BE (PRESENT SIMPLE)

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I am Im I am not Im not Am I? Yes, I am No, Im not
You are Youre You are not You arent Are you? Yes, you are No, you arent
He is Hes He is not He isnt Is he? Yes, he is No, he isnt
She is Shes She is not She isnt Is she? Yes, She is No, she isnt
It is Its It is not It isnt Is it? Yes, it is No, it isnt
We are Were We are not We arent Are we? Yes, we are No, we arent
You are Youre You are not You arent Are you? Yes, you are No, you arent
They are Theyre They are not They arent Are they? Yes, they are No, they arent
HAVE (PRESENT SIMPLE)
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I have got Ive got I have not got I havent got Have I got? Yes, I have No, I havent
You have got Youve got You have not got You havent got Have you got? Yes, you have No, you havent
He has got Hes got He has not got He hasnt got Has he got? Yes, he has No, he hasnt
She has got Shes got She has not got She hasnt got Has she got? Yes, She has No, she hasnt
It has got Its got It has not got It hasnt got Has it got? Yes, it has No, it hasnt
We have got Weve got We have not got We havent got Have we got? Yes, we have No, we havent
You have got Youve got You have not got You havent got Have you got? Yes, you have No, you havent
They have got Theyve got They have not got They havent got Have they got? Yes, they have No, they havent

GENITIVO SAJN: Exresa osesi!n" Se #orma a$a%ien%o apstrofes (!s) a &a ersona 'ue osee(tiene a&go, segui%o %e& nom)re 'ue %es*ri)e &o 'ue osee:
+arys *ar ,e& *o*he %e +ary-, my sisters )oo. ,e& &i)ro %e mi hermana-"
/os nom)res roios termina%os en 0s1 ue%en a$a%ir s!&o e& a!stro#e ,2ames *ar- o &as %os *osas ,2amess *ar- 3 E& *o*he %e 2ames"
Si e& osee%or es &ura& y termina en 0s1, s!&o se a$a%e e& a!stro#e: +y )rothers )e%room 3 E& %ormitorio %e mis hermanos"
PART"#$LAS INTERROGATIVAS
WHO% 45ui6n? 45ui6nes? Who is her sister? Her sister is Susan
WHAT% 45u6?47u8&(*u8&es? What is your #avourite song? Its Corazn Parto
WHI#H%
47u8&(7u8&es? ,ara e&egir entre unos
*uantos
Whi*h %ress %o you re#er, the re% one or the )&a*. one?
WHEN% 47u8n%o? When is your )irth%ay? Its in May"
WHERE% 49!n%e? Where is the A&ham)ra? Its in :rana%a
WH&% 4;or 'u6? Why are you &ate? <e*ause I misse% the )us
HOW% 47!mo? How %o you %rive? I %rive *are#u&&y
WHOSE% 49e 'ui6n? Whose is this )oo.? Its the tea*hers )oo.(hers
HOW M$#H% 47u8nto(a? = nom)re in*onta)&e How mu*h mi&. %o you %rin.? I %rin. a &ot o# mi&.
HOW MAN&% 47u8ntos(*u8ntas?=nom)re *onta)&e How many %oors are there in *&ass? There are >? *hairs"
WHAT TIME% 45u6 hora? 4A 'u6 hora? What time is your Eng&ish *&ass? Its at @"A?
HOW OFTEN% 47on 'u6 #re*uen*ia? How o#ten %o you &ay tennis? I &ay tennis twi*e a wee."
HOW LONG% 47u8nto tiemo? How &ong have you &earnt Eng&ish? Bor C years"

PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
A'JETIVOS
POSESIVOS
PRONOMBRES
POSESIVOS
S$JETO OBJETO
I +e +y +ine
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its Its
We Ds Eur Eurs
You You Your Yours
They Them Their Theirs
A()et*+os poses*+os: Fan %e&ante %e un nom)re" Se
tra%u*en: mi(mis, tu(tus, su(sus ,%e 6&, %e e&&a, %e e&&o-,
nuestro(a(os(as, vuestro(a(os(as, su(s ,%e e&&os-
Pro,o-.res poses*+os: sustituyen a un nom)re 'ue &&eva
un osesivo: mio(a(os(as, tuyo(a(os(as, suyo(a(os(as,
nuestro(a(os(as, vuestro(a(os(as, suyo(a(os(as"




A / AN0 THE0 SOME0 AN&
A/AN
,Dn(una-
G Se usa %e&ante %e nom)res 1o,ta.2es e, s*,342ar ara ha)&ar %e a&go %es*ono*i%o o 'ue no
ese*i#i*amos:
A = a&a)ras 'ue emieHan or *onsonante: a )oo., a *hair
AN = a&a)ras emeHa%as or vo*a&: an orange, an A&e
THE
,e&(&a(&os(&as-
G In%i*a a&go Ini*o o *ono*i%o ara e& ha)&ante: The sun, the statue, the restaurant near my
house
SOME
,unos(unas, a&gunos ( a&gunas, a&go, un o*o
%e" A ve*es no se tra%u*e-
G Se usa *on nom)res *,1o,ta.2es5
There is some ri*e in the *u)oar% ,Hay arroH en e& armario-
G Tam)i6n *on nom)res 1o,ta.2es e, p24ra2:
There are some stu%ents in the *&ass ,Hay a&gunos estu%iantes en *&ase-
G Se usa en ora*iones en a#irmativa"
AN&
Ne3at*+a: ningIn(ninguna, na%a %e o no se
tra%u*e"
I,terro3at*+a: a&gunos, a&guna, a&go %e o no
se tra%u*e
G Se usa en &os mismos *asos 'ue some ,nom)res in*onta)&es y nom)res *onta)&es en
&ura&-, ero en ora*iones interrogativas y negativas
Is there any ri*e in the *u)oar%?3 4Hay arroH en a& armario?
Are there any stu%ents in the *&ass? 3 4Hay estu%iantes en &a *&ase?
There isnt any ri*e in the *u)oar% 3 No hay arroH
There arent any stu%ents in the *&ass 3 No hay estu%iantes










AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
HA&
(Prese,te)
THERE IS
N" *onta)&es en singu&ar
T6ere *s a %oor in my *&ass" T6ere *s,7t a %oor in my *&ass" Is t6ere a %oor in your *&ass?
&es0 t6ere *s
N" in*onta)&es
T6ere *s some money in my )ag" T6ere *s,7t any money in my )ag" Is t6ere any money in your
o*.et? No0 t6ere *s,7t
THERE ARE N" *onta)&es en &ura&
T6ere are #our win%ows in my *&ass"
T6ere are some )oo.s on the ta)&e"
T6ere are,7t #our win%ows in my *&ass"
T6ere are,7t any )oo.s on the ta)&e"
Are t6ere #our win%ows in your
*&ass? &es0 t6ere are
Are t6ere any )oo.s on the
ta)&e? No0 t6ere are,7t
HAB"A
(Pasa(o)
THERE WAS
N" *onta)&es en singu&ar
T6ere 8as a arty on Satur%ay" T6ere 8as,7t a arty on Satur%ay" Was t6ere a arty on Satur%ay?
&es0 t6ere 8as
N" in*onta)&es
T6ere 8as some goo% musi* at the arty" T6ere 8as,7t any goo% musi* at the arty" Was t6ere any goo% musi* at
the arty? No0 t6ere 8as,7t
THERE WERE N" *onta)&es en &ura&
T6ere 8ere two guitarists in the )an%"
T6ere 8ere some *hi&%ren in the ar."
T6ere 8ere,7t two guitarists in the )an%"
T6ere 8ere,7t any *hi&%ren in the ar."
Were t6ere two guitarists in the
)an%? &es0 t6ere 8ere
Were t6ere any *hi&%ren in the
ar.? No0 t6ere 8ere,7t










PRESENT SIMPLE
E+er9(a9
E+er9 8ee:
E+er9;
A22 t6e t*-e
O, Mo,(a9s;
A28a9s
$s4a229
Ne+er
So-et*-es
Ofte,
O,1e a 9ear
T8*1e a 8ee:
T6ree t*-es a (a9
;
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I &ay I %o not &ay I %ont &ay 9o I &ay? Yes, I %o No, I %ont
You &ay You %o not &ay You %ont &ay 9o you &ay? Yes, you %o No, you %ont
He &ays He %oes not &ay He %oesnt &ay 9oes he &ay? Yes, he %oes No, he %oesnt
She &ays She %oes not &ay She %oesnt &ay 9oes she &ay? Yes, she %oes No, she %oesnt
It &ays It %oes not &ay It %oesnt &ay 9oes it &ay? Yes, it %oes No, it %oesnt
We &ay We %o not &ay We %ont &ay 9o we &ay? Yes, we %o No, we %ont
You &ay You %o not &ay You %ont &ay 9o you &ay? Yes, you %o No, you %ont
They &ay They %o not &ay They %ont &ay 9o they &ay? Yes, they %o No, they %ont
PRESENT #ONTIN$O$S
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT
ANSWERS
E<PRESIONES
TEMPORALES LONG FORM SHORT FORMS LONG FORM SHORT FORMS
I am &aying Im &aying I am not &aying Im not &aying Am I &aying ? Yes, I am

At t6e -o-e,t
No8
To(a9
T6*s 8ee:
T6*s -or,*,3

You are &aying Youre &aying You are not &aying You arent &aying Are you &aying ? No, you arent
He is &aying Hes &aying He is not &aying He isnt &aying Is he &aying ? Yes, he is
She is &aying Shes &aying She is not &aying She isnt &aying Is she &aying ? No, she isnt
It is &aying Its &aying It is not &aying It isnt &aying Is it &aying ? Yes, it is
We are &aying Were &aying We are not &aying We arent &aying Are we &aying ? No, we arent
You are &aying Youre &aying You are not &aying You arent &aying Are you &aying ? Yes, you are
They are &aying Theyre &aying They are not &aying They arent &aying Are they &aying ? No, they arent
VERBOS =$E VAN NORMALMENTE EN PRESENTE SIMPLE (STATIVE VERBS)5
Wa,t5 I %ont want to %an*e now"
L*:e5 He &i.es o musi*"
$,(ersta,(5 He %oesnt un%erstan% the 'uestion"
>,o85 We .now the answer"
Lo+e0 6ate0 t6*,:0 re-e-.er0 .e2*e+e0 fee20 6ope0 o8,0 see0 6ear;







TO BE (PAST SIMPLE)
&ester(a9
Last 8ee:
Last Mo,(a9
Last 9ear
Last ,*36t;
O, Mo,(a9;
I, J4,e;
T8o 8ee:s a3o
T6ree 9ears a3o;
I, ?@@A;

AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I was I was not I wasnt Was I? Yes, I was No, I wasnt
You were You were not You werent Were you? Yes, you were No, you werent
He was He was not He wasnt Was he? Yes, he was No, he wasnt
She was She was not She wasnt Was she? Yes, she was No, she wasnt
It was It was not It wasnt Was it? Yes, it was No, it wasnt
We were We were not We werent Were we? Yes, we were No, we werent
You were You were not You werent Were you? Yes, you were No, you werent
They were They were not They werent Were they? Yes, they were No, they werent

PAST SIMPLE ( Re342ar Ver.s)
&ester(a9
Last 8ee:
Last Mo,(a9
Last 9ear
Last ,*36t;
O, Mo,(a9;
I, J4,e;
T8o 8ee:s a3o
T6ree 9ears a3o;
I, ?@@A;

AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I &aye% I %i% not &ay I %i%nt &ay 9i% I &ay? Yes, I %i% No, I %i%nt
You &aye% You %i% not &ay You %i%nt &ay 9i% you &ay? Yes, you %i% No, you %i%nt
He &aye% He %i% not &ay He %i%nt &ay 9i% he &ay? Yes, he %i% No, he %i%nt
She &aye% She %i% not &ay She %i%nt &ay 9i% she &ay? Yes, she %i% No, she %i%nt
It &aye% It %i% not &ay It %i%nt &ay 9i% it &ay? Yes, it %i% No, it %i%nt
We &aye% We %i% not &ay We %i%nt &ay 9i% we &ay? Yes, we %i% No, we %i%nt
You &aye% You %i% not &ay You %i%nt &ay 9i% you &ay? Yes, you %i% No, you %i%nt
They &aye% They %i% not &ay They %i%nt &ay 9i% they &ay? Yes, they %i% No, they %i%nt



PAST SIMPLE ( Irre342ar Ver.s)
&ester(a9
Last 8ee:
Last Mo,(a9
Last 9ear
Last ,*36t;
O, Mo,(a9;
I, J4,e;
T8o 8ee:s a3o
T6ree 9ears a3o;
I, ?@@A;

AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I wrote I %i% not write I %i%nt write 9i% I write ? Yes, I %i% No, I %i%nt
You wrote You %i% not write You %i%nt write 9i% you write? Yes, you %i% No, you %i%nt
He wrote He %i% not write He %i%nt write 9i% he write ? Yes, he %i% No, he %i%nt
She wrote She %i% not write She %i%nt write 9i% she write ? Yes, she %i% No, she %i%nt
It wrote It %i% not write It %i%nt write 9i% it write ? Yes, it %i% No, it %i%nt
We wrote We %i% not write We %i%nt write 9i% we write ? Yes, we %i% No, we %i%nt
You wrote You %i% not write You %i%nt write 9i% you write ? Yes, you %i% No, you %i%nt
They wrote They %i% not write They %i%nt write 9i% they write ? Yes, they %i% No, they %i%nt

PAST #ONTIN$O$S
WAS / WERE B ING
A22 ,*36t0 t6e
86o2e
(a9/after,oo,

At C o712o1:
9ester(a9D

WHILE / AS /
'$RING



AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I was writing I was not writing Was I writing ? Yes, I was No, I wasnt
You were writing You were not writing Were you writing? Yes, you were No, you werent
He was writing He wasnt writing Was he writing ? Yes, he was No, he wasnt
She was writing She wasnt writing Was she writing ? Yes, she was No, she wasnt
It was writing It wasnt writing Was it writing ? Yes, it was No, it wasnt
We were writing We werent writing Were we writing ? Yes, we were No, we werent
You were writing You werent writing Were you writing ? Yes, you were No, you werent
They were writing They werent writing Were they writing ? Yes, they were No, they werent

El Pasado continuo se utiliza para describir acciones que estaban en proceso en un momento determinado del pasado. Tambin se usa para
describir la escena en la que ocurri una historia.
PRESENT PERFE#T SIMPLE (HAVE/HAS PAST PARTI#IPLE)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
TIME E<PRESSIONS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I have seen Ive seen I havent seen Have I seen ? Yes, I have No, I havent
HEW /EN:
Bor ( sin*e
EFEJ(NEFEJ
A/JEA9Y(YET
2DST
/ATE/Y(JE7ENT/Y(
A/WAYS(SE BAJ

You have seen Youve seen You havent seen Have you seen? Yes, you have No, you havent
He has seen Hes seen He hasnt seen Has he seen? Yes, he has No, he hasnt
She has seen Shes seen She hasnt seen Has she seen ? Yes, She has No, she hasnt
It has seen Its seen It hasnt seen Has it seen ? Yes, it has No, it hasnt
We have seen Weve seen We havent seen Have we seen ? Yes, we have No, we havent
You have seen Youve seen You havent seen Have you seen ? Yes, you have No, you havent
They have seen Theyve seen They havent seen Have they seen ? Yes, they have No, they havent

PRESENT PERFE#T #ONTIN$O$S (HAVE/HAS BEEN B*,3)
AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
TIME E<PRESSIONS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Ive )een waiting I havent )een waiting Have I )een waiting ? Yes, I have No, I havent
HEW /EN:
BEJ ( SIN7E
A// 9AY
THE WHE/E WEEK

Youve )een waiting You havent )een waiting Have you )een waiting ? Yes, you have No, you havent
Hes )een waiting He hasnt )een waiting Has he )een waiting ? Yes, he has No, he hasnt
Shes )een waiting She hasnt )een waiting Has she )een waiting ? Yes, She has No, she hasnt
Its )een waiting It hasnt )een waiting Has it )een waiting ? Yes, it has No, it hasnt
Weve )een waiting We havent )een waiting Have we )een waiting ? Yes, we have No, we havent
Youve )een waiting You havent )een waiting Have you )een ? Yes, you have No, you havent
Theyve )een waiting They havent )een waiting Have they )een waiting ? Yes, they have No, they havent

El Present Perfect Continuous se emplea para acciones ininterrumpidas. Las expresiones temporales que lo suelen acompaar nos indican
cunto tiempo lleva ocurriendo la accin. El Present Perfect Simple se utiliza para acciones separadas, se podra contar cuntas veces ha
ocurrido algo, por lo tanto no es una accin ininterrumpida. Con el Present Perfect Continuous, la accin a la que nos referimos est
incompleta, mientras que el Present Perfect Simple suele indicar que la accin est acabada, aunque sea muy reciente.


PAST PERFE#T SIMPLE (HA' PAST PARTI#IPLE)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
TIME E<PRESSIONS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I ha% seen I% seen I ha%nt seen Ha% I seen ? Yes, I ha% No, I ha%nt
WHEN
<Y THE TI+E
<EBEJE
ABTEJ
You ha% seen You% seen You ha%nt seen Ha% you seen? Yes, you ha% No, you ha%nt
He ha% seen He% seen He ha%nt seen Ha% he seen? Yes, he ha% No, he ha%nt
She ha% seen She% seen She ha%nt seen Ha% she seen ? Yes, She ha% No, she ha%nt
It ha% seen It% seen It ha%nt seen Ha% it seen ? Yes, it ha% No, it ha%nt
We ha% seen We% seen We ha%nt seen Ha% we seen ? Yes, we ha% No, we ha%nt
You ha% seen You% seen You ha%nt seen Ha% you seen ? Yes, you ha% No, you ha%nt
They ha% seen They% seen They ha%nt seen Ha% they seen ? Yes, they ha% No, they ha%nt

PAST PERFE#T #ONTIN$O$S ( HA' BEEN B ING)

El PAST PERFECT se emplea para referirnos a una accin ocurrida antes de otra accin en el pasado. La primera accin en el tiempo ira en
PAST PERFECT y la otra accin, la ms cercana al presente, en PAST SIMPLE.
When I had made dinner, I called everyone to the table. (First, I made dinner; then, I called everyone)

El PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS se refiere a acciones que estaban ocurriendo antes de un punto determinado en el pasado y que termin
en ese punto.
Our toys were in the boxes because my mother had been putting them away.








WAYS OF EXPRESING THE FUTURE

BE GOING TO
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE TIME E<PRESSIONS
Im going to )uy Im not going to )uy
Am I going to buy?
This evening, &ater, in an hour,
at A o*&o*., tomorrow, soon You are going to )uy You arent going to )uy
You are going to buy?
He(she(it is going to )uy He(she(it isnt going to )uy
Is he/she/it going to buy?
We are going to )uy We arent going to )uy
Are we going to buy?
You are going to )uy You arent going to )uy
Are you going to buy?
They are going to )uy They arent going to )uy
Are they going to buy?


THE FUTURE
La formacin del futuro expresado con WILL coincide en todas las personas.


TIME EXPRESSIONS
FUTURE
SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE
S + WILL + BASE FORM I will do This evening, in an hour, at 3
oclock, later, next
month/year, soon, in a few
weeks, in the future, on 1
st

May
NEGATIVE
S + WILL NOT/WONT + BASE FORM I wont do
INTERROGATIVE
WILL + SUBJ + BASE FORM? Will I do?
FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE
S + WILL BE + -ING I will be doing This evening, at 3 oclock,
later, next month/year, soon,
in a few weeks, in the future,
on 1
st
May, tomorrow
NEGATIVE
S+ WILL NOT/WONT BE + -ING I wont be doing
INTERROGATIVE
WILL + SUBJ + BE + -ING? Will I be doing?
FUTURE
PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE
S + WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE I will have done By this time next week, by 10
oclock, by the end of, by
then, by August, in three
months
NEGATIVE
S + WILL NOT/WONT HAVE+ PAST P. I wont have done
INTERROGATIVE
WILL + SUBJ + HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE?
Will I have done?
DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE: USES
PRESENT SIMPLE
*Sirve para referirnos a horarios, calendarios y programas.
The new school year starts on September 13th
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
*Para referirnos a citas y compromisos ya fijados formalmente.
Jim is playing football on Friday at 6 pm.
(No expresa una intencin, como be going to, sino algo que ha sido
programado con antelacin y que va a pasar con seguridad)
BE GOING TO
*Sirve para hablar de decisiones meditadas con anterioridad, de
nuestros planes, proyectos e intenciones para el futuro.
I am going to buy a new car.
*Con l hacemos predicciones sobre acontecimientos futuros cuando
tenemos evidencia de que eso va a ocurrir:
The workers came this morning. They are going to restore that
building.
FUTURE SIMPLE: WILL+BASE FORM
*Con l hacemos predicciones sobre el futuro:
In the year 2300, everybody will drive flying cars.
*Expresin de decisiones repentinas, hechas en el momento de
hablar:
Isnt that Ann? Ill go and talk to her
*Para hacer promesas:
Ill come tomorrow. Dont worry.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS: WILL+BE+ING
*Para referirnos a acciones que estarn en curso en el futuro.
This time this year Ill be studying at university.
FUTURE PERFECT: WILL+HAVE+PAST
PARTICIPLE
*Se utiliza para hablar de acciones que estarn terminadas en el
futuro:
She will have had her baby in two months time.

Tomorrow they, will show my favourite film from 10 to 12 pm. At 11.15 Ill be watching it. At 12.30 I will have watched it.