul a r , f or
0 ~ oo it is n o t di ffi cul t t o s how t h a t t he r e are t wo
s ol ut i ons t o t he fi el d e q u a t i o n s ( 5 a ) - ( 5 c ) wh i ch ar e
gi ven b y
A ( p ) " ) - n / e + a x / p e - u ~ t ) + . . . . (9a)
, O " - + e m
A0(P ) , 0 + ( 1 / X/ ~ ) % e - u ; p + .... ( 9b)
/ : ) - - +00
f O a ) ) + ( e 2 / 2 c 4 ) 1 / 2 + e j 3 , e - ms p + . . . . (9c)
,O --+ ~o
He r e a_+,/3 are di me ns i onl e s s co n s t a n t s , m s =- 1/~" =
x / ~ 2 is t he scal ar pa r t i cl e ma s s i n t he Higgs me ch a -
ni s m (~" bei ng t he co h e r e n ce l e ngt h) whi l e
/a - l / X = ~ 2 / 4 + e 2 c 2 / 2 c 4 ) 1 / 2 + g [ 2 ( 10)
ar e t he t wo di s t i nct v e ct o r me s o n mas s es (X+_ bei ng
t he co r r e s po n d i n g t wo pe n e t r a t i o n l engt hs ). As ex-
pe ct e d , i n t he l i mi t / ~ ~ 0 ( a nd A 0 = 0) we r e cove r t he
r es ul t s o f t he a be l i a n Hi ggs mo d e l . The f a ct t h a t i n
t he a be l i a n Hi ggs mo d e l wi t h C - S t e r m t h e r e are t wo
di s t i nct v e ct o r me s o n mas s es gi ven b y eq. ( 10) ha s al-
r e a d y b e e n s h o wn i n r ef. [ 5 ] . Fol l owi ng t he wo r k s o f
J a co b s a nd Re b b i [8] as wel l as t h a t o f r ef. [7] i t is
e a s y t o see t h a t as p ~ 0 t he s o l u t i o n t o t he fi el d e qua -
t i ons ( 5 a ) - ( 5 c ) is
A( p) ~ ~,p2 + 0(/ 94), (1 l a )
p ~ 0
A0(P ) ~ (/*3, /2)p 2 + O(p4), (1 l b )
f 6 o ) , oplnl + O~1"1+2), (1 lc)
p- +0
whe r e 3' a nd a are co n s t a n t s .
We have t hus o b t a i n e d t wo n - v e r t e x s ol ut i ons gi ven
b y eqs. ( 9 ) - ( 1 1 ) . I f we cons i de r t he val ue o f Gi nz -
b u r g - L a n d a u t y pe pa r a me t e r ( = r n s / V ~ # ) for
t hese s ol ut i ons t h e n we fi nd t h a t t he s o l u t i o n wi t h
/1_ ca n be i de nt i f i e d wi t h t h a t o f t y pe I I s upe r con-
duct i vi t y (K_ > 1 / x/ ~) i f
la > V ~ 2 ( e 2 / 8 c 4 - 1), ( 12)
whi l e t he s ol ut i on wi t h/ 1+ can be i de nt i f i e d wi t h t h a t
o f t y pe I I s u pe r co n d u ct i v i t y (K+ > 1/x, f 2) o n l y i f
0 < ~ / < X/r'~2 (1 -- e 2 / 8 c 4 ) . (13)
We t hus see t h a t t he s ol ut i on wi t h / 1 t e n d s t o f a v o u r
t he f o r ma t i o n o f vor t i ce s as c o mpa r e d t o t he s ol ut i on
wi t h ~t+ a nd he nce we e xpe ct t h a t f o r a gi ven n t he
s ol ut i on wi t h / ~ wo u l d b e mo r e s t abl e a nd ha ve l ess
e ne r gy c o mpa r e d t o t h a t o f t he s o l u t i o n wi t h/ ~+. The
f a ct t h a t t he a d d i t i o n Of t he C - S t e r m f a vour s t he
f o r ma t i o n o f vor t i ce s is u n d e r s t a n d a b l e si nce t he
C - S t e r m i n t he l agr angi an (1) ha s a pi ece pr o po r -
t i onal t o t he ma gn e t i c fi el d.
Fo r our s ol ut i ons t he ma gn e t i c fi el d B ( = - ( l / p )
d A/ d p) is fi ni t e a nd ma x i mu m a t p = 0 whi l e Ep
= - d A o / d P ( E o = 0) vani s hes at p = 0. The char ge
de ns i t y gi ven b y eq. (7) al so vani shes at P = 0, r eaches
i ts ma x i mu m f or s ome fi ni t e p a nd vani shes e xpo n e n -
t i al l y fas t as p ~ oo. I t wo u l d be ve r y i nt e r e s t i ng in-
deed i f s uch char ged vor t i ce s coul d be e xpe r i me n t a l -
l y d e t e ct e d in s ome co n d e n s e d - ma t t e r s y s t e m. I n t hi s
co n t e xt i t ma y be wo r t h wh i l e t o s t u d y G i n z b u r g -
La n d a u e q u a t i o n s wi t h C - S t e r m al ong t he l i nes o f
t he wo r k b y Ab r i k o s o v [ 9 ] . Thi s is n o w i n pr ogr es s
a nd wi l l be r e po r t e d l a t e r on.
Thi s wo r k r ai ses several i nt e r e s t i ng que s t i ons . S o me
o f t hes e are:
0 ) A l a r ef. [ 7 ] , is i t pos s i bl e t o o b t a i n an e xa ct
s ol ut i on o f t he fi el d e q u a t i o n s ( 5 a ) - ( 5 c ) ? By d e ma n d -
i ng Too = Too = 0 (as i n r ef. [7] ) we ar e una bl e t o
fi nd i t.
(ii) I s i t a t l east pos s i bl e t o o b t a i n a l o we r b o u n d on
e n e r gy ( R) ? On gener al i zi ng t he wo r k o f Bo go mo l ' n y i
[10] a nd J a co b s a nd Re b b i [8] i t is e a s y t o s how t h a t
f o r t he n - v o r t e x s ol ut i on
~ ( r r c 2 / 2 c 4 ) l n [ i f 8 c 4 / e 2 / > 1, ( 1 4 a )
>~ ( 8 c 4 / e 2 ) ( r r c 2 / 2 c 4 ) l n [ i f 8 c 4 / e 2 < 1. ( 1 4 b )
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Volume 174, number 4
(i i i ) Wha t i s t h e a ngul a r mo me n t u m o f o u r f i n i t e
e n e r gy ch a r ge d v o r t i ce s ? I t is n o t d i f f i cu l t t o s how
t h a t t h e a ngul a r m o m e n t u m J d e f i n e d b y
J = 2 f d 2 x e i / x i T ]
PHYSICS LETTERS B 17 July 1986
fd "x T [
n I a 2 1 a 2
=-- f d ' x [ ( 4 ) ~ ( F i j ) + ( 2 - - n ) ~( F o ] ) ] = O .
(15) (17)
Si nce i n t hi s case n = 2 h e n ce we co n cl u d e t h a t
F . a. = 0. ( 18)
t/
L e t us n o w co n s i d e r t h e f i e l d e q u a t i o n
D u F a u v + 211a eVe~3Fa~# = 0, ( 19)
wh i ch f or v = 0 a n d b e ca u s e o f e q. ( 1 8 ) r e d u ce s t o
Di F a i0 = 0. ( 20)
F r o m he r e o n h l a Des er [ 12] one ca n s how t h a t f or
a s t a t i c s o l u t i o n
F a i0 = 0, ( 21 )
a n d h e n ce gl ue ba l l s d o n o t e xi s t i n ( 2 + I ) QE D o r
QCD wi t h C - S t e r m f or a n y c o mpa c t gauge gr o u p.
r e d u ce s t o
j = _ n Q ~ J d 2xA( ~ ( p) , ( I 6 )
4 e 2
0
wh e r e Q i s as gi ven b y eq. ( 7) .
(i v) Ar e t h e s e ch a r ge d v o r t i ce s s t a b l e f or n / > 2?
No t e t h a t t he us ual v o r t i ce s ar e u n s t a b l e f o r n ~ 2
i f 8 c 4 / e 2 ) 1. An o t h e r q u e s t i o n i s i f t wo ch a r ge d vor -
t i ce s r e pe l o r a t t r a ct . Thi s is b e i n g i n v e s t i ga t e d .
(v) Wh a t h a ppe n s wh e n t h e s e ch a r ge d v o r t i ce s ar e
c o u pl e d t o f e r mi o n s ? Si nce t h e s e ar e t o po l o gi c a l o b -
j e ct s we s h o u l d e xpe c t z e r o mo d e s . Si nce A 0 4= 0 we
f i nd t h a t We i n b e r g' s i n d e x t h e o r e m [ 11] i s i n a ppl i c-
a bl e . I t wo u l d be ve r y i n t e r e s t i n g t o ge ne r a l i z e hi s
t h e o r e m f or t hi s case a nd o b t a i n t h e f e r mi o n i c n u m-
b e r o f t h e ch a r ge d v o r t i ce s . Cu r r e n t l y we ar e l o o k i n g
i n t o t hi s pr o b l e m.
(vi ) The us ua l v o r t e x s o l u t i o n ca n b e i d e n t i f i e d [2]
wi t h t h e Na mb u s t r i ng [ 3 ] . Si nce i n r e c e n t d a y s s t r i ng
t h e o r i e s have a t t r a c t e d so mu ch a t t e n t i o n , i t ma y b e
wo r t h wh i l e t o - i n q u i r e i f t h e ch a r ge d v o r t e x s o l u t i o n
can be i d e n t i f i e d wi t h s ome s t r i ng t h e o r y .
Befor e f i ni s hi ng t hi s n o t e we wo u l d l i ke t o po i n t
o u t t h a t gl ue ba l l s d o n o t e xi s t i n ( 2 + I ) QE D o r QCD
wi t h C - S t e r m f or a n y c o mpa c t gauge. I n t h e a bs e nce
o f a C - S t e r m t h i s ha s a l r e a d y b e e n s h o wn b y De s e r
[ 12] i n n s pace d i me n s i o n s (n : ~ 4). I n t h e pr e s e nce
o f t hi s t e r m, hi s p r o o f has t o be mo d i f i e d s l i ght l y.
Si nce even i n t he pr e s e nce o f t h e C - S t e r m t h e e ne r -
g y - m o m e n t u m t e n s o r TuV is u n a l t e r e d , h e n ce a l a
Des er [ 12] we have i n t hi s case ( f or s t a t i c s o l u t i o n s )
I t i s a pl e a s ur e t o t h a n k S. N. Be he r a f or s t i mu l a t i n g
di s cus s i ons .
R e f e r e n c e s
[1 ] See e.g.P.G. De Gennes, Superconductivity of metals
and alloys (Benjamin, New York, 1966).
[2] H.B. Nielsen and P. Olesen, Nucl. Phys. B61 (1973) 45.
[31 Y. Nambu, Lectures Copenhagen Summer Syrup. (1970).
[4] B. Julia and A. Zee, Phys. Rev. Dl l (1975) 2227.
[5] R.D. Pisarski and S. Rao, Phys. Rev. D32 (1985) 2081;
S.K. Paul and A. Khare, Phys. Lett. B 171 (1986) 244.
[6] S. Deser, R. Jackiw and S. Templeton, Ann. Phys. (NY)
140 (1982) 372.
[ 7 ] See also H.J. de Vega and F.A. Schaposnik, Phys. Rev.
D14 (1976) 1100.
[8] L. Jacobs and C. Rebbi, Phys. Rev. B19 (1979) 4486.
[9] A.A. Abrikosov, Soy. Phys. JETP 5 (1957) 1174.
[10] E.B. Bogomol' nyi, Soy. J. Nucl. Phys. 24 (1976) 449.
[11] E.J. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D24 (1981) 2669.
[12] S. Deser, Phys. Lett. B 64 (1976) 464.
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