Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) (SHM) : DR - Ing. NAGY GYÖRGY Tamás Lecturer

STRUCTURALHEALTHMONITORING
(SHM) (SHM)
dr.ing.NAGYGYRGY Tams
lecturer
2012v1
REFERENCES
SHM http://wwwshmlive com/ SHM http://www.shmlive.com/
SAMCO http://www.samco.org/network/index.htm
ISIS and SAMCO Educational Module 5: An Introduction to Structural Health
Monitoring Monitoring
INTRODUCTION
WhyweneedSHM?
Populationdependsonanextensiveinfrastructuresystem
roads
highways highways
buildings
etc
Theinfrastructuresystemhassuffered
neglect
d t i ti deterioration
lackoffunding

Global Infrastructure Crisis
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
GlobalInfrastructureCrisis
INTRODUCTION
WhyweneedSHM?
Factorsleadingtotheextensivedegradation
Factor 1 Unsatisfactory inspection and monitoring of Factor1 Unsatisfactoryinspectionandmonitoringof
existinginfrastructure
Consequences: Problemsbecomeapparentonlywhen
structuresareindireneedofrepair
Result Repaircostsbecomecomparableto
replacementcosts
INTRODUCTION
WhyweneedSHM?
Factor 2 Corrosion of conventional steel Factor2 Corrosionofconventionalsteel
reinforcementwithinconcrete
Consequences: Expansionofsteelleadstocrackingand
spalling,furtherdeterioration
Result Reductionsinstrengthandserviceability,
resultinginneedforrepairand/orreplacement
INTRODUCTION
WhyweneedSHM?
Factor 3 Increased loads or design requirements over Factor3 Increasedloadsordesignrequirementsover
time(e.g.heaviertrucks)
Consequences: Increaseddeteriorationduetooverloadsor
tostructuralinadequaciesresultingfromdesign
Result Structuresdeemedunsafeorunserviceable
andstrengtheningorreplacementisrequired
INTRODUCTION
WhyweneedSHM?
Factor 4 Overall deterioration and/or aging Factor4 Overalldeteriorationand/oraging
Consequences: Variousdetrimentaleffectsonstructural
performance,bothsafetyandserviceability
Result Needforrepair,rehabilitation,
strengtheningorreplacement
INTRODUCTION
Materials&Technologies
SHM FRP
++
Newandinnovativematerials andmonitoringtoolsthatprolong
theservicelivesofstructureswhiledecreasingcosts
WHATISSHM?
Assessing theinserviceperformance ofstructuresusingavariety
ofmeasurementtechniques
Leadingtosmartstructures
EXTERNAL
DISTURBANCES
STRUCTURE
RESPONSE
SENSORS ACTUATORS
CONTROLLER
WHATISSHM?
Inspection Onsitenondestructiveexaminationtoestablish
thepresentconditionofthestructure p
LoadtestingTestofthestructureorpartthereofbyloadingto
e al ate its beha ior or properties or to predict its evaluateitsbehaviororproperties,ortopredictits
loadbearingcapacity
MonitoringFrequentorcontinuous,normallylongterm,
observationormeasurementofstructuralconditionsor
actions
Bjrn Tljsten
WHATISSHM?
Whymonitoring?
followupphysicalphenomenon
check uot the calculation models
Bjrn Tljsten
checkuot thecalculationmodels
assessmentofstructures
verificationofthestrengtheningeffects
WHATISSHM?
WhatisSHM becomingpopular?
EmerginguseofSHM isaresultof:
1.Theincreasingneedfor
Monitoringofinnovativedesignsandmaterials
Better management of existing structures Bettermanagementofexistingstructures
2.Theongoingdevelopmentof
N ( Fib O ti S (FOS) t Newsensors(e.g.FiberOpticSensors(FOS),smart
materialsetc.)
Dataacquisitionsystems(DAS)
Wirelessandinternettechnologies
Datatransmission,collection,archivingandretrievalsystems
Data processing and event identification Dataprocessingandeventidentification
WHATISSHM?
BodyAnalogy
d l MedicalDoctor SHM Engineer
Monitorpatientshealth
Uses medical equipment
Monitorconditionofstructures
Uses sensors to check overall Usesmedicalequipment
tocheckoverallhealth
Prescribescorrective
di i if i d
Usessensorstocheckoverall
structuralhealth
Ifexcessivestressor
d f ti t it ti medicineifrequired deformation,correctsituation
WHATISSHM?
SystemComponents
AcquisitionofData
CommunicationofData
Intelligent Processing IntelligentProcessing
http://www.smartstructuresinc.com
StorageofProcessedData RetrievalofData
Diagnostics
WHATISSHM?
SHM Categories
StaticFieldTesting:
Behaviour tests
DynamicFieldTesting:
Stresshistorytests
Behaviour tests
Diagnostictests
Prooftests
y
Ambientvibrationtests
Dyn.LoadAllowance(DLA)tests
Pullback (anchored cables) tests Pullback(anchoredcables)tests
PeriodicMonitoring:
Field testing
ContinuousMonitoring:
Active monitoring Fieldtesting
Teststodetermine
changesinstructure
Activemonitoring
Passivemonitoring
WHATISSHM?
ClassificationofSHM Systems
LevelIV
Detect presence location severity and consequences of damage Detectpresence,location,severityandconsequencesofdamage
Level III LevelIII
Detectpresence,locationandseverityofdamage
l LevelII
Detectpresenceandlocationofdamage
LevelI
Detect presence of damage
Detectpresenceofdamage
WHATISSHM?
ClassificationofSHM Systems
WHATISSHM?
AdvantagesofSHM
AdvantagesofSHM
Increasedunderstandingofinsitustructuralbehaviour g
Earlydamagedetection
Assurances of structural strength and serviceability Assurancesofstructuralstrengthandserviceability
Decreaseddowntimeforinspectionandrepair
/ Developmentofrationalmaintenance/managementstrategies
Increasedeffectivenessinallocationofscarceresources
Enablesandencouragesuseofnewandinnovativematerials
METHODOLOGY
IdealSHM system:
1.Informationondemandaboutastructureshealth
2.Warningsregardinganydamagedetected
DevelopmentofaSHM systeminvolvesutilizing
information from many different engineering disciplines informationfrommanydifferentengineeringdisciplines
Computers
Materials
C i i Communication
Structures
Sensors
Damage Detection
DamageDetection
IntelligentProcessing
DataCollection
METHODOLOGY
SystemComponents
METHODOLOGY
Monitoringprinciples
Basic Monitoring Methodology BasicMonitoringMethodology
Competenceofthe
b id i
Monitoring
objectives
bridgeengineer
What?
Where?
Bridgemodel
Constraints
Where?
When?
Designmodel
monitoringsystem
How?
Designofphysical
monitoringsystem
Installationofphysicalmonitoring
system
Competenceofthe
monitoringengineer
system
Validationofmodelandphysical
monitoringsystem
After Glauco Feltrin, EMPA, 2007
Maintenanceofmodelandphysical
monitoringsystem
METHODOLOGY
Monitoring Principles
0
0.05
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MonitoringPrinciples
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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d

[
m
m
Displacement D1
0
0.05
m
m
]
Interactionbridge
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.1
-0.05
d

[
m
Displacement D2
time [s]
Domodelresultsmatch
Improved
l ti
model/monitoring
withmonitoringresults?
correlation
M difi ti f d l
Bjrn Tljsten
Modificationofmodel
METHODOLOGY
Monitoring Monitoring
Verificationbymonitoring notnew
TestingofasteeltrussinEnglandforarailwaybridgeinIndiainthe19thcentury
METHODOLOGY
1 AcquisitionofData
Thecollectionofrawdata:strains,deformations,
accelerations,temperatures,moisture levels,acoustic
i i d l d emissionsandloads
(a)SelectionofSensors ( )
Appropriateandrobustsensors
Longterm versus shortterm monitoring Long termversusshort termmonitoring
Whataspectsofthestructurewillbemonitored?
Sensors must serve intended function for required duration Sensorsmustserveintendedfunctionforrequiredduration
METHODOLOGY
1 AcquisitionofData
(b)SensorInstallationandPlacement
Mustbeabletoinstallsensorswithoutalteringthebehaviour of g
thestructure
Features such as sensor wiring conduit junction boxes and other Featuressuchassensorwiring,conduit,junctionboxesandother
accessoriesmustbeaccountedforintheinitialstructuraldesign
METHODOLOGY
1 AcquisitionofData
(c)TransfertoDataAcquisitionSystem(DAS)
Method1 Leadwire
directphysicallinkbetweensensorandDAS
least expensive and most common leastexpensiveandmostcommon
notpracticalforsomelargestructures
longleadwiresincreasesignalnoise
Method Wirelesstransmission
More expensive Moreexpensive
Signalsaretransferredmoreslowlyandarelesssecure
Useisexpectedtoincreaseinthefuture
METHODOLOGY
1 AcquisitionofData
(d)DataSamplingandCollection
GeneralRule:
Theamountofdatashouldnotbesoscantyasto jeopardize
its usefulness nor should it be so voluminous as to itsusefulness,norshoulditbesovoluminousasto
overwhelminterpretation
Issues:
Numberofsensorsanddatasamplingrates
Data sorting for onsite storage Datasortingforonsitestorage
Insomecases,largevolumesofdata
R lt
Result:
Efficientstrategiesneededfordatasamplingandstoring
METHODOLOGY
1 AcquisitionofData
METHODOLOGY
1 AcquisitionofData
Whatismonitored,howandwhy?
L d Load
Magnitudeandconfigurationofforcesappliedtoa
structure structure
Aretheyasexpected?
Howaretheydistributed?
Measured using load cells or inferred using strain data Measuredusingloadcellsorinferredusingstraindata
Deformation
Excessiveorunexpecteddeformation,mayresultinaneed
forrehabilitationorupgrade
Are they as expected?
Aretheyasexpected?
Measuredusingvarioustransducers
METHODOLOGY
1 AcquisitionofData
Strain
Intensityofdeformation
Magnitudeandvariationofstrainscanbeexaminedto
evaluatesafetyandintegrity
Measuredusingstraingauges g g g
FOS,electrical,vibratingwire,etc.
T t Temperature
Changesintemperature causedeformation
ThermalExpansion p
Repeatedcyclescancausedamage
Temperatureaffectsstrainreadings
Temp must be removed from strain data
Tempmustbe removed fromstraindata
MeasuredusingThermocouples(TC),Temperature
IndicatorControllers(TIC),thermistors
METHODOLOGY
1 AcquisitionofData
Acceleration
Loadscauseaccelerationsofstructuralcomponentsand
viceversa
Howisthestructureresistingaccelerationsandthe
resultingloads? g
Widespreaduseinhighlyseismicregions
Measuredusingaccelerometers
WindSpeedandPressure
Windloadscangovernthedesignoflongspan bridgesand g g g p g
tallbuildings
Recordspeedandpressureatvariouslocations
Measured using anemometers
Measuredusinganemometers
METHODOLOGY
1 AcquisitionofData
AcousticEmissions
Whencertainstructuralelementsbreak,theyemitnoise
l f h d l AElistensforthenoises,andpinpointslocations
usingtriangulation
Usedinposttensionedconcreteandcablestayed p y
structures
Measuredusingmicrophones
VideoMonitoring
Timestampedvideosandpicturescanbeusedtowitness p p
extremeloadsorevents
Datacanbecorrelatedwithimages
Permits finding of overloaded trucks
Permitsfindingofoverloadedtrucks
Emerginginternetcameratechnologyisused
METHODOLOGY
2 CommunicationofData
ReferstodatatransferfromtheDAStoanoffsitelocation
Allowsforremotemonitoring,eliminationofsitevisits
Telephone
lines
DAS
Internet
Offsite
Location
Wireless
technologies
Location
technologies
METHODOLOGY
3 IntelligentProcessingofData
Requiredbeforedatacanbestoredforlaterinterpretation
andanalysis
Thegoalistoremovemundanedata,noise,thermal,or
other unwanted effects and to make data interpretation: otherunwantedeffectsandtomakedatainterpretation:
Easier
Faster
Moreaccurate
METHODOLOGY
4 StorageofProcessedData
Datamaybestoredforverylongperiodsoftime
Retrieveddatamustbeunderstandable
Datamustnotbecorrupted
Sufficientmemorymustbeavailable
Datafilesmustbewelldocumentedforfuture
interpretation interpretation
Itiscommontodisregardrawdataandstoreonly
processedoranalyzeddata
Thisdoesnotallowforreinterpretation
METHODOLOGY
5 Diagnostics
Extremelyimportantcomponent
Convertsabstractdatasignalsintouseful
informationaboutstructuralresponseandcondition
No standard rules exist for diagnostics No standard rulesexistfordiagnostics
Methodology used depends on Methodologyuseddependson
Typeofstructure
Typeandlocationofsensorsused
Motivationformonitoring
Structuralresponsesunderconsideration
METHODOLOGY
6 DataRetrieval
Whenstoringdataforretrieval,consider
1.Significanceofdata
2.Confidenceinanalysis
Remember:
The goal of SHM is to provide detailed physical data which ThegoalofSHM istoprovidedetailedphysicaldatawhich
canbeusedtoenablerational,knowledgebased
engineeringdecisions.
SENSORTECHNOLOGY
Manysensortypesarecurrentlyavailable
ChoiceforSHM dependsonvariousfactors
Fibre opticsensors(FOSs)
Newer class of sensors Newerclassofsensors
Emergingforinfrastructureapplications
SENSORTECHNOLOGY
FOS
FOSAdvantages:
StabilityIncreasedlongtermstabilityanddecreased
noise
NonconductiveImmunetoelectromagneticandradio
frequency interference frequencyinterference
FlexibilityMultiplexingandDistributedsensing
ConvenienceLight,smalldiameters,noncorrosive,
b dd bl il b d bl
embeddable,easilybondable
SENSORTECHNOLOGY
HowdoFOSs work?
Sensingusingopticalfibres andtechniques
h b (l ) d l f b d d Lightbeam(laser)issentdownanopticalfibre towardagauged
length
Lightwavesmeasurechangesinstate(i.e.elongationorcontraction) g g ( g )
Changeinreflectedlightwavesiscorrelatedtostrainreading
Demodulationunitcalculatesstrainfromlightsignalsandgives
voltage voltage
DASconvertsvoltagetostraindataforprocessing
SENSORTECHNOLOGY
SensorTechnology
SENSORTECHNOLOGY
SensorTechnology
Characteristics:
f d d Useforstaticanddynamicmonitoring
Embeddable,bondableandweldable
Gaugelengthcanvaryfromcmtomorethan1km g g y
Thermalandmechanicalstrainscanbeseparated
Useful to measure: Usefultomeasure:
Widthofcracks
Straintransferinbondedjoints
S i Stressconcentrations
SHM SYSTEMDESIGN
1.DesignIssues
DefinitionofSHM objectives
Typesofmonitoring
Sensorplacement p
DurabilityandlifespanofSHM
SHM SYSTEMDESIGN
2.InstallationIssues
Contractoreducation
Sensoridentification
Sensordamageduring
construction
Structuralchangesinducedby
f presenceofSHM system
P i i
Protectionagainst
deteriorationandvandalism
SHM SYSTEMDESIGN
3.UseIssues
Disseminationof
performanceresults
Continuityofknowledge y g
ll d Datacollectionand
management
Publicawareness
SHM SYSTEMDESIGN
Methodology
d f h d d h 1. Identifythedamageordeteriorationmechanisms
2 Categorize influence of deterioration on the mechanical 2.Categorizeinfluenceofdeteriorationonthemechanical
response
Theoreticalandnumericalmodelsofstructure
3.Establishcharacteristicresponseofkeyparameters
E t bli h iti it f h t i t l l f Establishsensitivityofeachtoanappropriatelevelof
deterioration
4.Selecttheparametersanddefineperformanceindex
Relateschangesinresponsetolevelofdeterioration
SHM SYSTEMDESIGN
Methodology
5.Designsystem
Selectionofsensors,dataacquisitionandmanagement
Data interpretation Datainterpretation
6.InstallandcalibrateSHM system(baselinereadings)
7.Assessfielddataandadaptsystemasnecessary
THEFUTUREOFSHM
l l h SHM isincreasinglyseenasanimportanttoolinthe
maintenance ofsustainableinfrastructuresystems
Ongoingadvancementsareexpected,emerging
technologiesinclude: g
SmartComposites
LiveStructures
THEFUTUREOFSHM
SmartComposites
SmartComposites
Composites (e g FRP) with sensors embedded inside that Composites(e.g.FRP)withsensorsembeddedinsidethat
provideinformationabouttheconditionofthestructural
component p
Muscle/MemberAnalogy:
Muscleshavenervecells
embeddedinthemthatprovide
information to the brain about
Smartcompositeshavesensors
insidethatprovideinformation
about the structural members informationtothebrainabout
theconditionsofthemuscles
aboutthestructuralmembers
condition
THEFUTUREOFSHM
SmartComposites
LiveStructures
Represent the cutting edge of civil engineering design and Representthecuttingedgeofcivilengineeringdesignand
analysis
Livestructuresarecapableof:
Sensingloads,deformations,anddamage
Correctingandcounteringtheloadeffects
Presently structures are largely theoretical Presentlystructuresarelargelytheoretical
Accomplishedusingemergingselfactuatingmaterials
p g g g g
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION
l l h StructuralHealthMonitoring
Provides the civil engineering community with a suite of Providesthecivilengineeringcommunitywithasuiteof
optionsformonitoring,analysing andunderstanding the
healthofourinfrastructuresystems y
Provideessentialtoolstoengineerswhomusttakesteps
toimprovethesustainabilityofinfrastructuresystems
Case Study The rnskldsviks bridge 2006
Step 1
Enhanced assessment
Assessmentprocedureforthebridge
CaseStudy Thernskldsviksbridge 2006
Step1
Initialassessment
Sitevisits several
Enhancedassessment
Laboratoryinvestigations
InvestigationsofLoadModels
Reliability based investigations
Step3
Studyofdocuments
Studyandcarriedout
simplecalculations
Reliabilitybasedinvestigations
Strengtheningcalculations
Monitoring
Refinedcalculations,FEmodels
Decision analysis Decisionanalysis
Intermediateassessment
Furtherinspections
Material testing cores etc
Destructivetesting
Step2
Materialtesting,coresetc
Detailedcalculations
Investigationsofloadingetc
Planningfortestingetc
Simple FEModels
DesignModels
UltimateLimitState
Verification
D il d l i
Bjrn Tljsten
Step4
SimpleFE Models.
Detailedanalysis
NonlinearFEModels
CaseStudy Thernskldsviksbridge 2006 y g
StructuralAssessment
S1:Survey
S1:Questionnaire
Bridgeowner/Consultant Bridgeowner/consultant
S2:Conditionassessment
Visual Inspections
S2:SimpleFE
Consultant
S2:Nondestructivetests
VisualInspections
Radar, ultrasonic tests etc.
S2:Materialsamples
Radar,ultrasonictestsetc.
S3:Laboratorytesting
Bjrn Tljsten
Drillingofcores,pulloffetc.
Concrete,Steeletc.
CaseStudy Thernskldsviks bridge 2006 y g
StructuralAssessment
S3:Sensorinstallation
Specialistconsultant
120
130
Slab
26 Ftg A1 30 Ftg A5 V
120
130
Slab
26 Ftg A1 30 Ftg A5 V
S4:Loadtest1
Testinginstitutes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
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110
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time vik2 (Platta 1 U1.bin)
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S4:Strengthening
Specialistcontractors
S4:Loadtest2
Testinginstitutes
S4:Detailedevaluation
Bjrn Tljsten
PredictedLoadCarryingCapacity
Bjrn Tljsten
PredictedLoadCarryingCapacity
Eurocode 2, =30
o
P =6,1MN
Eurocode 2, = 22
o
P = 8,8 MN Eurocode 2, 22 P 8,8MN
MCFT,Response, 30
o
P =8,7MN
2D Nonlinear Atena 30
o
P = 10 8 MN 2DNon linear,Atena, 30 P =10,8MN
Test, 30
o
P =11,7MN
Bjrn Tljsten
Periodiclongtimemonitoring
CaseStudy Kallkllan 1998
80.00
Strains
40.00
60.00
r
a
i
n

[
e
-
6
]
St a s
20.00
S
t
0.00
Time
Before strengthening
After strengthening "Long-term" behavior
Measurementofstrains
Bjrn Tljsten
END END
Of the Ofthe
1
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