Directions in quantum thermodynamics

of non equilibrium systems

NMR QIP
Rio 2013
ohn !oold "I#$P% $rieste&

'(ailable ener)y is the main ob*ect at sta+e
in the stru))le for e,istence and the
e(olution of the -orld.
/ud-i) 0olt1mann

Far from equilibrium statistical
mechanics
Explorations in Quantum
Systems

NMR?
2ee tal+ of Roberto 2erra on 3riday 4...............

Introduction

0asic notions and introduction to fluctuation relations

5,6lorin) quantum thermodynamics notion of quantum -or+

'n e,6erimental 6ro6osal

'66lications "Mainly in manybody 6hysics&

Thermodynamics !
#onsider the familiar )as 7 6iston setu6
No 3ree /unch
$his inequality is certainly not mandated by the underlyin) microsco6ic dynamics

Thermodynamics !
's -e a66ly thermodynamics to smaller and smaller systems the second la-
becomes 8blurred8 and statistical fluctuations about the a(era)e become
im6ortant9
No 3ree /unch on '(era)e

Clausius inequality - no free lunch on average
Out of equilibrium Work becomes stochastic
#. ar1yns+i% 'nnu. Re(. #ondens. Matter Phys. 2% 32: "2011&

Fluctuation Relations
Remar+able relations e,ist bet-een the fluctuations in the -or+ done in a non;equilibrium
transformation and the equilibrium 6ro6erties of the system.
$asa+i;#roo+s Relation
ar1yns+i equality
#am6isi et al% Re(. Mod. Phys. <3% ==1 "2011&

The "nd #a$
ar1yns+i equality
ensen8s inequality
#laussius inequality
7
>
5ncodes the 2nd la-
No 3ree /unch9 "?n a(era)e&

%hat do fluctuation relations tell you??
$a+e some @amiltonian% classical or quantum and dri(e bet-een
I can e,tract information on equillibrium 6rocess inde6endent of the 6ath I ta+e9

Experiments &'lassical()
5,6erimental (alidation of free;ener)y landsca6e reconstruction
from non;equillibrium sin)le force s6ectrosco6y measurements
!u6ta et al% Nature Physics =% A31% une "2011&
#roo+s relation
!. #roo+s% Phys. Re(. /ett. ::% 100A02 "200=&

Experiments
Berification of the #roo+s 3luctuation theorem and reco(ery of RN' foldin) free ener)ies
#olin et al% Nature% C3=%231 une "200D&
5qual -hen

$urnin) to-ards quantum systems

Quantum %or* and +eat , definitions under -quasi.static- transformation
heat -or+

Quantum Systems / thermodynamics in finite time?
5ner)y
$ime
Measure 5En
-ith 6robabiliy
6En
Measure 58Em
-ith 6robaility
6"mFn&
1. Pre6are G2. Measure G3. 5(ol(e GC. Measure D. 0uild statistics 1. Pre6are G2. Measure G3. 5(ol(e GC. Measure D. 0uild statistics

0robability distribution of internal ener1y chan1es
Probability of chan)in) internal ener)y in a sin)le run
1. Pre6are G2. Measure G3. 5(ol(e GC. Measure D. 0uild statistics 1. Pre6are G2. Measure G3. 5(ol(e GC. Measure D. 0uild statistics

2eri3ation of fluctuation relation
Its not o6erational ohn9
'nd thats my 6oint
3or closed systems

%or* 2istribution for closed quantum systems &4nitary)
Hor+ Distribution I
5ner)y
$ime
@ei)hts of delta 6ea+s

%or* 2istribution
Hor+ Distribution I
@ei)hts of delta 6ea+s
Phys. Re(. 5. =D% 0D0102% "200=&
$al+ner% /ut1% @an))i

#roo+s relation

Emer1ent Irre3ersibility
2econd la- by Jlien8s inequality
Relati3e Entropy bet-een for-ard and bac+-ard distributions
'roo*s Relation
Entropy Production and the arrow of time
Parrondo et al% NP "200:&.
Irre(ersible entro6y chan)e

Irre3ersibility/ Emer1ence of a time arro$
2. Deffner and 5. /ut1% Phys. Re(. /ett. 10D% 1=0C02 "2010&
!eneralised #laussius Inequality
Kse mathematical
6ro6erties of relati(e
entro6y to loo+ at bounds on
entro6y 6roductionI

Hhat about e,6erimentsL


%or* 2istribution
Hor+ Distribution I
5ner)y
$ime
$ry to measure directly.........

%or* 2istribution
Hor+ Distribution I
5ner)y
$ime
$ry to measure directly.........

Different '66roach

The papers

0robe the characteristic function of $or*

Probe system -ith ancilla
Hould li+e to mani6ulate qubit so M-or+N is done on the system o(er some time inter(al

"2& 't t>0% a @adamard o6eration is
a66lied to the qubit
"3& 26in de6endent cou6lin)s are
Inde6endently (aried accordin)
to a 6re;defined 6rotocol that
)enerates unitary e(olution
"1& 3or tO0 the qubit and system
are thermalised in the 6roduct state
Simple Ramsey Interferometry $ith ancilla
"C& ' second @adamard !ate is a66lied
#onditional unitarys are )i(en
byI

Reconstruct the characteristic function usin1 Ramsey Si1nal
'ncilla is measured
A judicious choice of the couplings establishes a direct relationship between
characteristic function corresponding to the desired quench protocal on the
system

Implementation usin1 a sin1le trapped ion
Kse 2 P )round state Qeeman suble(els
Motional 2tate as system to 6robe
Kse far detuned lasers to create a s6in de6endent
di6ole 6otential
3ollo-in) rotatin) -a(e a66ro,imation and usual
adiabatic elimination of the far detuned e,cited states
!et interaction hamiltonianI
#ontrol Rabi frequencys by (aryin) laser intensity for each 6olarisatoin

Hor+ in /amb;Dic+e re)imeI the e,tent of the ion8s motion is small
com6ared to the s6atial (ariation of the o6tical di6ole 6otential.
0y choosin) the a66ro6riate relati(e 6hase% the o6tical di6ole 6otential causes
the oscillator to be dis6laced
!reat do -or+ -ith time de6endent dis6lacment te,t boo+ e,am6le

Implementation usin1 a sin1le trapped ion
3ourier $ransform
"a& "b&
C0
#a
7

#an e,tract initial tem6erature
from cur(e fit 9
'ncilla thermometry from
fluctuations L
'roo*s Relation
Dis6laced oscillator
!oold% /o !ullo et al. 2in)le qubit thermometry of a many body system "In 6re6eration&

'66lications for quench 6roblems
in many body 6hysics

Moti3ation
Collapse and revival of the matter wave field of a BoseEinstein condensate
Greiner et al. Nature 419, 51-54 (2002).
Kltra;cold atoms
/on) coherence times% controllable
' 6lay)round for quantum dynamics far from equilibrium

Moti3ation
A quantum Newton's cradle
Kinoshita et al. Nature 440, 900 (2006).

Moti3ation
Lightconeli!e spreading of correlations in a quantum man"#od" s"stem
Cheneau et al. Nature 481, 484 (2012).

Irre3ersibility/ Emer1ence of a time arro$

Interpretation for sudden quench
Mani6ulate first moment
Irre(ersible entro6y chan)e
3or MsmallN quench
/atency in 6ure state thermodynamics of quantum 6hase transition arRi(I130=.DDCC
5. Mascarenhas% @. 0ra)anca% R. Dorner% M. 3ranca 2antos% B. Bedral% J. Modi% . !oold

Sudden quench of the trans3erse field in the quantum Isin1 model
>> 1
c = 1
<< 1
#onsider )lobal quench of trans(erse field

Interpretation
Emergent Thermodynamics in a quenched manybody system
R. Dorner, J. Goold, M. Paternostro, C. Cormick and V. Vedral
Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 1001 !"01"#


%hat is a Fermi 5as ? The non.interactin1 case at least
Non;interactin) case build the many6article -a(efunction from the sin)le 6article ei)enstates of
the confinin) )eometry
'"-&
5
3

6nderson-s 7rtho1onality 'atastrophe

6ndersons 7rtho1onality 'atastrophe
#onsider the o(erla6 bet-een the un6erturbed and 6erturbed states
2tates become ortho)onal as a function of N and the scatterin) interaction "characterised
by a 6hase shift&

$he dynamical theory of the ?# -as de(elo6ed by No1ieres and De Dominicis -ho
subsequently calculated the transient res6onse of a 3ermi sea after the s-itchin) on of
a core;hole in a metal (ia R;ray absorbtion 6rocess.
6nderson-s 7rtho1onality 'atastrophe , time dependence
Recall definition of -or+ characteristic function999999999999999999

6ndersons 7rtho1onality 'atastrophe , 2ynamical Theory
Hhile 'nderson8s ori)inal -or+ in(ol(ed stationary states% the creation of a 6erturbed
many;body state is% in )eneral% a time;de6endent 6rocess.

6iS2
5quillibrium branch
Perturbed branch
?ff dia)onals of the reduced density matri, e,actly de6end on o(erla6
5,actly equi(alent to the calculation for Rray absorbtion in a metal999

6pplication in En1ine 2esi1n
More Bang for your buck:
Towards super-adiabatic quantum engines
'dolfo Del #am6o% ohn !oold and Mauro Paternostro
ar,i(.or)I133DI3223 "2013&
Idea in a nutshell
3inite time stochastic en)ine
5fficency Po-er
Kse su6er adiabatic 6rotocals on adiabats in order to su6ress friction -hile not
com6rimisin) efficency

'onclusions and further directions
Quantum fluctuation theorems e,ist and are a consequence of second la-
2tatistics of -or+ can be e,tracted (ia sin)le qubit 6robe under realistic conditions
'66lications in $hermodynamics of quenched manybody systems and quantum
5n)ine Desi)n "3inite time&
?6en systems% heat% correlations% thermodynamics of informaiton 6rocessin) "-ith
finite time&

"$han+ you all9&
!o raibh mile maith a)aibh9

Mesoscopic Molecular Ions in ose-!instein
Con"ensates
#$ C%t&' ($ )harchenko' an" M$ *$ +ukin
,hys$ #e-$ +ett$ ./' 0/1001 230034
5 trappe" sin6le ion insi"e a ose !instein
Con"ensate
C$ 7ipkes' 8$ ,al9er' C$ 8ias an" M$ )ohl
:ature$ ;<;' 1.. 230104
Ion in"uce" "ensity bubble in a stron6ly correlate" one
"imensional 6as
=$ >ool"' ?$ *oerk' 7' I"9iasek' @$ Calarco' @h$ usch
,hys$ #e-$ 5$2#4 ./' 0;1<01 230104
'old 'old atomic 1ases as en3ironments

'old 'old atomic 1ases as en3iroments in open quantum systems theory
Polaron Problem
C.H. Wu, A. Sommer, and A.W. Zwierlien
PRL. 464, 102 230402 (2011)